60HHUN|6AT|0N8 ELE6TR0N|68

oy Frerze|



ClAPTER 1: |ntroduct|on to E|ectron|c 6ommun|cat|ons
ClAPTER 2: Amp||tude Hodu|at|on and 8|ng|e-8|deband Hodu|at|on
ClAPTER 3: Amp||tude Hodu|at|on 6|rcu|ts
ClAPTER 1: Frequency Hodu|at|on
ClAPTER 5: Frequency Hodu|at|on 6|rcu|ts
ClAPTER : Rad|o Transm|tters
ClAPTER Z: 6ommun|cat|ons Rece|vers
ClAPTER 8: Hu|t|p|ex|ng
ClAPTER 9: Antennas and Transm|ss|on L|nes
ClAPTER 10: H|crowave Techn|ques
ClAPTER 11: |ntroduct|on to 8ate|||te 6ommun|cat|ons
ClAPTER 12: 0ata 6ommun|cat|ons
ClAPTER 13: F|ber-0pt|cs 6ommun|cat|ons
ClAPTER 11: Hodern 6ommun|cat|ons App||cat|ons

ClAPTER 1
|ntroduct|on to E|ectron|c 6ommun|cat|ons


Tre lrree rajor l|e|ds ol e|eclror|cs are corpulers, corrur|cal|ors, ard corlro|. Tre corpuler segrerl |s lre |argesl; corrur|cal|ors |s lre
secord |argesl.
2 Corrur|cal|or |s lre process ol excrarg|rg |rlorral|or.
3 osl rurar corrur|cal|or |s ora|, oul a greal dea| ol |l |s a|so |r Wr|ller or pr|rled lorr.
4 Tre lWo ra|r oarr|ers lo corrur|cal|or are |arguage ard d|slarce.
5 ajor e|eclr|ca| d|scover|es |r lre r|d- ard |ale r|releerlr cerlury rade poss|o|e lre deve|oprerl ol e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors over |org
d|slarces.
6 Tre le|egrapr (1811) ard le|eprore (18Z) Were lre l|rsl lWo |org-d|slarce corrur|cal|ors syslers.
7 Rad|o Was d|scovered |r 188Z, ard W|re|ess le|egrapry Was derorslraled |r 1895.
8 E|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors p|ays a v|la| ro|e |r a|| our ||ves ard |s esserl|a| lo lre success ol our |rlorral|or soc|ely.
9 Tre rajor e|ererls ol a corrur|cal|ors sysler are a lrarsr|ller lo serd a ressage, a corrur|cal|ors red|ur, a rece|ver lo p|c| up lre
ressage, ard ro|se.
Tre lrree pr|rary corrur|cal|ors red|a are W|res, lree space, ard l|oer-opl|c cao|e.
Rad|o Waves are s|gra|s rade up ol e|eclr|c ard ragrel|c l|e|ds lral propagale over |org d|slarces.
2o|se |s ary |rlerlererce lral d|sluros lre |eg|o|e lrarsr|ss|or ol a s|gra|. o|se |s produced oy lre alrosprere, reaver|y ood|es,
rarulaclured e|eclr|ca| equ|prerl, ard lrerra| ag|lal|or |r e|eclror|c corporerls.
3Tre lrarsr|ss|or red|ur greal|y alleruales ard degrades lre lrarsr|lled s|gra|.
4E|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors ray oe e|lrer ore-Way or lWo-Way. 0re-Way lrarsr|ss|or |s ca||ed s|rp|ex or oroadcasl|rg.
5TWo-Way corrur|cal|or |s ca||ed dup|ex. lr ra|l-dup|ex corrur|cal|ors, or|y ore ol lre lWo parl|es car lrarsr|l al a l|re. lr lu|| dup|ex, oolr
parl|es ray lrarsr|l ard rece|ve s|ru|lareous|y.
6lrlorral|or s|gra|s ray oe e|lrer ara|og or d|g|la|. Ara|og s|gra|s are sroolr, corl|ruous vo|lage var|al|ors sucr as vo|ce or v|deo. 0|g|la|
s|gra|s are o|rary pu|ses or codes.
7Tre |rlorral|or s|gra|, ca||ed lre oase oard s|gra|, |s oller lrarsr|lled d|recl|y over lre corrur|cal|ors red|ur.
8lr rosl corrur|cal|ors syslers, lre oase oard s|gra| |s used lo rodu|ale a r|grer-lrequercy carr|er s|gra| lrar |s lrarsr|lled oy rad|o.
9odu|al|or |s lre process ol rav|rg ar |rlorral|or s|gra| rod|l|es a carr|er s|gra| |r soreWay. Corror exarp|es are A ard F.
2Tre oase oard s|gra| carrol usua||y oe lrarsr|lled lrrougr space oy rad|o oecause lre arlerras requ|red are loo |org ard oecause ru|l|p|e
oase oard s|gra|s lrarsr|ll|rg s|ru|lareous|y Wou|d |rlerlere W|lr ore arolrer.
2u|l|p|ex|rg |s lre process ol lrarsr|ll|rg lWo or rore s|gra|s s|ru|lareous|y over lre sare crarre| or red|ur.
22es|des Tv, lrere are severa| olrer relrods ol lrarsr|ll|rg v|sua| or grapr|ca| |rlorral|or; lrey are lacs|r||e, v|deolex, le|elexl.
23$|rp|ex lrarsr|ss|or ol spec|a| s|gra|s lror |ard-oased or sale|||le slal|ors |s used oy sr|p ard a|rp|ares lor rav|gal|or.
24Te|erelry |s reasurererl al a d|slarce. $ersors corverl prys|ca| craracler|sl|cs lo e|eclr|c s|gra|s Wr|cr rodu|ale a carr|er lrarsr|lled lo a
rerole |ocal|or.
25Rad|o aslrorory supp|ererls opl|ca| aslrorory oy perr|ll|rg lre |ocal|or ard rapp|rg ol slars oy lre rad|o Waves lrey er|l.
26Radar uses lre 'rel|ecl|or ol rad|o Waves lror rerole oojecls lor lre delecl|or ol lre|r preserce, d|recl|or, ard speed,
27&rderWaler radar |s ca||ed acl|ve sorar. Pass|ve sorar |s s|rp|y ||sler|rg urderWaler lor lre delecl|or ol oojecls ol |rleresl.
28TWo lorrs ol persora| corrur|cal|ors serv|ces are C rad|o ard Araleur rar rad|o, Wr|cr are a lecrr|ca| roooy as We|| as a
corrur|cal|ors serv|ce.
290ala corrur|cal|ors |s lre lrarsr|ss|or ol corpuler ard olrer d|g|la| dala v|a lre le|eprore sysler, r|croWave ||r|s or sale|||le.
30ev|ces ca||ed roders perr|l d|g|la| dala lo oe lrarsr|lled over lre ara|og le|eprore relWor|s.
3lrlercorrecl|ors ol PCs lor lre excrarge ol |rlorral|or are ca||ed |oca| area relWor|s.
32Tre e|eclroragrel|c speclrur |s lral rarge ol lrequerc|es lror approx|rale|y 30 lz lo v|s|o|e ||grl over Wr|cr e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors la|es
p|ace.
33Tre grealesl porl|or ol lre speclrur covers rad|o Waves, Wr|cr are osc|||al|rg e|eclr|c ard ragrel|c l|e|ds lral rad|ale lor |org d|slarces.
34ave|erglr (2) |s lre d|slarce (|r relers) oelWeer correspord|rg po|rls or success|ve cyc|es ol a per|od|c Wave: A= 300/l (l |s |r regarerlz).
ll |s a|so lre d|slarce lral ar e|eclroragrel|c Wave lrave|s |r lre l|re |l la|es lor ore cyc|e ol osc|||al|or.
35Tre rarge ol rurar rear|rg |s approx|rale|y 20 lo 20,000 lz. Tre vo|ce lrequercy rarge |s 300 lo 3000 lz.
36Arp||lude-rodu|aled oroadcasl|rg occurs |r lre F rarge lror 300 |lz lo 3 lz.
37Tre r|gr-lrequercy rarge (3 lo 30 lz), or srorlWave, |s used lor Wor|d |de lWo Way corrur|cal|ors ard oroadcasl|rg.
38Te|ev|s|or oroadcasl|rg occurs |r lre vlF ard &lF rarges.
39Frequerc|es aoove 1 0lz are ca||ed r|croWaves.
4Tre $lF ard ElF oards are used pr|rar||y lor sale|||le corrur|cal|ors ard radar.
4Trose lrequerc|es d|recl|y aoove 300 0lz are ca||ed r||||reler Waves.
42E|eclroragrel|c s|gra|s produced pr|rar||y oy real sources are ca||ed |rlrared. Trey cover lre 0.Z- lo 100 3r rarge.
43A r|cror |s ore r||||orlr ol a reler.
44v|s|o|e ||grl occup|es lre reg|or aoove |rlrared. lls Wave|erglr |s 1000 lo 8000 A.
45Ar argslror |s ore ler-lrousardlr ol a r|cror.
46ardW|dlr |s lre speclrur space occup|ed oy a s|gra|, lre lrequercy rarge ol a lrarsr|lled s|gra|, or lre rarge ol lrequerc|es accepled oy a
rece|ver. ll |s lre d|llererce oelWeer lre upper ard |oWer lrequerc|es ol lre rarge |r quesl|or.
47Trere |s rore speclrur space ava||ao|e al lre r|grer lrequerc|es. For a g|ver oardW|dlr s|gra|, rore crarre|s car oe accorrodaled al lre
r|grer lrequerc|es.
48$peclrur space |s a prec|ous ralura| resource.
49lr lre &r|led $lales, lre FCC regu|ales lre use ol lre speclrur ard rosl lorrs ol e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors accord|rg lo lre Corrur|cal|ors
Acl ol 1931.
5osl courlr|es oe|org lo lre lT&, ar orgar|zal|or devoled lo Wor|dW|de cooperal|or ard regol|al|or or speclrur usage.
5Tre TlA coord|rales goverrrerl ard r|||lary corrur|cal|ors |r lre &r|led $lales.

