Problem Set 3, due 9/23/2011, by 5PM in the CAs mailbox, third oor MATH-25a, Fall 2011 The homework

consists of three parts, which will be graded by dierent CAs. You should do all three parts and hand them in by the date above. Please staple the three parts separately. Martin: (1) Consider a linear operator T : V V for a nite-dimensional vector space V . Consider the sequence of maps T, T 2 , T 3 , . . . , T n , . . . (where T n is dened as T composed with itself n times). (a) Verify that if T is a linear map, so is T n . (b) Show that null(T ) null(T 2 ) null(T n ) . (c) Show that range(T ) range(T 2 ) range(T n ) . (d) Show that there exists some integer m such that null(T m ) = null(T m+l ) for all l. Hint: Show that if null(T n ) = null(T n+1 ), then null(T n ) = null(T n+2 ). (e) Show that there exists some integer m such that range(T m ) = range(T m+1 ) for all l. Hint: Show that if range(T n ) = range(T n+1 ), then range(T n ) = range(T n+2 ). (2) Recall that a function T : V W between vector spaces is called additive if x, y V , T (x + y) = T (x) + T (y). Prove that if V and W are vector spaces over Q, then any additive function from V to W is linear. (3) Axler, p59-62, problem 4 (4) Axler, p59-62, problem 5 Felix: (5) Let V and W be vector spaces, and let T and U be nonzero linear transformations from V to W . If range(T ) range(U ) = {0}, prove that {T, U } is a linearly independent subset of L(V, W ). (6) Let V, W , and Z be vector spaces, and let T : V W and U : W Z be linear. (a) Prove that if U T is injective, then T is injective. Must U also be injective? (b) Prove that if U T is surjective, then U is surjective. Must T also be surjective? (c) Prove that if U and T are injective and surjective, then U T is also. (7) Axler, p59-62, problem 8 (8) Axler, p59-62, problem 16 Michael: (9) Let V be a nite-dimensional vector space over F. For every subset S V , dene the annihilator S 0 of S as S 0 := {f V : f (v) = 0 for all v S}.

Suppose that W is a nite-dimensional vector space and that T : V W is linear. Prove that null(T t ) = (range(T ))0 . (10) Let V be a nite-dimensional vector space with ordered basis = {v1 , . . . vn }. Prove that () = ( ) , where : V V is the evaluate me map dened in class, which gives a canonical isomorphism from V to V . (11)Do both parts: (a) Let T : C C be the function dened by T (z) = z, where z is the complex conjugate of z. Prove that T is additive but not linear. (b) Let V be the vector space of complex numbers over the eld R. Dene T : V V by T (z) = z. Prove that T is linear and compute M (T, {1, i}, {1, i}). (12) Axler, p59-62, problem 24

According to A history of Abstract Algebra by Israel Kleiner, matrices were introduced as shorthand notation for linear transformations by Gauss in his number theory textbook Disquisitiones Arithmeticae; Gauss wrote this book in 1798 when he was 21 years old. He respresented linear transformations as rectangular arrays of numbers, but he did not call them matrices. The term matrix was coined by Sylvester in 1850.