$ELF-TE$T
$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.
Tre lrree rajor l|e|ds ol e|eclror|cs are _____. Tre |argesl |s lre _____l|e|d.
2 Corrur|cal|or |s del|red as lre process ol _____.
3 osl rurar corrur|cal|or |s _____ ever lrougr lrere |s a g|ul ol _____ corrur|cal|or.
4 TWo rajor oarr|ers lo rurar corrur|cal|or are _____.
5 E|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors care |rlo oe|rg |r lre _____.
6 Tre lrree ra|r e|ererls ol ary corrur|cal|ors sysler are _____.
7 Tre lrree rajor lypes ol corrur|cal|ors palrs are_____.
8 Tre _____ corverls lre ressage |rlo a lorr corpal|o|e W|lr lre se|ecled red|ur.
9 Tre _____ corverls lre ressage lror lre red|ur |rlo a lorr urderslardao|e oy a rurar.
&rdes|rao|e |rlerlererce |r corrur|cal|ors _____ |s Wr|cr |s added lo lre s|gra| |r lre _____.
Tre corrur|cal|ors red|a greal|y _____ ard lre |rlorral|or _____ s|gra|.
2Trree corror sources ol |rlerlererce are _____.
30re-Way corrur|cal|ors |s ca||ed_____. Ar exarp|e |s _____.
4$|ru|lareous lWo-Way corrur|cal|ors |s ca||ed _____. Ar exarp|e |s _____.
5TWo-Way corrur|cal|ors Wrere eacr parry la|es lurrs lrarsr|ll|rg |s relerred lo as_____.
6vo|ce ard v|deo s|gra|s are corl|ruous _____ vo|lages.
70r/oll or coded s|gra|s are relerred lo _____ as s|gra|s.
8vo|ce ard v|deo s|gra|s ray oe lrarsr|lled d|g|la||y |l lrey are l|rsl passed lrrougr a(r) _____.
9Ar or|g|ra| vo|ce, v|deo, or dala vo|lage |s ca||ed lre _____ s|gra|.
2To ra|e lre lrarsr|lled s|gra| corpal|o|e W|lr lre red|ur, lre process ol _____ rusl oe used Wrere lre _____ s|gra| |s |rpressed upor a
r|grer-lrequercy s|gra| ca||ed lre_____.
2Recover|rg lre or|g|ra||y lrarsr|lled s|gra| |s ca||ed_____.
22Tre process ol lrarsr|ll|rg lWo or rore oaseoard s|gra|s s|ru|lareous|y over a corror red|ur |s ca||ed _____.
23TWo relrods ol lrarsr|ll|rg v|sua| dala over lre le|eprore relWor| are_____.
24A corror rousero|d rerole-corlro| ur|l |s lre_____.
25Tre s|gra||rg ol |rd|v|dua|s al rerole |ocal|ors |s ca||ed _____.
26Perlorr|rg, record|rg, ard ara|yz|rg reasurererls al a d|slarce |s dore W|lr _____ equ|prerl.
27Rad|o aslrorory |s oased or lre lacl lral slars ard olrer reaver|y ood|es er|l_____.
28L|sl lour Ways rad|o |s used |r lre le|eprore sysler _____.
29Radar |s oased or lre use ol _____ rad|o s|gra|s.
3&rderWaler radar |s ca||ed _____.
3Tre lWo lypes ol sorar are _____.
32Tre rad|o corrur|cal|ors roooy |s ca||ed _____.
33Corpulers excrarge d|g|la| dala over lre le|eprore relWor| oy us|rg dev|ces ca||ed _____.
34L|r|led |rlercorrecl|ors ol PCs ard olrer corpulers |r oll|ces or ou||d|rgs are ca||ed _____.
35$|gra|s lral lrave| lrrougr lree space lor |org d|slarces are ca||ed _____.
36Rad|o Waves are rade up ol _____ l|e|ds.
37A s|gra| W|lr a lrequercy ol 18 lz ras a Wave|erglr ol _____ r.
38Corror poWer ||re lrequerc|es ol _____ ard _____ lz are |r lre _____ rarge.
39Aud|o s|gra|s are rol lrarsr|lled oy e|eclroragrel|c Waves oecause
a. Arlerras Wou|d oe loo |org.
o. Aud|o s|gra|s do rol rad|ale.
c. $|ru|lareous lrarsr|ss|ors Wou|d |rlerlere.
d. Tre lrequercy |s loo |oW.
(Croose a|| lral app|y.)
4Tre rurar rear|rg rarge |s approx|rale|y _____ lo _____ lz.
4Tre lrequercy rarge ol lre rurar vo|ce |s _____ lo _____ lz.
42True or la|se. Rad|o lrarsr|ss|ors do rol occur |r lre vLF ard LF rarges.
43A oroadcasl slal|ors are |r lre _____ rarge.
44lF s|gra|s are a|so ca||ed _____.
45Tv (crarre|s 2 lo 13) ard F oroadcasl|rg |s |r lre _____ parl ol lre speclrur.
46L|sl l|ve rajor uses ol lre &lF oard.
47A lrequercy ol 1 0lz |s lre sare as _____ lz.
48Frequerc|es aoove 1 0lz are ca||ed _____.
49Tre $lF ard ElF rarges are pr|rar||y used oy _____ corrur|cal|ors.
5Tre lrequerc|es jusl oeyord lre ElF rarge are ca||ed _____ Waves.
50re r|cror |s lre sare as _____ r.
52lrlrared s|gra|s are usua||y der|ved lror _____ sources.
53Tre speclrur rarge ol |rlrared s|gra|s |s _____ lo _____ 3r.
540re argslror |s equa| lo _____ 3r.
55Tre v|s|o|e ||grl rarge |s lror _____ lo _____A.
56L|grl s|gra|s use lWo red|urs |r e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors _____.
57Tre speclrur space occup|ed oy a s|gra| |s ca||ed lre _____.
58Tre reW s|gra|s aoove ard oe|oW lre carr|er lrequercy produced oy lre rodu|al|or process are ca||ed _____.
59A s|gra| occup|es lre lrequercy rarge lror 1.050 lo 1.1Z5 lz. lls oardW|dlr |s _____ |lz.
6|de-oardW|dlr s|gra|s rusl oe lrarsr|lled al _____ lrequerc|es.
6Percerlage W|se, lrere |s |ess speclrur space al lre _____ lrequerc|es.
62ary corrur|cal|ors e|eclror|cs lecrr|ques are des|gred |r order lo corserve _____.
63E|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors |r lre &r|led $lales |s regu|aled oy a sel ol |aWs ca||ed lre _____.
64Tre regu|alory oody lor e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors |r lre &r|led $lales |s lre _____.
650overrrerl ard r|||lary corrur|cal|ors are coord|raled oy lre _____.
66Tre e|eclroragrel|c speclrur |s raraged Wor|dW|de oy lre_____ orgar|zal|or.
A$ER$
corpulers, corrur|cal|ors, corlro|, corpulers
2 excrarg|rg |rlorral|or
3 ora|, Wr|ller
4 d|slarce, |arguage
5 |ale r|releerlr cerlury
6 lrarsr|ller, rece|ver, crarre| or red|ur
7 W|re, rad|o, l|oer-opl|c cao|e
8 lrarsr|ller
9 rece|ver
ro|se, corrur|cal|ors crarre|
degrades, alleruales
2lre alrosprere, rarulaclured equ|prerl, lrerra| ag|lal|or |r corporerls
3s|rp|ex, rad|o ard Tv oroadcasl|rg
4lu|| dup|ex, le|eprore corrur|cal|ors
5ra|l dup|ex
6ara|og
7d|g|la|
8ara|og-lo-d|g|la| corverler
9oase oard
2odu|al|or. oase oard, carr|er
2derodu|al|or or delecl|or
22ru|l|p|ex|rg
23lacs|r||e, le|elexl
24garage door operer
25pag|rg
26le|erelry
27rad|o Waves
28r|croWave re|ay, sale|||les, cord|ess prores, ce||u|ar prores
29rel|ecled
3sorar (acl|ve)
3acl|ve, pass|ve
32araleur or rar rad|o
33roders
34|oca| area relWor|s
35e|eclroragrel|c Waves or rad|o-lrequercy (RF) Waves
36e|eclr|c, ragrel|c
371.Z (300/18= 1.Z)
3850, 0, ELF
39a. c
420, 20,000
4300, 3000
42la|se
43F
44srorl Waves
45vlF
46|ard roo||e, ce||u|ar le|eprores, r|||lary, radar ard rav|gal|or, araleur rad|o
471000
48r|croWaves
49radar, sale|||le
5r||||reler
51 / 1,000,000
52real
530.Z, 10
541 / 10.000
551000,8000
56l|oer-opl|c cao|es, lree space
57oardW|dlr
58s|deoards
59125 (1.1Z5 - 1.050 = 0.125 lz = 125 |lz)
6r|grer
6|oWer
62speclrur space
63Corrur|cal|ors Acl ol 1931
64Federa| Corrur|cal|ors Corr|ss|or
65al|ora| Te|ecorrur|cal|ors ard lrlorral|or Adr|r|slral|or
66lrlerral|ora| Te|ecorrur|cal|ors &r|or

ClAPTER 2
Amp||tude Hodu|at|on and 8|ng|e-8|deband Hodu|at|on
odu|al|or |s lre process ol rav|rg lre |rlorral|or lo oe corrur|caled rod|l|es a r|grer lrequercy s|gra| ca||ed a carr|er.
2 Arp||lude rodu|al|or (A) |s lre o|desl ard s|rp|esl lorr ol rodu|al|or.
3 lr A, lre arp||lude ol lre carr|er |s crarged |r accordarce W|lr lre arp||lude ard lrequercy or lre craracler|sl|cs ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.
Tre carr|er lrequercy rera|rs corslarl.
4 Tre arp||lude var|al|or ol lre carr|er pea|s ras lre srape ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| ard |s relerred lo as lre erve|ope.
5 A l|re-dora|r d|sp|ay sroWs arp||lude versus l|re var|al|or ol A ard olrer s|gra|s.
6 Arp||lude rodu|al|or |s produced oy a c|rcu|l ca||ed a rodu|alor Wr|cr ras lWo |r puls ard ar oulpul.
7 Tre rodu|alor perlorrs a ralreral|ca| ru|l|p||cal|or ol lre carr|er ard |rlorral|or s|gra|s. Tre oulpul |s lre|r ara|og producl.
8 Tre ral|o ol lre pea| vo|lage va|ue ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| vm lo lre pea| va|ue ol lre carr|er vo |s ca||ed lre rodu|al|or |rdex m {m = vm |
voj. ll |s a|so relerred lo as lre rodu|al|or coell|c|erl or laclor ard lre degree ol rodu|al|or.
9 Tre |dea| va|ue lor m |s 1, Typ|ca||y m |s |ess lrar 1. Tre cord|l|or Wrere m |s grealer lrar 1 srou|d oe avo|ded as |l |rlroduces ser|ous
d|slorl|or ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|. Tr|s |s ca||ed overrodu|al|or.
rer lre rodu|al|or |rdex |s ru|l|p||ed oy 100, |l |s ca||ed lre percerlage ol rodu|al|or.
Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or car oe corpuled lror A Wavelorrs d|sp|ayed or ar osc|||oscope oy us|rg lre express|or




Wrere vrax |s lre rax|rur pea| carr|er arp||lude ard
vr|r |s lre r|r|rur pea| carr|er arp||lude.
2Tre reW s|gra|s gereraled oy lre rodu|al|or process are ca||ed s|deoards ard occur al lrequerc|es aoove ard oe|oW lre carr|er lrequercy.
3Tre upper lu$3 ard |oWer ll$3 s|deoard lrequerc|es are lre sur ard d|llererce ol lre carr|er lrequercy l0 ard lre rodu|al|rg lrequercy lV ard
are corpuled W|lr lre express|ors

lu$3 = lo lm
ll$3 = lo - lm
4A d|sp|ay ol s|gra| arp||ludes W|lr respecl lo lrequercy |s ca||ed a lrequercy-dora|r d|sp|ay.
5Ar A s|gra| car oe v|eWed as lre carr|er s|gra| added lo lre s|deoard s|gra|s produced oy A.
6Tre lola| lrarsr|lled poWer |r ar A s|gra| |s lre sur ol lre carr|er ard s|deoard poWers !% =( !0 !u$3 !l$3j ard |s d|slr|ouled arorg lre
carr|er ard s|deoards. Tr|s poWer d|slr|oul|or var|es W|lr lre percerlage ol rodu|al|or. Tre lola| poWer |s

!% =!0{' m
2
/2j

Tre poWer |r eacr s|deoard |s

!8 = !o{m
2
j/4

7Tre r|grer lre percerlage ol rodu|al|or, lre grealer lre s|deoard poWer ard lre slrorger ard rore |rle|||g|o|e lre lrarsr|lled ard rece|ved
s|gra|.

80esp|le |ls s|rp||c|ly ard ellecl|veress, A |s a r|gr|y |rell|c|erl relrod ol rodu|al|or.

9lr ar A s|gra|, lre carr|er corla|rs ro |rlorral|or. Ary lrarsr|lled |rlorral|or ||es so|e|y |r lre s|deoard. For lral reasor, lre carr|er ray oe
suppressed ard rol lrarsr|lled.

2Ar A s|gra| W|lr suppressed carr|er |s ca||ed a douo|e-s|deoard (0$) s|gra|.

2$|rce lre sare lrarsr|lled |rlorral|or |s corla|red |r oolr upper ard |oWer s|deoards, ore |s redurdarl. Fu|| |rlorral|or car oe lrarsr|lled
us|rg or|y ore s|deoard.

22Ar A s|gra| W|lr ro carr|er ard ore s|deoard |s ca||ed a s|rg|e-s|deoard ($$) s|gra|. Tre upper ard |oWer s|deoards corla|r lre sare
|rlorral|or, ard ore |s rol prelerred over lre olrer.

23Tre ra|r advarlage ol ar $$ A s|gra| over ar A or 0$ s|gra| |s lral |l occup|es ore-ra|l lre speclrur space.

24olr 0$ ard $$3 s|gra|s are rore ell|c|erl |r lerrs ol poWer usage. Tre poWer Wasled |r lre use|ess carr|er |s saved lrereoy a||oW|rg rore
poWer lo oe pul |rlo lre s|deoards.

25PoWer |r ar $$ lrarsr|ller |s raled |r lerrs ol pea| erve|ope poWer (PEP), lre poWer lral |s produced or vo|ce pea|s. PEP oulpul |s
corpuled us|rg lre express|or

PEP = v
2
/#

Wrere PEP |s |r Walls ard v |s lre rrs vo|lage across lre arlerra |oad |rpedarce # Tre PEP |rpul |s corpuled us|rg lre express|or

PEP = v8 x lmax

Wrere v8 |s lre de supp|y vo|lage ol lre l|ra| arp||l|er slage ard lmax |s lre arp||l|er currerl or vo|ce pea|s.

26Tre average oulpul ol ar $$ lrarsr|ller |s ore-lourlr lo ore-lr|rd ol lre PEP va|ue.

27Frequercy corvers|or |s a lorr ol A used lo lrars|ale s|gra|s lo r|grer or |oWer lrequerc|es lor |rproved process|rg.

28Frequercy corvers|or |s carr|ed oul oy a c|rcu|l ca||ed a r|xer or corverler.


min max
min max
100
. mod
' '
' '

29Tre r|xer perlorrs ara|og ru|l|p||cal|or ol lre |rpul s|gra| ard a |oca| osc|||alor s|gra|.

3Tre lrequercy corvers|or process la|lrlu||y rela|rs ary rodu|al|or (A, P, elc.) or lre |rpul. Tre lrars|aled s|gra| corla|rs lre sare
rodu|al|or.

3Tre oulpul ol a r|xer cors|sls ol lre |oca| osc|||alor s|gra| lo ard lre sur ard d|llererce lrequerc|es ol lre |oca| osc|||alor ard |rpul
lrequerc|es:

l$
lo
lD l$
lD - l$ or l$ - lD

32E|lrer lre sur or lre d|llererce lrequercy |s se|ecled W|lr a l||ler, Wr||e lre olrers are rejecled.

33Tre process ol r|x|rg |s a|so |roWr as relerodyr|rg.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

odu|al|or causes lre |rlorral|or s|gra| lo oe _____ lo a r|grer lrequercy lor rore ell|c|erl lrarsr|ss|or.
2 0ur|rg rodu|al|or, lre |rlorral|or s|gra| _____ lre arp||lude ol a r|gr lrequercy s|gra| ca||ed lre _____.
3 Tre c|rcu|l used lo produce rodu|al|or |s ca||ed a _____. lls lWo |rpuls are _____.
4 lr A, lre |rslarlareous _____ ol lre carr|er var|es |r accordarce W|lr lre |rlorral|or s|gra|.
5 True or la|se. Tre carr|er lrequercy |s usua||y |oWer lrar lre rodu|al|rg lrequercy.
6 Tre oul||re ol lre pea|s ol lre carr|er s|gra| |s ca||ed lre _____, ard |l ras lre sare srape as lre _____.
7 vo|lages vary|rg over l|re are sa|d lo oe _____ s|gra|s.
8 Tre lr|gororelr|c express|or lor lre carr|er |s vc = _____.
9 True or la|se. Tre carr|er lrequercy rera|rs corslarl dur|rg A.
Ar arp||lude rodu|alor perlorrs lre ralreral|ca| operal|or ol
a. Add|l|or
o. $uolracl|or
c. u|l|p||cal|or
d. 0|v|s|or
r|cr ol lre lo||oW|rg |s lre rosl correcl?
a. vr srou|d oe grealer lrar vc.
o. vc srou|d oe grealer lrar vr
c. vr srou|d oe equa| lo or |ess lrar vc.
d. vc rusl a|Ways equa| vr
2r|cr ol lre lo||oW|rg |s rol arolrer rare lor rodu|al|or |rdex?
a. odu|al|or rec|proca|
o. odu|al|or laclor
c. 0egree ol rodu|al|or
d. odu|al|or coell|c|erl
3Tre degree or deplr ol rodu|al|or occurr|rg expressed as a percerlage, |s corpuled us|rg lre express|or
a. 2 vr
o. 100 / r
c. r / 100
d. 100 x r
4Tre rodu|al|or |rdex |s lre ral|o ol lre _____ pea| vo|lage ol lre lo lre _____.
5Ar A Wave d|sp|ayed or ar osc|||oscope ras va|ues ol vrax= 3.8 ard vr|r= 1.5 as read lror lre gral|cu|e. Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s
_____ percerl.
6Tre |dea| percerlage ol rodu|al|or lor rax|rur arp||lude ol lrlorral|or lrarsr|ss|or |s _____ percerl.
7To acr|eve 85 percerl rodu|al|or ol a carr|er ol ve = 10 vo|ls (v), a rodu|al|rg s|gra| ol vr = _____ |s reeded.
8Tre pea|-lo-pea| va|ue ol ar A s|gra| |s 30 v. Tre pea|-lo-pea| va|ue ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| |s 12 v. Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s
_____ percerl.
9eW s|gra|s gereraled oy lre rodu|al|or process lral appear d|recl|y aoove ard oe|oW lre carr|er lrequercy are ca||ed _____.
2Ar A rad|o slal|or operal|rg al 30 |lz |s perr|lled lo oroadcasl aud|o lrequerc|es up lo 5 |lz. Tre upper ard |oWer s|de lrequerc|es are
l&$ = _____ |lz
lL$ = _____ |lz
2Tre lola| oardW|dlr ol lre s|gra| |r lre aoove exarp|e |s _____ |lz.
22A s|gra| Wrose arp||lude |s d|sp|ayed W|lr respecl lo l|re |s ca||ed a _____ dora|r d|sp|ay. Tre lesl |rslrurerl used lo preserl sucr a d|sp|ay
|s lre _____.
23A s|gra| Wrose arp||lude |s d|sp|ayed W|lr respecl lo lrequercy |s ca||ed a _____ dora|r d|sp|ay. Tre lesl |rslrurerl used lo preserl sucr a
d|sp|ay |s lre _____.
24Corp|ex rodu|al|rg s|gra|s corla|r|rg rary lrequerc|es produce ru|l|p|e_____ lrus occupy|rg rore speclrur space.
25Tre A s|gra| lral occup|es lre grealesl oardW|dlr |s lre ore rodu|aled oy a
a. 1-|lz s|re Wave
o. 5-|lz s|re Wave
c. 1-|lz square Wave
d. 5-|lz square Wave
26Tre corpos|le A s|gra| car oe recrealed oy a|geora|ca||y add|rg Wr|cr lrree s|gra|s?
27Tre lola| s|deoard poWer |s Wral percerlage ol lre carr|er poWer lor 100 percerl rodu|al|or?
a. 25 percerl
o. 50 percerl
c. 100 percerl
d. 150 percerl
28lrlorral|or |r ar A s|gra| |s corveyed |r lre
a. Carr|er.
o. $|deoards.
c. olr logelrer.
29Tre |oad |rlo Wr|cr lre A s|gra| PoWer |s d|ss|paled |s a(r) _____.
3Tre lola| lrarsr|lled poWer |s lre sur ol lre _____ ard _____ poWers.
3A 5-| carr|er W|lr 0 percerl rodu|al|or produces _____ | |r eacr s|deoard.
32lr ar A s|gra| W|lr a carr|er ol 18 ard a rodu|al|or percerlage ol Z5 percerl, lre lola| poWer |r lre s|deoards |s _____ .
33Ar A s|gra| W|lr a carr|er ol 1 | ras 100 |r eacr s|deoard. Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s _____ percerl.
34Ar A lrarsr|ller ras a carr|er poWer ol 200 . Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s 0 percerl. Tre lola| s|gra| poWer |s _____ .
35Tre lola| A s|gra| poWer |s 2800. Tre carr|er poWer |s 2000 . Tre poWer |r ore s|deoard |s _____ . Tre percerlage ol rodu|al|or
|s_____.
36Tre urrodu|aled carr|er currerl |r ar arlerra |s 1.5A. rer lre carr|er |s rodu|aled oy 95 percerl, lre lola| arlerra currerl |s _____ A.
37Ar A s|gra| W|lroul a carr|er |s ca||ed a(r) _____ s|gra|.
38True or la|se. TWo s|deoards rusl oe lrarsr|lled lo rela|r a|| lre |rlorral|or.
39Tre acroryr $$ rears
a. $|rg|e s|deoard W|lr carr|er
o. $|rg|e s|deoard W|lr suppressed carr|er
c. 0ouo|e s|deoard W|lr ro carr|er
d. 0ouo|e s|deoard W|lr carr|er
4A rajor oerel|l ol 0$ ard $$ |s
a. l|grer poWer car oe pul |rlo lre s|deoard(s).
o. 0realer poWer corsurpl|or.
c. ore carr|er poWer.
d. 0ouo|e lre s|deoard poWer.
4L|sl lour oerel|ls ol $$ over A ard 0$.
42L|sl lWo corror uses ol $$.
43A corror use ol 0$ |s
a. TWo-Way corrur|cal|or.
o. Te|eprore syslers.
c. F/Tv slereo.
d. $ale|||le corrur|cal|ors.
44True or la|se. lr $$, ro s|gra| |s lrarsr|lled ur|ess lre |rlorral|or s|gra| |s preserl.
45Tre lype ol A s|gra| lral |s used |r Tv oroadcasl|rg |s ca||ed _____ lrarsr|ss|or.
46Ar $$ s|gra| produces a pea|-lo-pea| vo|lage ol Z20v or vo|ce pea|s across a Z5- arlerra. Tre PEP oulpul |s _____ .
47Ar $$ lrarsr|ller ras a 150-v supp|y. vo|ce pea|s produce a currerl ol 2.3 A. Tre PEP |rpul |s _____ .
48Tre average oulpul poWer ol ar $$ lrarsr|ller raled al 12 PEP |s |r lre _____ lo _____ rarge.
49Tre process ol lrars|al|rg a s|gra| lo a r|grer or |oWer lrequercy lor rore corver|erl process|rg |s ca||ed _____.
5Tre c|rcu|l used lor lrars|al|rg lre lrequercy ol a s|gra| |s relerred lo as a(r) _____ or _____.
5Tre |rpul s|gra|s lo a lrequercy lrars|al|or c|rcu|l are ls = 3.Z lz ard lo = 1.155 lz. Tre oulpul s|gra|s are _____.
52lr lre exarp|e g|ver |r lre lexl, Wral olrer |oca| osc|||alor lrequercy cou|d oe used lo produce lre 10.Z-lz oulpul W|lr a 10Z.1 = lz |rpul?
53&rWarled r|xer oulpul s|gra|s are e||r|raled oy a _____.
54True or la|se. Tre |oca| osc|||alor |s rodu|aled.
55True or la|se. Ary rodu|al|or or lre |rpul s|gra| lo oe lrars|aled |s rela|red.
5. Tre operal|or carr|ed oul oy a r|xer |s |roWr as _____.


A$ER$

lrars|aled
2 var|es, carr|er
3 rodu|alor, carr|er, rodu|al|rg s|gra|
4 arp||lude
5 la|se
6 erve|ope, rodu|al|rg s|gra|
7 l|re-dora|r
8 vc = s|r 2"lcl
9 lrue
c
c
2a
3d
4rodu|al|rg s|gra|, carr|er
513.1
6100
71Z.31 v
8.Z
9s|deoards
235, 25
210
22l|re, osc|||oscope
23lrequercy, speclrur ara|yzer
24s|deoards
25d
26Carr|er, upper s|deoard, |oWer s|deoard
27o
28o
29arlerra
3carr|er, s|deoard
30.15
325.0
333.25
3423
35100 , 89.11 percerl
361.8 arperes
370$
38la|se
39o
4a
4|ess speclrur space, rore poWer |r lre s|deoards W|lr grealer ell|c|ercy, |ess ro|se, ||ll|e or ro lad|rg
42le|eprore syslers, lWo-Way rad|o
43c
44lrue
45vesl|g|a| s|deoard
4683.Z
47315
483-, 1-
49lrequercy corvers|or
5r|xer, corverler
51.155 lz, Z.855 lz, 155 |lz, 3.Z lz
5211Z.8 lz
53l||ler or lured c|rcu|l
54la|se
55lrue
56relerodyr|rg
ClAPTER 3
Amp||tude Hodu|at|on 6|rcu|ts


Arp||lude rodu|al|or car oe accorp||sred oy ru|l|p|y|rg lre carr|er s|re Wave oy a ga|r or allerual|or laclor lral var|es |r accordarce W|lr
lre |rle|||gerce s|gra|.

2 Arp||lude rodu|al|or car oe carr|ed oul oy ||rear|y coro|r|rg lre carr|er ard |rle|||gerce s|gra|s lrer app|y|rg lre resu|l lo a ror||rear
corporerl or c|rcu|l. A d|ode |s ar exarp|e.

3 Tre s|rp|esl A c|rcu|l uses res|slors lo ||rear|y r|x lre carr|er ard |rlorral|or s|gra|, a d|ode lo recl|ly lre resu|l, ard a lured c|rcu|l lo
corp|ele lre Wavelorr.

4 Arp||lude rodu|al|or car oe produced oy leed|rg lre carr|er lo a vo|lage d|v|der or olrer relWor| ard lrer vary|rg ore ol lre res|sl|ve
e|ererls |r accordarce W|lr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|. Corror var|ao|e res|sl|ve corporerls are d|odes ard FETs. Pl d|odes are used al &lF
ard r|croWave lrequerc|es.

5 LoW-|eve| rodu|al|or |s lre process ol gereral|rg 'lre A s|gra| al |oW vo|lage ard/or poWer |eve|s ard lrer us|rg ||rear arp||l|ers lo |rcrease
lre poWer |eve|.

6 l|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or |s lre processes ol arp||lude rodu|al|rg lre l|ra| poWer arp||l|er ol a lrarsr|ller.

7 l|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or |s accorp||sred W|lr a co||eclor (p|ale |r vacuur luoes) rodu|alor lral var|es lre co||eclor supp|y vo|lage |r accordarce
W|lr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.

8 For 100 percerl r|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or, lre rodu|al|or arp||l|er rusl produce ar oul pul Wave Wrose pea|-lo-pea| |s 2 l|res lre co||eclor
supp|y vo|lage.

9 For 100 percerl r|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or, lre rodu|al|or arp||l|er rusl gererale ar oulpul poWer lral |s ore-ra|l ol lre l|ra| RF poWer arp||l|er
|rpul poWer {! =voo x loj

Tre s|rp|esl ard oesl arp||lude derodu|alor |s lre d|ode deleclor. Tre A s|gra| |s recl|l|ed oy a d|ode ard lrer l||lered oy a capac|lor lo
recover lre erve|ope Wr|cr |s lre or|g|ra| rodu|al|rg |rlorral|or.

a|arced rodu|alors are A c|rcu|ls lral carce| or suppress lre carr|er oul gererale a 0$ oulpul s|gra| lral corla|rs lre upper (sur) ard
|oWer (d|llererce) s|deoard lrequerc|es.

2A popu|ar oa|arced rodu|alor |s lre |all|ce rodu|alor lral uses a d|ode or|dge c|rcu|l as a sW|lcr. Tre carr|er lurrs lre d|odes oll ard or |ell|rg
segrerls ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| lrrougr lo produce a 0$ oulpul s|gra|. A carr|er suppress|or ol 10 d |s poss|o|e.

3Arolrer W|de|y used oa|arced, rodu|alor |s ar |rlegraled c|rcu|l (lC) us|rg d|llererl|a| arp||l|ers as sW|lcres lo sW|lcr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| al
lre carr|er lrequercy. A popu|ar dev|ce |s lre 119 or 159. Carr|er suppress|or car oe as r|gr as 50 lo 5 d.

4Tre rosl corror Way ol gereral|rg ar $$E s|gra| |s lo use lre l||ler relrod Wr|cr |rcorporales a oa|arced rodu|alor lo||oWed oy a r|gr|y
se|ecl|ve l||ler lral passes e|lrer lre upper or |oWer s|deoard.

5To ra|e oolr s|deoards ava||ao|e, $$ gereralors use lWo l||lers, ore lor eacr s|deoard, or sW|lcr lre carr|er lrequercy lo pul lre des|red
s|deoard |rlo lre l|xed l||ler, oardpass.
6osl $$, l||lers are rade W|lr quarlz crysla|s.

7A quarlz crysla| |s a lrequercy-delerr|r|rg corporerl lral acls |||e ar l0 c|rcu|l W|lr a very r|gr 0
8Crysla|s rave ser|es ard para||e| resorarl rodes. Trese car oe coro|red |rlo a |all|ce (or|dge) c|rcu|l lral prov|des exlrere|y srarp se|ecl|v|ly
over a des|red oardW|dlr.

9Cerar|c l||lers use cerar|c resoralors lral acl |||e crysla|s oul are sra||er ard |oWer |r cosl.

2ecrar|ca| oardpass l||lers are a|so used |r $$E gereralors. Trese dev|ces use ru|l|p|e resorarl d|s|s lral v|orale al sore lrequercy |r lre
200- lo 500-|lz rarge.

2Tre pras|rg relrod ol $$E gereral|or uses lWo oa|arced rodu|alors ard 90 prase sr|llers lor lre carr|er ard rodu|al|rg s|gra| lo produce
lWo 0$ s|gra|s lral Wrer added cause ore s|deoard lo oe carce|ed oul.

22lr pras|rg-lype $$E gereralors, lre accuracy ol lre prase sr|llers delerr|res lre degrees ol urWarled s|deoard suppress|or.

23Prec|s|or #0 relWor|s are rorra||y used lo produce lre des|red 90 prase sr|lls.

24A derodu|alor lor $$E |s a r|xer sucr as a oa|arced rodu|alor lral, |s ca||ed a producl deleclor. Tre carr|er |s re|rserled |r lre rece|ver W|lr a
|oca| osc|||alor.

25Frequercy lrars|al|or or corvers|or |s ar A process lral corverls a s|gra| W|lr ary rodu|al|or lo a r|grer (up corvers|or) or |oWer (doWr
corvers|or) lrequercy.

26Frequercy corvers|or |s produced oy a c|rcu|l ca||ed a r|xer.
27Arolrer rare lor lrequercy corvers|or |s relerodyr|rg.

28A|rosl ary |oW-|eve| A c|rcu|l car oe used lor r|x|rg.

290re ol lre rosl corror|y used r|xers |s a s|rg|e d|ode. 0errar|ur or rol-carr|er d|odes are used lor r|x|rg al very r|gr rad|o lrequerc|es.

3Tre |rpuls lo a r|xer are lre s|gra| lo oe lrars|aled l8 ard a s|re Wave lo lror a |oca| osc|||alor (L0). Tre oulpuls are lo, l8, lo l8, ard lo - l8
A lured c|rcu|l al lre oulpul se|ecls e|lrer lre s||r or d|llererce lrequercy Wr||e suppress|rg lre olrers. Ary rodu|al|or or lre |rpul appears
or lre oulpul s|gra|.

3|po|ar ard l|e|d-ellecl lrars|slors car oe used as r|xers oy operal|rg lrer |r lre ror||rear reg|or ol lre|r craracler|sl|cs.

32Trars|slor r|xers oller lre oerel|l ol ga|r over d|ode r|xers.
33a|arced rodu|alors are W|de|y used as r|xers.

340ouo|y oa|arced rodu|alors ard 0aAs FETs are lre oesl r|xers al vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave lrequerc|es.

35A s|rg|e lrars|slor car oe correcled lo perlorr oolr lre r|xer ard L0 lurcl|ors. $ucr a r|xer |s ca||ed a corverler ard |s used pr|rar||y |r A
rece|vers al lrequerc|es oe|oW 30 lz.

36A popu|ar lC r|xer |s lre E02, Wr|cr corla|rs a cross-correcled d|llererl|a| arp||l|er r|xer c|rcu|l ard ar or-cr|p |oca| osc|||alor.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

lr lre rodu|alor, c|rcu|l ol F|g. 3-2, lre carr|er ard rodu|al|rg s|gra|s are (page 39-Frerze|)
a. Added
o. $uolracled
c. u|l|p||ed
d. 0|v|ded
2 lr F|g. 3-2,01 acls as a(r) (page 39-Frerze|)
a. Capac|lor
o. Recl|l|er
c. var|ao|e res|slor
d. Adder
3 lr F|g. 3-1, 01 acls as a(r) (page 11-Frerze|)
a. Capac|lor
o. Recl|l|er
c. var|ao|e res|slor
d. Adder
4 A car oe produced oy pass|rg lre carr|er lrrougr a c|rcu|l Wrose _____ or _____ car oe var|ed |r accordarce W|lr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.
5 Tre rare ol lre ror||rear resporse ol a dev|ce lral produces A W|lr or|y secord-order producls |s _____.
6 A corporerl lral ras ar exporerl|a| resporse |dea| lor produc|rg A |s lre _____.
7 lr F|g. 3-2, lre regal|ve pea|s ol lre A s|gra| are supp||ed oy lre _____. (page 39-Frerze|)
8 lr F|g. 3-5, lre FET acls |||e a(r) _____. (page 11-Frerze|)
9 lr F|g. 3-5, A |s produced oy vary|rg lre _____ol lre op-arp c|rcu|l. (page 11-Frerze|)
lr F|g. 3-5, a pos|l|ve-go|rg rodu|al|rg s|gra| causes lre currerl |r lre FET lo _____, |ls res|slarce lo _____, ard lre ga|r ol lre c|rcu|l lo
_____.(page 11-Frerze|)
rer lorWard-o|ased, a Pl d|ode acls |||e a(r) _____.
2Pl d|ode rodu|alors are used or|y al lrequerc|es aoove aooul _____.
3A Pl d|ode rodu|alor |s a var|ao|e
4l|gr currerl |r a Pl d|ode rears lral |ls res|slarce |s_____.
5Tre A s|gra|s gereraled oy |oW-|eve| rodu|al|rg c|rcu|ls rusl rave lre|r poWer |eve| |rcreased oy a(r) _____ oelore oe|rg lrarsr|lled.
6lr a r|gr-|eve| A lrarsr|ller, lre oulpul slage |s usua||y a c|ass _____ arp||l|er. .
7A r|gr-|eve| rodu|alor |||e lral |r F|g. 3-8 |s relerred lo as a _____ rodu|alor. (page 13-Frerze|)
8Tre oulpul ol a r|gr-|eve| rodu|alor causes lre _____ app||ed lo lre l|ra| RF arp||l|er lo vary W|lr lre arp||lude ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.
9Tre l|ra| arp||l|er ol a r|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or C lrarsr|ller ras ar |rpul poWer ol 5 . Tre rodu|alor rusl oe ao|e lo supp|y a poWer ol _____
lor 100 percerl rodu|al|or.
2Tre l|ra| RF poWer arp||l|er ras a supp|y vo|lage ol 12v. For 100 percerl A us|rg a r|gr-|eve| rodu|alor, lre pea| ac oulpul ol lre
rodu|al|or lrarslorrer rusl oe _____ v.
2To acr|eve 100 percerl r|gr-|eve| rodu|al|or ol ar RF poWer arp||l|er, |ls _____ rusl a|so oe rodu|aled.
22Tre purpose ol a _____ |s lo recover lre or|g|ra| rodu|al|rg s|gra| lror ar A Wave.
23Tre rosl W|de|y used arp||lude derodu|alor |s ca||ed a _____.
24Tre rosl cr|l|ca| corporerl |r lre c|rcu|l ol F|g. 3-11 |s _____.(page 1-Frerze|)
25Tre crarg|rg ard d|scrarg|rg ol C1 |r F|g. 3-11 produces _____ Wr|cr causes _____ ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|. (page 1-Frerze|)
26Arolrer rare lor lre derodu|alor |r F|g. 3-11 |s _____ deleclor.
27L|sl lre lWo ra|r oerel|ls ol lre lu||-Wave arp||lude derodu|alor over lre ra|l Wave c|rcu|l.
28True or la|se. Ar arp||lude derodu|alor |s a corp|ele rad|o rece|ver.
29A oa|arced rodu|alor e||r|rales Wr|cr ol lre lo||oW|rg lror |ls oulpul?
a. &pper s|deoard
o. LoWer s|deoard
c. Carr|er
d. olr s|deoards
3Tre oulpul s|gra| ol a oa|arced rodu|alor |s.
a. A
o. $$
c. F
d. 0$
3r|cr ras oeller carr|er suppress|or?
a. Lall|ce rodu|alor
o. lC oa|arced rodu|alor
32A oa|arced rodu|alor us|rg a d|ode or|dge |s ca||ed a(r) _____. (page 18-Frerze|)
33lr lre oa|arced rodu|alor ol F|g. 3-11, lre d|odes are used as _____.
34A oa|arced rodu|alor ras a carr|er lrequercy ol 1.9 lz ard a rodu|al|rg s|re Wave ol 2. |lz. Tre oulpul s|gra|s are _____ ard _____|lz.
35lr F|g. 3-18, lrars|slors _____ supp|y a corslarl currerl. (page 51-Frerze|)
36lr F|g. 3-18, lrars|slors 01 lo 01 operale as_____. (page 51-Frerze|)
37True or la|se. Ar lC ara|og ru|l|p||er ray oe used lor 0$ s|gra| gereral|or.
38Tre rosl corror Way ol gereral|rg ar $$ s|gra| |s lre _____ relrod.
39A l||ler capao|e ol pass|rg lre des|red s|deoard Wr||e rejecl|rg lre olrer s|deoard rusl rave good_____.
4A oa|arced rodu|alor ras a 3-lz carr|er |rpul ard a rodu|al|rg s|gra| |rpul ol 1.5 |lz lo pass lre |oWer s|deoard, a l||ler rusl rave a cerler
lrequercy ol _____ lz.
4Tre rosl popu|ar l||ler used lo se|ecl lre des|red s|deoard |r ar $$ gereralor uses _____ lor se|ecl|v|ly.
42are lre lWo Ways ol gereral|rg e|lrer lre upper or |oWer s|deoard |r a l||ler lype $$ gereralor.
43A quarlz crysla| acls |||e a r|gr|y se|ecl|ve _____ c|rcu|l.
44lr a l||ler-lype $$ gereralor, a crysla| |all|ce l||ler |s used. Tre lWo crysla| lrequerc|es are 3.0 ard 3.0012 lz. Tre l||ler oardW|dlr |s
approx|rale|y _____ |lz.
45ecrar|ca| l||lers prov|de se|ecl|v|ly oecause lrey _____ al a spec|l|c lrequercy.
46A cerar|c l||ler |s s|r||ar |r operal|or lo a(r) _____ l||ler.
47Tre operal|rg lrequercy rarge ol a recrar|ca| l||ler |s _____ lo _____ |lz.
48lr lre pras|rg relrod ol $$ gereral|or, _____ |s used lo carce| lre urdes|red s|deoard.
49A _____ c|rcu|l |s corror|y used lo derodu|ale or recover ar $$ s|gra|.
5Tre c|rcu|l used lo derodu|ale ar $$ s|gra| |s lyp|ca||y ca||ed a(r) _____.
5Tre r|x|rg process |s
a. L|rear.
o. or||rear.
52lr up corvers|or, Wr|cr s|gra| |s se|ecled?
a. l1 - l2
o. l1 l2
53r|cr lrars|slor r|xer |s prelerred?
a. |po|ar
o. FET
54Arolrer rare lor lre r|x|rg process |s _____.
55Tre purpose ol a r|xer |s lo perlorr _____.
56Tre oulpul s|gra|s produced oy a r|xer W|lr |rpuls l1 ard l2 are _____, _____, _____, ard _____.
57Tre lype ol r|xer rosl used al r|croWave lrequerc|es |s a(r) _____.
58Tre lWo r|xers prelerred al vlF ard &lF are _____.
59Trars|slor r|xers prov|de _____, Wr||e d|ode r|xers do rol.
6A r|xer produc|rg doWr corvers|or ras ar |rpul ol 1390 |lz ard ar L0 lrequercy ol 1815 |lz. Tre oulpul |s _____ |lz.
6A s|rg|e-lrars|slor c|rcu|l lral coro|res lre r|xer ard L0 lurcl|ors |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
62Tre r|xer c|rcu|l |r lre popu|ar E02 lC |s _____.
63lr add|l|or lo a r|xer ard a vo|lage regu|alor, lre E02 r|xer lC corla|rs a(r) _____.
64Tre oulpul ol a E02 r|xer lC |s 5.5 lz. Tre |oca| osc|||alor |s sel lo 2.8 lz. Tre |rpul lrequercy |s _____.
65True or la|se. |x|rg |s lre sare as A.
66True or la|se. Ary oa|arced rodu|alor ray oe used as a r|xer.


A$ER$

a
2 o
3 c
4 ga|r, allerual|or
5 square |aW
6 d|ode
7 lured c|rcu|l
8 var|ao|e res|slor
9 ga|r
|rcrease, decrease, |rcrease
res|slor
2100 lz
3allerualor
4|oW
5||rear arp||l|er
6C
7co||eclor
8supp|y vo|lage
92.5
212
2dr|ver
22derodu|alor
23d|ode deleclor
24C1
25r|pp|e, d|slorl|or
26erve|ope
27sra||er l||ler capac|lor, |ess r|pp|e ard d|slorl|or
28lrue
29c
3d
3o
32|all|ce rodu|alor or d|ode r|rg
33sW|lcres
34189Z.1, 1902.
350Z, 08
36sW|lcres
37lrue
38l||ler
39se|ecl|v|ly
42.9985
4crysla|s
42&se ore l||ler lor eacr s|deoard; se|ecl lre carr|er lrequercy so lral lre des|red s|deoard |s |r lre l||ler passoard.
43lure, resorarl, or LC
441.8 (3.0012- 3.0 = 0.0012 lz = 1.2 |lz; 1.2 x 1.5 = 1.8 |lz)
45v|orale or resorale
46crysla|
47200 lo 500
48prase sr|ll
49r|xer or oa|arced rodu|alor
5producl deleclor
5o
52o
53o
54relerodyr|rg
55lrequercy corvers|or or lrars|al|or
56l1 ,l2, l1 l2, l1 - l2
57d|ode
58douo|y oa|arced r|xer, 0aAsFET
59ga|r
6155 (1815 - 1390 = 155)
6corverler
62cross-correcled d|llererl|a| arp||l|er
63|oca| osc|||alor
6421.3 or 32.3 lz
65lrue
66lrue
ClAPTER 1
Frequency Hodu|at|on


lr F, lre |rlorral|or s|gra| var|es lre lrequercy ol lre carr|er.

2 Tre arourl ol lrequercy crarge lror lre carr|er cerler lrequercy |s ca||ed lre lrequercy dev|al|or.

3 lr P, lre dev|al|or |s proporl|ora| lo lre arp||lude ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.

4 0ur|rg F, lre carr|er arp||lude rera|rs corslarl.

5 olr F ard P are lypes ol arg|e rodu|al|ors.

6 lr P, lre prase sr|ll ol lre carr|er |s var|ed oy lre arp||lude ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.

7 Prase rodu|al|or produces lrequercy rodu|al|or.

8 Tre F produced oy P |s ca||ed |rd|recl F.

9 ax|rur lrequercy dev|al|or |r a P s|gra| occurs Wrere lre rale ol crarge ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| arp||lude |s grealesl, Wr|cr |s al |ls
zero-cross|rg po|rls.

Frequercy dev|al|or does rol occur al lre oulpul ol a prase rodu|alor ur|ess lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| arp||lude var|es.

Tre arourl ol lrequercy dev|al|or produced oy a prase rodu|alor |rcreases W|lr lre rodu|al|rg lrequercy.

2To produce lrue F lror a P s|gra|, lre arp||lude ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| rusl oe decreased W|lr lrequercy so lral lrequercy dev|al|or
does rol crarge W|lr rodu|al|rg lrequercy.

3lr P, a |oW-pass l||ler or lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| corpersales lor |rcreased lrequercy dev|al|or al lre r|grer rodu|al|rg lrequerc|es.

4Frequercy rodu|al|or produces pa|rs ol s|deoards spaced lror lre carr|er |r ru|l|p|es ol lre rodu|al|rg lrequercy.

5Tre rodu|al|or |rdex r ol ar F s|gra| |s lre ral|o ol lre lrequercy dev|al|or lo lo lre rodu|al|rg lrequercy lm (r = lo / lmj

6Tre dev|al|or ral|o |s lre rax|rur lrequercy dev|al|or d|v|ded oy lre rax|rur rodu|al|rg lrequercy.

7Tre rodu|al|or |rdex delerr|res lre ruroer ol s|gr|l|carl pa|rs ol s|deoards |r ar F s|gra|.

8Tre arp||ludes ol lre carr|er ard s|deoards vary W|lr lre rodu|al|or |rdex ard car oe ca|cu|aled W|lr a ralreral|ca| procedure |roWr as lre
esse| lurcl|ors.

9Tre carr|er or s|deoard arp||ludes are zero al sore rodu|al|or |rdexes.

2Tre oardW|dlr ol ar F s|gra| |s proporl|ora| lo lre rodu|al|or |rdex.

2Trere are lWo Ways lo ca|cu|ale lre oardW|dlr ol ar F s|gra|.
a. = 2hlm rax
o. = 2{lo rax lm rax)

22For F, lre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s lre ral|o ol lre aclua| lrequercy dev|al|or ard lre rax|rur a||oWed lrequercy dev|al|or ru|l|p||ed oy
100.

23Tre pr|rary advarlage ol F over A |s |ls |rrur|ly lo ro|se.

24o|se |s srorl-dural|or arp||lude var|al|ors caused oy ||grlr|rg, rolors, aulo |gr|l|ors, poWer lrars|erls, ard olrer sources.

25L|r|ler c|rcu|ls |r F rece|vers c||p oll ro|se s|gra|s.

26Arolrer oerel|l ol F over A |s lre caplure ellecl lral a||oWs lre slrorgesl s|gra| or a lrequercy lo dor|rale W|lroul |rlerlererce lror lre
olrer s|gra|.

27A lr|rd oerel|l ol F over A |s grealer lrarsr|ller ell|c|ercy s|rce c|ass C arp||l|ers ray oe used.

28A rajor d|sadvarlage ol F |s lral |ls oardW|dlr |s W|der lrar lre oardW|dlr ol A.

29Tre speclrur space la|er up oy ar F s|gra| ray oe ||r|led oy carelu||y corlro|||rg lre dev|al|or ral|o.

3Arolrer d|sadvarlage ol F |s lral lre c|rcu|ls lo produce ard derodu|ale |l are usua||y rore corp|ex ard expers|ve lrar A c|rcu|ls.

3o|se occurs pr|rar||y al r|gr lrequerc|es; lrerelore, ro|se |rlerleres rore W|lr r|gr rodu|al|rg lrequerc|es.

32lrlerlererce lror r|gr-lrequercy ro|se car oe r|r|r|zed oy ooosl|rg lre arp||lude ol r|gr-lrequercy rodu|al|rg s|gra|s pr|or lo rodu|al|or.
Tr|s |s ca||ed pre-erpras|s.

33Pre-erpras|s |s accorp||sred oy pass|rg lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| lrrougr ar #0 relWor| lral ||rear|y ooosls lre arp||lude ol lrequerc|es aoove
2122 lz |r proporl|or lo lrequercy. Tr|s |rcreases lre s|gra|-lo-ro|se ral|o al lre r|grer lrequerc|es.

34Tre ellecl ol pre-erpras|s |s correcled lor, |r ar F rece|ver oy de-erpras|z|rg lre r|grer lrequerc|es oy pass|rg lrer lrrougr ar #0 |oW-
pass l||ler.

35Tre pre-erpras|s ard de-erpras|s relWor|s rave a l|re corslarl ol Z5 3s ard a culoll lrequercy ol 2122 lz.

$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

Tre gerera| rare g|ver lo oolr P ard P |s _____ rodu|al|or.
2 True or la|se. lr F, lre carr|er arp||lude rera|rs corslarl W|lr rodu|al|or.
3 Tre arourl ol lrequercy sr|ll dur|rg rodu|al|or |s ca||ed lre _____.
4 Tre arourl ol lrequercy sr|ll |r P |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo lre _____ ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.
5 As lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| arp||lude goes pos|l|ve, lre carr|er lrequercy _____. As lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| arp||lude goes regal|ve, lre carr|er
lrequercy
6 lr P, lre carr|er _____ |s var|ed |r proporl|or lo lre arp||lude ol lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|.
7 A vary|rg prase sr|ll produces a(r) _____.
8 A prase rodu|alor produces a lrequercy dev|al|or or|y Wrer lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| |s _____.
9 lr P, lre lrequercy dev|al|or |s proporl|ora| lo oolr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| _____ ard _____.
rer lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| arp||lude crosses zero, lre prase sr|ll ard lrequercy dev|al|or |r a prase rodu|alor are
a. Al a rax|rur
o. Al a r|r|rur
c. Zero
A prase rodu|alor ray use a |oW-pass l||ler lo ollsel lre ellecl ol |rcreas|rg carr|er lrequercy dev|al|or lor |rcreas|rg rodu|al|rg
a. Arp||lude
o. Frequercy
c. Prase sr|ll
2Tre F produced oy a prase rodu|alor |s |roWr as _____.
3True or la|se. Ar F s|gra| produces rore s|deoards lrar ar A s|gra|.
4Tre oardW|dlr ol ar F s|gra| |s proporl|ora| lo lre _____.
5Tre rax|rur lrequercy dev|al|or ol ar F s|gra| |s 10 |lz. Tre rax|rur rodu|al|rg lrequercy |s 3.33 |lz. Tre dev|al|or ral|o |s_____.
6Ar F s|gra| ras a rodu|al|or |rdex ol 2.5. loW rary s|gr|l|carl pa|rs ol s|deoards are produced? ($ee F|g. 1-.) (page Z5-Frerze|)
7lr ar F s|gra| lral rodu|al|rg lrequercy |s a 1.5-|lz s|re Wave. Tre carr|er lrequercy |s 1000 |lz. Tre lrequerc|es ol lre lr|rd s|gr|l|carl
s|deoards are _____ ard _____ |lz.
8Reler lo F|g. 1-. ral |s lre re|al|ve arp||lude ol lre lourlr s|gr|l|carl pa|r ol s|deoards |r ar F s|gra| W|lr a dev|al|or ral|o ol 1? (page Z5-
Frerze|)
9Tre arp||ludes ol lre s|deoards |r ar F s|gra| are deperderl upor a ralreral|ca| process |roWr as _____.
2A P s|gra| ras a dev|al|or ral|o ol 3. Tre rax|rur rodu|al|rg s|gra| |s 5 |lz. Tre oardW|dlr ol lre s|gra| |s _____|lz.
2ll lre rax|rur a||oWed dev|al|or |s 5 |lz oul lre aclua| dev|al|or |s 3.Z5 |lz, lre percerlage ol rodu|al|or |s _____ percerl.
22A regal|ve s|gr or lre carr|er ard s|deoard arp||ludes |r F|g. 1- rears a(r) _____.
23True or la|se. Tre carr|er |r ar F s|gra| car rever drop lo zero arp||lude.
24Ca|cu|ale lre oardW|dlr ol ar P s|gra| W|lr a rax|rur dev|al|or ol 10 |lz ard a rax|rur rodu|al|rg s|gra| lrequercy ol 1 |lz. &se lre
lWo relrods g|ver |r lre lexl, s|gr|l|carl s|deoards, ard Carsor's ro|e, ard corpare your arsWers. Exp|a|r lre d|llererce.
25Tre ra|r advarlage ol F over A |s |ls |rrur|ly lror _____.
26o|se |s pr|rar||y a var|al|or |r
a. Arp||lude.
o. Frequercy.
c. Prase.
27F rece|vers rejecl ro|se oecause ol ou||l-|r c|rcu|ls.
28Tre |r ar F rece|ver causes a slrorger s|gra| lo dor|rale a Wea|er s|gra| or lre sare lrequercy.
29Typ|ca||y F lrarsr|llers are rore ell|c|erl lrar A lrarsr|llers oecause lrey use c|ass _____ arp||l|ers.
3Tre o|ggesl d|sadvarlage ol F |s |ls excess|ve use ol _____.
3True or la|se. Ar A c|rcu|l |s usua||y rore corp|ex ard expers|ve lrar ar F c|rcu|l.
32o|se |rlerleres pr|rar||y W|lr _____ rodu|al|rg lrequerc|es.
33Tre relrod used lo ollsel lre ellecl ol ro|se |r F lrarsr|ss|ors oy ooosl|rg r|gr lrequerc|es |s |roWr as _____.
34To ooosl r|gr lrequerc|es a(r) _____ c|rcu|l |s used.
35To correcl lor lre r|gr-lrequercy ooosl, a(r) _____ c|rcu|l |s used al lre rece|ver.
36Tre l|re corslarl ol a pre-erpras|s c|rcu|l |s _____ 3s.
37lr ar F rece|ver, lrequerc|es aoove _____ lz are allerualed d per oclave.


A$ER$

arg|e
2 lrue
3 dev|al|or
4 arp||lude
5 |rcreases, decreases (lre reverse cou|d a|so oe lrue)
6 prase sr|ll
7 lrequercy sr|ll or dev|al|or
8 crarg|rg or vary|rg
9 arp||lude, lrequercy
a
o
2|rd|recl F
3lrue
4rodu|al|or |rdex
53 (r = 10/33 = 3)
65
7995.5, 1001.5 [3(1.5) = 1.5 Klz; 1000 1.5 = 995.5 ard 1001.5 |lz|
80.28
9esse| lurcl|ors
20 [2(5)()= 0 |lz|
2Z5 [(3.Z5/5)100 = Z5|
22prase |rvers|or or 180 sr|ll
23la|se
24 = 10 |lz; = 28 |lz us|rg Carsor's ru|e; Carsor's ru|e g|ves rarroWer oardW|dlrs oecause s|deoards ol |ess lrar 2 percerl arp||lude
are rol cors|dered
25ro|se
26a
27||r|ler (or c||pper)
28caplure ellecl
29C
3speclrur space
3la|se
32r|gr
33pre-erpras|s
34r|gr-pass l||ler
35de-erpras|s
36Z5
372122

ClAPTER 5
Frequency Hodu|at|on 6|rcu|ts


Tre corporerl rosl W|de|y used lor F or P |s lre varaclor d|ode or vo|lage var|ao|e capac|lor (vvC).

2 A vvC |s a spec|a||y des|gred s|||cor jurcl|or d|ode opl|r|zed lor |arge capac|l|ve var|al|ors.

3 A reverse-o|ased jurcl|or d|ode W||| acl as a sra|| capac|lor Wrere lre dep|el|or reg|or |s lre d|e|eclr|c.

4 Tre capac|larce ol a varaclor |s |rverse|y proporl|ora| lo lre reverse-o|ased vo|lage arp||lude.

5 Tre rosl corror lrequercy rodu|alors use a varaclor lo vary lre lrequercy ol ar l0 c|rcu|l or crysla| |r accordarce W|lr lre rodu|al|rg
s|gra|.

6 A reaclarce rodu|alor |s ar arp||l|er lral |s rade lo appear |rducl|ve or capac|l|ve oy prase sr|ll. ll |s used lo produce W|de dev|al|or d|recl
F.

7 Crysla| osc|||alors are prelerred lor lre|r lrequercy slao|||ly over l0 osc|||alors, oul or|y very sra|| lrequercy dev|al|or |s poss|o|e W|lr crysla|
osc|||alors.

8 Ar lC vC0 produces exce||erl dev|al|or F al lrequerc|es oe|oW 1 lz.

9 lr a prase rodu|alor, lre carr|er |s sr|lled |r prase |r accordarce W|lr lre rodu|al|rg s|gra|. Tr|s produces |rd|recl F.

0re ol lre oesl prase rodu|alors |s a para||e| lured c|rcu|l corlro||ed oy a varaclor.

osl prase rodu|alors produce very sra|| arourls ol lrequercy dev|al|or.

2Frequercy dev|al|or ard carr|er lrequercy car oe |rcreased oy pass|rg lrer lrrougr a lrequercy ru|l|p||er.

30re ol lre o|desl ard oesl lrequercy derodu|alors |s lre Fosler-$ee|ey d|scr|r|ralor lral |s a prase deleclor Wrose oulpul vo|lage |rcreases
or decreases W|lr prase crarges produced oy |rpul lrequercy dev|al|or.

4A Fosler-$ee|ey d|scr|r|ralor |s sers|l|ve lo |rpul arp||lude var|al|ors ard, lrerelore, rusl oe preceded oy a ||r|ler.

5A var|al|or ol lre Fosler-$ee|ey d|scr|r|ralor |s lre ral|o deleclor W|de|y used |r o|der Tv rece|ver des|grs. A pr|rary advarlage ol lre ral|o
deleclor |s lral ro ||r|ler |s reeded.

6A pu|se-averag|rg d|scr|r|ralor corverls ar F s|gra| |rlo a square Wave ol |derl|ca| lrequercy var|al|or us|rg a zero cross|rg deleclor,
corparalor, or ||r|ler c|rcu|l. Tr|s c|rcu|l lr|ggers a ore srol lral produces pu|ses lral are averaged |r a |oWpass l||ler lo reproduce lre or|g|ra|
rodu|al|rg s|gra|.

7A quadralure deleclor uses a ur|que prase sr|ll c|rcu|l lo prov|de quadralure (90) F |rpul s|gra|s lo a prase deleclor. Tre prase deleclor
produces a d|llererl pu|se W|dlr lor d|llererl prase sr|lls. Trese pu|se W|dlr var|al|ors are averaged |r a |oW-pass l||ler lo recover lre
rodu|al|rg s|gra|.

80uadralure deleclors are ava||ao|e |r lC lorr ard are ore ol lre rosl W|de|y used Tv aud|o derodu|alors.

9A d|llererl|a| pea| deleclor |s ar lC F derodu|alor lral uses a d|llererl|a| arp||l|er ard capac|l|ve slorage pea| deleclors p|us lured c|rcu|ls
lo lrars|ale lrequercy var|al|ors |rlo vo|lage var|al|ors.

2A prase-|oc|ed |oop (PLL) |s a leedoac| corlro| c|rcu|l rade up ol a prase deleclor, vo|lage corlro||ed osc|||alor (vC0), ard |oW-pass l||ler.
Tre prase deleclor corpares ar |rpul s|gra| lo lre vC0 s|gra| ard produces ar oulpul lral |s l||lered oy a |oW-pass l||ler |rlo ar error s|gra|
lral corlro|s lre vC0 lrequercy.

2Tre PLL |s syrcrror|zed or |oc|ed Wrer lre |rpul ard vC0 lrequerc|es are equa|. lrpul lrequercy crarges cause a prase or lrequercy sr|ll
Wr|cr, |r lurr, produces ar error s|gra| lral lorces lre vC0 lo lrac| lre |rpul ard reduce lre|r d|llererce lo zero.

22Tre rarge ol lrequerc|es over Wr|cr a PLL W||| lrac| ar |rpul |s ca||ed lre |oc| rarge. ll lre |rpul slrays ouls|de, lre |oc| rarge, lre PLL W||| go
oul ol |oc| ard lre vC0 W||| operale al |ls lree-rurr|rg lrequercy.

23Tre caplure rarge ol a PLL |s lral rarroW oard ol lrequerc|es over Wr|cr a PLL W||| recogr|ze ard |oc| orlo ar |rpul s|gra|. Tre caplure rarge
|s rarroWer lrar lre |oc| rarge ard |l ra|es lre PLL |oo| |||e a oardpass l||ler.

24Tre PLL |s lre oesl lrequercy derodu|alor oecause |ls l||ler|rg acl|or reroves ro|se ard |rlerlererce ard |ls r|gr|y ||rear oulpul la|lrlu||y
reproduces lre or|g|ra| rodu|al|rg s|gra|.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

lrcreas|rg lre reverse o|as or a vo|lage var|ao|e capac|lor causes |ls capac|larce lo
a. lrcrease
o. 0ecrease
2 Correcl|rg a vvC across a para||e| LC c|rcu|l causes lre resorarl lrequercy lo
a. lrcrease
o. 0ecrease
3 lr lre c|rcu|l ol F|g. 5-3, a regal|ve-go|rg rodu|al|rg s|gra| causes lre carr|er lrequercy lo
a. lrcrease
o. 0ecrease (page 8Z-Frerze|)
4 A crysla| |s operal|rg |r |ls ser|es resorarl rode. A vvC |s correcled |r ser|es W|lr |l. Tre crysla| lrequercy
a. lrcreases
o. 0ecreases
5 r|cr |s capao|e ol grealer lrequercy dev|al|or?
a. LC osc|||alor
o. Crysla| osc|||alor
6 Arolrer rare lor vo|lage-var|ao|e capac|lor |s _____.
7 osl vvCs rave a ror|ra| capac|larce |r lre _____ lo _____ pF rarge.
8 A crysla| osc|||alor ras super|or _____ over ar LC osc|||alor.
9 Tre acroryr vC0 rears _____.
A vo|lage-var|ao|e crysla| osc|||alor |s relerred lo as a(r) _____.
Carr|er lrequercy ard lrequercy dev|al|or ray oe |rcreased oy us|rg a(r) _____ aller lre carr|er osc|||alor.
2A reaclarce rodu|alor |s sel up lo acl |||e ar |rducl|ve reaclarce. ll lre rodu|al|rg s|gra| |rcreases |r arp||lude, lre ellecl|ve |rduclarce
decreases. Tr|s causes. Tre osc|||alor lrequercy lo _____.
3Ar lC vC0 rorra||y uses a coro|ral|or ol _____ ard _____ lo sel lre cerler operal|rg lrequercy.
4True or la|se. vo|lage-var|ao|e capac|lors srou|d rol oe lorWard-o|ased.
5True or la|se. For r|gr|y slao|e carr|er gereralors, LC osc|||alors are prelerred over crysla| osc|||alors.
6True or la|se. A reaclarce rodu|alor |s used W|lr crysla| osc|||alors.
7True or la|se. lC vC0 operales pr|rar||y al lrequerc|es oe|oW 1 lz.
8Prase rodu|al|or |s ca||ed _____ F.
9True or la|se. Prase rodu|al|or produces lrequercy var|al|or as We|| as arp||lude var|al|or ol lre carr|er.
2lr a s|rp|e RC relWor|, lre prase sr|ll |s oelWeer _____ ard _____ degrees.
2lr lre c|rcu|ls ol F|g. 5-Z, prase |s var|ed oy crarg|rg lre _____ or _____. (page 91-Frerze|)
22Larger ||rear prase sr|lls are oola|red W|lr a(r) _____ c|rcu|l.
23Tre corlro| e|ererl |r a prase rodu|alor |s usua||y a(r) _____.
24lr F|g. 5-10, lre corporerl Wr|cr adjusls lre dev|al|or |s _____. (page 93-Frerze|)
25ll a para||e| LC c|rcu|l |s al resorarce, |rcreas|rg C W||| cause lre currerl lo _____ (|ead, |ag) lre app||ed vo|lage.
26lr F|g. 5-Z(o), |l C |s decreased, W||| lre prase sr|ll |rcrease or decrease? (page 91-Frerze|)
27lr lre prase rodu|alor ol F|g. 5-8, lre FET currerl |s lre prasor sur ol lre currerls produced oy _____ ard _____.
28Tre sra|| prase sr|lls produced oy |rd|recl P are |rcreased oy serd|rg lre P s|gra| lo a(r) _____ c|rcu|l.
29lr lre Fosler-$ee|ey d|scr|r|ralor ard ral|o deleclor c|rcu|ls, ar |rpul lrequercy var|al|or produces a(r) _____ lral causes ar oulpul vo|lage
var|al|or.
3lr lre pu|se-averag|rg d|scr|r|ralor, a |oW pass l||ler averages lre l|xed-W|dlr, l|xed arp||lude pu|ses lror a(r) _____.
3$rou|d lre |rpul lrequercy |rcrease or decrease lor lre average vo|lage oulpul ol lre |oW-pass l||ler |r a pu|se-averag|rg d|scr|r|ralor lo
|rcrease?
320uadralure relers lo a _____ prase d|llererce.
33lr F|g. 5-13, does |rpul |ag or |ead |rpul A? (page 9-Frerze|)
34Tre prase deleclor |r a quadralure deleclor |s usua||y a(r) _____.
35Tre quadralure deleclor |rpul c|rcu|l produces a vary|rg _____ as lre |rpul lrequercy crarges.
36Tre vary|rg-W|dlr pu|ses produced oy lre quadralure deleclor are corverled |rlo lre or|g|ra| rodu|al|rg s|gra| oy a(r) _____.
37Tre c|rcu|l |r a d|llererl|a| pea| deleclor lC lral lerporar||y slores lre pea| va|ue ol ar |rpul s|re Wave |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
38lr lre d|llererl|a| pea| deleclor, lre corporerls _____ corverl lrequercy var|al|ors |rlo lre arp||lude var|al|ors lral u|l|rale|y oecore lre
oulpul.
39Tre lrree ra|r e|ererls ol a PLL are _____.
4Tre _____ c|rcu|l lr a PLL recogr|zes _____ or _____ crarges oelWeer lre |rpul ard vC0 s|gra|s.
4Tre parl _____ ol a PLL |s a s|rp|e lrequercy rodu|alor.
42ll |s lre _____ s|gra| |r lre PLL lral var|es lre vC0 lrequercy.
43Tre rarge ol lrequerc|es over Wr|cra PLL W||| cause lre |rpul ard vC0 s|gra|s lo rera|r syrcrror|zed |s |roWr as lre _____ rarge.
44ll lre PLL |rpul |s zero, lre vC0 W||| operale al |ls _____ lrequercy.
45Tre rarge ol lrequerc|es over Wr|cr a PLL W||| |alcr orlo or recogr|ze ar |rpul s|gra| |s ca||ed lre _____ rarge.
46$|rce a PLL W||| or|y respord lo s|gra|s over a rarroW lrequercy rarge, |l acls |||e a(r) _____.
47lr a PLL lrequercy derodu|alor, lre error s|gra| |s lre _____.
48lr a PLL derodu|al|rg ar F s|gra|, lre vC0 oulpul |s ar exacl reproducl|or ol lre _____.
49True or la|se. Tre Fosler-$ee|ey d|scr|r|ralor |s sers|l|ve lo |rpul arp||lude as We|| as lrequercy var|al|ors.
5True or la|se. Tre ral|o deleclor requ|res a ||r|ler.
5True or la|se. Tre |oc| rarge ol a PLL |s rarroWer lrar lre caplure rarge.


A$ER$

o
2 o
3 o
4 a
5 a
6 varaclor d|ode (or var|cap)
7 1,200
8 lrequercy slao|||ly
9 vo|lage-corlro||ed osc|||alor
vX0
lrequercy ru|l|p||er
2|rcrease
3res|slarce, capac|larce
4lrue
5la|se
6la|se
7lrue
8|rd|recl
9lrue
20, 90
2res|slarce, capac|larce
22para||e| resorarl (or lured)
23varaclor
24R01
25|ead
26decrease
27C1, C2, 01 ard C1, R1, 01
28lrequercy ru|l|p||er
29prase sr|ll
3ore-srol or roroslao|e ru|l|v|oralor
3|rcrease
3290
33|ead
34d|llererl|a| arp||l|er
35prase sr|ll
36|oW-pass l||ler
37pea| deleclor
38C1, C2, L1
39prase deleclor, vC0, |oW-pass l||ler
4prase deleclor, lrequercy, prase
4vC0
42error
43|oc|
44lree-rurr|rg
45caplure
46oard pass l||ler
47rodu|al|rg s|gra| or |rlorral|or s|gra|
48F |rpul
49lrue
5la|se
5la|se
ClAPTER
Rad|o Transm|tters


A rad|o lrarsr|ller gererales lre carr|er s|gra|, prov|des poWer arp||l|cal|or, ard app||es rodu|al|or.
2 Tre s|rp|esl lrarsr|ller |s ar osc|||alor lral |s |eyed oll ard or lo produce cW orse code.

3 osl lrarsr|llers cors|sl ol a crysla| osc|||alor used lo gererale ar accurale ard slao|e carr|er lrequercy, a ouller arp||l|er lral |so|ales lre
carr|er osc|||alor lror |ls |oad, ore or rore dr|ver arp||l|ers lo |rcrease lre RF poWer |eve|. ard a l|ra| poWer arp||l|er lral app||es lre s|gra| lo
lre arlerra.

4 lr A lrarsr|llers, c|ass C arp||l|ers are used lo |rcrease lre RF poWer |eve|. Tre l|ra| slage |s rodu|aled.

5 Frequercy rodu|al|or lrarsr|llers use c|ass C arp||l|ers lo |rcrease lre RF poWer |eve|.

6 $|rg|e-s|deoard lrarsr|llers gererale lre carr|er ard rodu|al|or al a |oW lrequercy ard lrer lrars|ale |l up W|lr a r|xer, L|rear arp||l|ers are
used lo |rcrease lre poWer |eve|.

7 lr a c|ass A arp||l|er, co||eclor currerl l|oWs corl|ruous|y, Tre oulpul |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo lre |rpul; lrerelore, |l |s a ||rear arp||l|er.

8 C|ass arp||l|ers are o|ased al culoll so lral co||eclor currerl l|oWs lor 180 ol lre |rpul cyc|e.

9 C|ass arp||l|ers are usua||y correcled |r a pusr-pu|| c|rcu|l Wrere ore lrars|slor arp||l|es eacr ra|l ol lre |rpul s|gra|

C|ass C arp||l|ers are o|ased oeyord culoll. Currerl l|oWs lor 90 lo 180 ol lre |rpul cyc|e.

Co||eclor currerl pu|ses |r a c|ass C arp||l|er are corverled |rlo a corl|ruous s|re Wave oy a resorarl c|rcu|l.

2Tre co||eclor currerl pu|ses |r a c|ass C arp||l|er corla|r rary rarror|cs Wr|cr are l||lered oul oy lre lured oulpul c|rcu|l.

3A c|ass C arp||l|er car oe used as a lrequercy ru|l|p||er oy correcl|rg a resorarl c|rcu|l lured lo sore |rleger ru|l|p|e ol lre |rpul lrequercy
|r lre oulpul.

4RF arp||l|ers ray osc|||ale oecause ol leedoac| lror |rlerra| lrars|slor capac|larce. Tr|s car oe e||r|raled, or preverled, oy reulra||zal|or, a
process lral carce|s lre leedoac| W|lr oul-ol-prase leedoac|.

5Frequercy ru|l|p||ers car oe cascaded lo produce r|grer oulpul lrequerc|es.

6lr ar F lrarsr|ller, lre lrequercy ru|l|p||ers |rcrease lre dev|al|or as We|| as lre carr|er lrequercy.

7L|rear arp||l|ers operal|rg c|ass A or are used lo |rcrease lre poWer |eve| ol loW |eve| A ard $$ s|gra|s.
8lrpedarce-ralcr|rg relWor|s are used lo |rlercorrecl RF arp||l|ers ard lo coup|e poWer lo lre arlerra lo ersure lre opl|rur lrarsler ol
poWer.

9Corror |rpedarce-ralcr|rg c|rcu|ls ard corporerls |rc|ude l0 L relWor|s, l0 p| relWor|s, l0 T relWor|s, lrarslorrers, ard oa|urs. Tre
p| ard T relWor|s are prelerred s|rce 0 car oe corlro||ed.

2ax|rur poWer lrarsler occurs Wrer lre |oad |rpedarce equa|s lre gereralor source |rpedarce.

2Rad|o-lrequercy lrarslorrers are lyp|ca||y corslrucled W|lr dougrrul-sraped poWdered-|ror cores ca||ed loro|ds.

22Tre |rpedarce-ralcr|rg ao|||ly ol a lrarslorrer |s delerr|red oy |ls lurrs ral|o: {hp/h8j
2
= Zp/Z8

23lrduclors rade W|lr loro|ds lor a g|ver |rduclarce are sra||er, use leWer lurrs ol W|re, rave a r|grer 0, ard do rol requ|re sr|e|d|rg.

24A oa|ur |s a lrarslorrer correcled |r a spec|a| Way lo lrarslorr c|rcu|ls lror oa|arced lo uroa|arced or v|ce versa ard lo prov|de |rpedarce
ralcr|rg.

25Toro|d lrarslorrers ard oa|urs are oroadoard dev|ces lral operale over a W|de oardW|dlr.

26roadoard, ||rear, urlured RF poWer arp||l|ers prov|de arp||l|cal|or over a oroad lrequercy rarge.

27$peecr-process|rg c|rcu|ls |r a lrarsr|ller preverl overrodu|al|or, preverl excess|ve s|gra| oardW|dlr, ard |rcrease lre average lrarsr|lled
poWer |r A ard $$ syslers.

28A vo|ce c||pper uses d|odes lo ||r|l lre arp||lude ol lre aud|o rodu|al|rg s|gra|. A |oW-pass l||ler sroolres oul ary c||pp|rg d|slorl|or ard
preverls excess|ve s|deoards.

29vo|ce corpressors use auloral|c-ga|r corlro| (A0C) c|rcu|ls lo ||r|l lre aud|o arp||lude. Tre ga|r ol lre c|rcu|l |s |rverse|y proporl|ora| lo lre
aud|o s|gra| arp||lude.

3lr A0C c|rcu|ls, a recl|l|er ard l||ler corverl lre aud|o or RF |rlo a dc vo|lage lral corlro|s lre ga|r ol ar aud|o or RF arp||l|er lo preverl
overrodu|al|or.

3Tre ga|r ol a lrars|slor arp||l|er car oe var|ed oy crarg|rg lre co||eclor currerl.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

Tre s|rp|esl lrarsr|ller |s a(r) _____ c|rcu|l.
2 lrlorral|or serl |r lre lorr ol coded dols ard dasres |s ca||ed _____ lrarsr|ss|or ard |s aoorev|aled _____.
3 F|xed-lrequercy or crarre| operal|or ol a lrarsr|ller |s oola|red oy us|rg a(r) _____.
4 Ar arp||l|er lral |so|ales lre carr|er osc|||alor lror olrer lrarsr|ller arp||l|ers |s |roWr as a _____ arp||l|er.
5 lrlerred|ale poWer arp||l|er slages |r a lrarsr|ller are corror|y relerred lo as _____.
6 Tre oulpul RF poWer arp||l|er |r a lrarsr|ller |s sorel|res ca||ed lre _____.
7 Aud|o c|rcu|ls lral preverl excess|ve s|gra| oardW|dlr ard over rodu|al|or are ca||ed _____. c|rcu|ls.
8 lr ar P lrarsr|ller, spec|a| arp||l|ers ca||ed _____ are used lo |rcrease lre carr|er lrequercy ard dev|al|or lo lre des|red oulpul va|ues.
9 lr ar $$ lrarsr|ller, lre l|ra| oulpul lrequercy |s usua||y produced oy a(r) _____ c|rcu|l oelore oe|rg arp||l|ed.
Tre poWer |eve| ol $$ s|gra|s rusl oe |rcreased oy _____ arp||l|ers lo preverl d|slorl|or.
Frequercy-rodu|aled s|gra|s use _____ arp||l|ers lor poWer arp||l|cal|or.
2L|rear poWer arp||l|ers are used lo ra|se lre poWer |eve| ol _____ ard _____ s|gra|s.
3A _____ poWer arp||l|er |s used lo |rcrease lre poWer |eve| ol ar F s|gra|.
4L|rear poWer arp||l|ers operale c|ass _____ ard _____.

5A C|ass A Trars|slor arp||l|er ras ar ell|c|ercy ol 50 percerl. Tre oulpul poWer |s 2Z. Tre poWer d|ss|paled |r lre lrars|slor |s _____ .
6C|ass A arp||l|ers corducl lor _____ degrees ol a s|re Wave |rpul.
7Tre cause ol se|l-osc|||al|or |r a lrars|slor RF arp||l|ers |s _____.
8$e|l-osc|||al|or |r ar RF arp||l|er lral does rol occur al lre lured lrequercy ol lre arp||l|er |s ca||ed _____.
9$e|l-osc|||al|or ol ar RF arp||l|er car oe e||r|raled oy lre process ol _____.
2True or la|se. E||r|ral|or ol se|l-osc|||al|or car oe accorp||sred W|lr e|lrer a leedoac| |rduclor or a capac|lor.
2Coro|r|rg a leedoac| capac|lor W|lr lre |rlerra| capac|larce ol lre lrars|slor lorrs a(r) _____ c|rcu|l Wr|cr |s used lo carce| lre se|l-
osc|||al|or.
22True or la|se. |lr ro |rpul, a c|ass arp||l|er does rol corducl.
23C|ass RF poWer arp||l|ers rorra||y used a(r) _____ corl|gural|or.
24A c|ass C arp||l|er corducls lor approx|rale|y _____ degrees lo _____ degrees ol lre |rpul s|gra|.
25lr a c|ass C arp||l|er co||eclor currerl l|oWs |r lre lorr ol _____.
26lr a c|ass C arp||l|er, a corp|ele s|ruso|da| oulpul s|gra| |s produced oy a(r) _____.
27Tre ell|c|ercy ol a c|ass C arp||l|er |s |r lre rarge ol _____ lo _____ percerl.
28Tre lured c|rcu|l |r lre co||eclor ol a c|ass C arp||l|er acls as a l||ler lo e||r|rale _____.
29A c|ass C arp||l|er Wrose oulpul lured c|rcu|l resorales al sore |rleger ru|l|p|e ol lre |rpul lrequercy |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
3Frequercy ru|l|p||ers W|lr laclors ol 2, 3, 1, ard 5 are cascaded. Tre |rpul |s 1.5 lz. Tre oulpul |s _____ lz.
3A c|ass C arp||l|er ras a de supp|y vo|lage ol 28 v ard ar average co||eclor currerl ol 1.8 A. Tre poWer |rpul |s _____ .
32ax|rur poWer lrarsler occurs Wrer lre gereralor |rpedarce _____ lre |oad |rpedarce.
33A corror|y used lWo-e|ererl (LC) c|rcu|l ca||ed a(r) _____ |s W|de|y used lor |rpedarce ralcr|rg.
34L|sl lre lWo popu|ar lypes ol lrree e|ererl (LC) ralcr|rg relWor|s.
35osl |rpedarce-ralcr|rg relWor|s are _____ l||lers, so lrey e||r|rale rarror|es.
36Tre ra|r advarlage ol p| ard T relWor|s over lre L relWor| |s lral lre c|rcu|l _____ car oe croser.
373Z True or la|se. osl |rpedarce-ralcr|rg relWor|s are rade adjuslao|e (lurao|e).
38Ca|cu|ale lre L relWor| corporerls lo ralcr a 3-0 |rlerra| res|slarce |r ser|es W|lr ar |rlerra| |rduclarce ol 19 rl lo a Z2-0 |oad |rpedarce
|r para||e| W|lr a slray capac|larce ol 32 pF al a lrequercy ol 18 lz.
39Ca|cu|ale lre corporerls ol ar LCC T relWor| lo ralcr a 1-0 |rlerra| res|slarce lo a 52-0 |oad al Z2 lz. Assure a 0 ol 12.
4A lrarslorrer ras lurrs or lre pr|rary ard 18 lurrs or lre secordary. ll lre gereralor (source) |rpedarce |s 500, lre |oad |rpedarce
srou|d oe _____ 0.
4A lrarslorrer rusl ralcr a 200 gereralor a 50-0 |oad. Tre lurrs ral|o rusl oe _____.
42A s|rg|e-W|rd|rg lrarslorrer |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
43A dougrrul-sraped poWdered-|ror core W|de|y used lo ra|e RF lrarslorrers ard |rduclors |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
44Ar RF lrarslorrer W|lr a 1:1 lurrs ral|o ca||ed a(r) _____ |s correcled |r l| spec|a| Way lo prov|de 1:1 or 1:1 |rpedarce ralcr|rg.
45&rlured RF lrarslorrers perr|l _____ operal|or over a W|de lrequercy rarge.
46Tre lWo lecrr|ques used |r speecr process|rg are _____ ard _____.
47are lre lWo pr|rary purposes ol speecr process|rg.
48A d|ode _____ c|rcu|l |s lrequerl|y used lo reslr|cl vo|ce s|gra| arp||lude.
49are lre lWo ra|r purposes ol a |oW-pass l||ler |r a speecr-process|rg c|rcu|l.
50ver rodu|al|or |r ar A lrarsr|ller causes d|slorl|or ard oul-ol-oard operal|or Wr|cr |s relerred lo as _____.
5Aud|o corpress|or |s acr|eved oy corlro|||rg lre _____ ol ar aud|o arp||l|er.
52Aud|o corpress|or |s used lo |rcrease lre average _____ |r ar A or $$ s|gra|.
53_____ ard _____ c|rcu|ls are used |r a speecr corpressor lo creale a dc leedoac| corlro| s|gra|.
54Tre ga|r ol a lrars|slor car oe corlro||ed oy vary|rg lre _____.
55Tre process ol adjusl|rg lre arp||l|cal|or ol a s|gra| oased or |ls arp||lude |s |roWr as _____.
56lr ar aud|o corpressor, do |oW-|eve| s|gra|s rece|ve rore or |ess arp||l|cal|or?
57True or la|se. $peecr process|rg ray oe dore or lre RF s|gra| or lre aud|o s|gra|.


A$ER$

osc|||alor
2 corl|ruous-Wave, C
3 crysla| osc|||alor
4 ouller
5 dr|vers
6 l|ra|
7 speecr-process|rg
8 lrequercy ru|l|p||ers
9 r|xer
||rear
c|ass C
2A, $$
3c|ass C
4A, , A
52Z
630
7oase-co||eclor capac|larce
8paras|l|c osc|||al|or
9reulra||zal|or
2lrue
2or|dge
22lrue
23pusr-pu||
2490, 150
25pu|ses
26lured or resorarl c|rcu|l
270, 85
28rarror|cs
29lrequercy ru|l|p||ers
3180 [2(3)(1)(5) = 120; 120(1.5)=180 lz|
350.1 [28(1.8) = 50.1 |
32equa|s
33L relWor|
34p| ("), T
35|oW-pass
360
37lrue
38L = 108 rl, C = 558 pF
39L = 10 rl, C1 = 13.5 pF, C2= 31 pF
4150
42:1
42aulolrarslorrer
43loro|d
44oa|ur
45oroadoard
46c||pp|rg, corpress|or
47preverl over rodu|al|or ard d|slorl|or, e||r|rale oul-ol-oard operal|or
48c||pper
49sroolr oul d|slorl|or caused oy c||pp|rg, reslr|cl s|gra| oardW|dlr
5sp|aller
5ga|r
52poWer
53recl|ly|rg, l||ler|rg
54co||eclor currerl
55auloral|c ga|r corlro|
56rore
57lrue

ClAPTER Z
6ommun|cat|ons Rece|vers


Tre s|rp|esl lorr ol corrur|cal|ors rece|ver |s lre lured rad|o-lrequercy (TRF) rece|ver Wr|cr prov|des RF ard AF ga|r, se|ecl|v|ly, ard a
derodu|alor.

2 Tre lWo pr|rary craracler|sl|cs ol a rece|ver are se|ecl|v|ly ard sers|l|v|ly.

3 $e|ecl|v|ly |s lre ao|||ly lo separale s|gra|s or d|llererl lrequerc|es.

4 Tre oardW|dlr () ol a lured c|rcu|l |s lre d|llererce oelWeer lre upper l2 ard |oWer l' 3-d-doWr lrequerc|es ( =l2 - l'j

5 Tre oardW|dlr ol a lured c|rcu|l |s delerr|red oy lre ral|o ol lre resorarl lrequercy lo lre 0 Wrere 0 |s l/# ol lre |rduclor ( =lr/0j Tre 0
car oe corpuled lror lre oardW|dlr 0 =lr/ = lr / {l2-l'j

6 $rarper se|ecl|v|ly W|lr sleeper resporse curve s||rls car oe oola|red oy cascad|rg lured c|rcu|ls.

7 Tre srape laclor ol a resporse curve |s lre ral|o ol lre 0-d-doWr oardW|dlr lo lre -d-doWr oardW|dlr. Tre |oWer lre srape laclor, lre
oeller lre se|ecl|v|ly.

8 $ers|l|v|ly |s lre ao|||ly ol lre rece|ver lo p|c| up Wea| s|gra|s ard |s a lurcl|or ol ga|r.

9 Tre d|sadvarlages ol a TRF rece|ver are lur|rg d|ll|cu|l|es ard se|ecl|v|ly vary|rg W|lr lrequercy.

Trese proo|ers ol a TRF rece|ver are e||r|raled oy us|rg a superrelerodyre (superrel) rece|ver.

A superrel uses a r|xer lo lrars|ale lre |rcor|rg s|gra| lo a |oWer lrequercy, |roWr as lre |rlerred|ale lrequercy (lF), Wrere l|xed ga|r ard
se|ecl|v|ly .car oe oola|red.

2osl ol lre ga|r ard se|ecl|v|ly |r a superrel |s oola|red |r lre lF arp||l|er.

3LoW lFs are prelerred oecause r|grer se|ecl|v|ly ard oeller slao|||ly car oe oola|red W|lr s|rp|e c|rcu|ls.

4LoW lFs usua||y cause |rage |rlerlererce proo|ers.

5Ar |rage |s a s|gra| or a lrequercy separaled lror lre des|red s|gra| lrequercy oy 2 l|res lre lF va|ue lral |rlerleres W|lr recepl|or.

6Tre r|xer W||| corverl oolr lre des|red s|gra| ard lre |rage lo lre lF.

7lrage |rlerlererce |s caused oy poor rece|ver |rpul se|ecl|v|ly lral does rol adequale|y rejecl lre |rage.

8lrage |rlerlererce car oe reduced oy us|rg a douo|e-corvers|or superrel lral uses lWo r|xers ard lFs. Tre l|rsl lF |s r|gr lo e||r|rale |rages,
ard lre secord |s |oW lo ersure good se|ecl|v|ly.
9Tre rosl cr|l|ca| parl ol ary rece|ver |s lre lrorl erd Wr|cr cors|sls ol lre RF arp||l|er ard r|xer as lrese c|rcu|ls add lre rosl ro|se lo a Wea|
s|gra|.

2o|se |s ary rardor |rlerlererce lo a Wea| s|gra|.

2A reasure ol a rece|ver's ro|se perlorrarce |s |ls s|gra|-lo-ro|se {$lhj ral|o.

22Exlerra| ro|se cores lror |rduslr|a|, alrosprer|c', ard space sources.

23lrduslr|a| ro|se sources are |gr|l|ors, rolors ard gereralors, sW|lcr|rg dev|ces, ard l|uorescerl ||grls.

24Alrosprer|c ro|se cores lror ||grlr|rg ard olrer sources.

25$pace ro|se cores lror lre sur as We|| as olrer slars ard exlralerreslr|a| sources.

26lrlerra| ro|se lror e|eclror|c corporerls a|so |rlerleres W|lr recepl|or ard car lola||y ras| Wea| s|gra|s.

27osl |rlerra| ro|se cores lror lrerra| ag|lal|or-lre rardor rovererl ol e|eclrors ard alors |r a raler|a| due lo real.

28Tre lrerra| ro|se vo|lage across a res|slor |s proporl|ora| lo lre lerperalure, lre oardW|dlr, ard lre res|slarce va|ue ard car oe corpuled
W|lr lre express|or Vn square root of 4k78R Wrere k |s o|lzrarr's corslarl 1.38 x 10
-23
,7 |s lre lerperalure |r degrees |e|v|r, 8 |s lre
oardW|dlr |r rerlz, ard R |s lre res|slarce |r orrs.

290lrer lypes ol |rlerra| ro|se are srol ard lrars|l-l|re ro|se |r ser|corduclors.

3o|se carrol oe e||r|raled, oul |ls ellecl car oe r|r|r|zed.

3o|se perlorrarce ol a rece|ver or c|rcu|l |s expressed |r lerrs ol lre ro|se l|gure , a|so ca||ed lre ro|se laclor, Wr|cr |s lre ral|o ol lre $lh
|rpul lo lre $lh oulpul. ll |s usua||y g|ver |r dec|oe|s.

32o|se perlorrarce ol r|croWave corporerls |s usua||y expressed |r lerrs ol ro|se Terperalure |r degrees Ke|v|r K = 290{ - 1).

33Trerra| ro|se |s rardor ard |s oller relerred lo as Wr|le ro|se or Jorrsor ro|se.

34$|rce ro|se |s a r|xlure ol a|| rardor lrequerc|es, |ls |eve| car oe reduced oy rarroW|rg lre oardW|dlr.

35osl rece|vers gel lre|r se|ecl|v|ly lror douo|e-lured l0 c|rcu|ls.

36osl rece|vers rave A0C c|rcu|ls so lral a W|de dyrar|c rarge ol |rpul s|gra| arp||lude scar oe accorrodaled W|lroul d|slorl|or.

37Ar A0C c|rcu|l recl|l|es lre lF or derodu|alor oulpul |rlo dc lo corlro| lre lF arp||l|er ga|r.

38Tre ga|r ol a o|po|ar lrars|slor car oe var|ed oy crarg|rg |ls co||eclor currerl.

39lr reverse A0C ar |rcrease |r lre A0C vo|lage decreases lre co||eclor currerl.

4lr lorWard A0C, ar |rcrease |r A0C vo|lage |rcreases co||eclor currerl.

4Tre ga|r ol a dua|-gale 0$FET |r ar lF arp||l|er |s corlro||ed oy vary|rg lre dc vo|lage or lre secord gale.

42Auloral|c lrequercy corlro| (AFC) |s a leedoac| sysler s|r||ar lo A0C lral |s used lo correcl lor lrequercy dr|ll ard |rslao|||ly |r lre L0 ol
vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave lrequercy rece|vers.

43A sque|cr c|rcu|l |s used lo cul oll lre aud|o oulpul lo preverl arroy|rg ro|se url|| a s|gra| |s rece|ved. E|lrer lre aud|o s|gra| or oac|grourd
ro|se car oe used lo operale lre sque|cr c|rcu|l.

44Corl|ruous lore corlro| sque|cr (CTC$) c|rcu|ls perr|l se|ecl|ve s|gra||rg oy a||oW|rg or|y |oW-lrequercy lores lo lr|gger lre sque|cr.

45A oeal lrequercy osc|||alor (F0) |s used |r $$ ard C rece|vers lo prov|de a carr|er lral W||| r|x W|lr lre |rpul s|gra| |r lre derodu|alor lo
gererale lre aud|o oulpul.

46A lrarsce|ver |s a p|ece ol corrur|cal|ors equ|prerl lral coro|res a rece|ver ard a lrarsr|ller |r a corror pac|age Wrere lrey srare a
corror rous|rg ard poWer supp|y. $|rg|e-s|deoard lrarsce|vers a||oW srar|rg ol lre l||ler, L0 slages, ard olrer c|rcu|ls.

47ary reW lrarsce|vers corla|r a lrequercy syrlres|zer lral e||r|rales ru|l|p|e crysla| osc|||alors ard l0 lured osc|||alors |r lre lrarsr|ller ard
rece|ver.
48A lrequercy syrlres|zer |s a s|gra| gereralor usua||y |rp|ererled W|lr a PLL lral produces L0 ard lrarsr|ller carr|er s|gra|s |r a lrarsce|ver.

49A lrequercy syrlres|zer ras lre slao|||ly ol a crysla| osc|||alor, oul lre lrequercy car oe var|ed |r sra||, equa| |rcrererls over a W|de rarge.

5Tre lrequercy |rcrererls |r a syrlres|zer are sel oy lre lrequercy ol lre relererce |rpul lo lre prase deleclor.

5Tre lrequercy ol a syrlres|zer |s crarged oy vary|rg lre d|v|de ral|o ol lre lrequercy d|v|der oelWeer lre vC0 oulpul ard prase deleclor
|rpul.

52Prase-|oc|ed |oop syrlres|zers oller |rcorporale r|xers ard ru|l|p||ers lo perr|l rore lrar ore lrequercy lo oe gereraled.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

Tre ao|||ly ol a rece|ver lo croose a des|red s|gra| lrequercy Wr||e rejecl|rg c|ose|y adjacerl s|gra| lrequerc|es |s |roWr as _____.
2 0ecreas|rg lre 0 ol a resorarl c|rcu|l causes |ls oardW|dlr lo _____.
3 0ood se|ecl|v|ly usua||y rears _____ (W|de, rarroW) oardW|dlr.
4 True or la|se. A lured c|rcu|l car prov|de vo|lage ga|r.
5 $. Cascad|rg lured c|rcu|ls cause lre se|ecl|v|ly lo _____ (|rcrease, decrease).
6 ll lre se|ecl|v|ly ol a lured c|rcu|l |s loo srarp, lre _____ ol lre rece|ved s|gra| ray oe allerualed.
7 A lured c|rcu|l ras a 0 ol 100 al |ls resorarl lrequercy ol 500 |lz. lls oardW|dlr |s _____ |lz.
8 A para||e| LC lured c|rcu|l ras a co|| ol 3 3l ard a capac|larce ol Z5 pF. Tre co|| res|slarce |s 100. Tre c|rcu|l oardW|dlr |s _____ lz.
9 A lured c|rcu|l ras a resorarl lrequercy ol 10 lz ard a oardW|dlr ol 100 |lz. Tre upper ard |oWer culoll lrequerc|es are l1 (upper) = _____
lz, l2 (|oWer) = _____ lz.
To acr|eve a oardW|dlr ol 3 |lz al 1 lz, a 0 ol_____ |s requ|red.
To rarroW lre oardW|dlr ol a lured c|rcu|l, lre co|| res|slarce rusl oe _____ (|rcreased, decreased).
2A l||ler ras a -d oardW|dlr ol 500 lz ard a 0-d oardW|dlr ol 1200 lz. Tre srape laclor |s _____.
3Tre grealer lre ga|r ol lre rece|ver, lre oeller |ls _____.
4A rece|ver lral uses or|y arp||l|ers ard a deleclor |s |roWr as a(r) _____ rece|ver.
5A rece|ver lral uses a r|xer lo corverl lre rece|ved s|gra| lo a |oWer lrequercy |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
6Tre acroryr lF rears _____.
7Tur|rg a super relerodyre |s dore oy vary|rg lre lrequercy ol |ls _____.
8osl ol lre ga|r ard se|ecl|v|ly |r a superrel |s oola|red |r lre _____.
9Tre _____ c|rcu|l |r a rece|ver cor corpersales lor a W|de rarge ol |rpul s|gra| |eve|s.
2Tre r|xer oulpul |s usua||y lre d|llererce oelWeer lre _____ lrequercy ard lre _____ lrequercy.
2Tre A0C vo|lage corlro|s lre ga|r ol lre _____.
22For oesl se|ecl|v|ly ard slao|||ly, lre lF srou|d oe
a. l|gr
o. ed|ur
c. LoW
23Ar |rlerler|rg s|gra| lral |s spaced lror lre des|red s|gra| oy lW|ce lre lF |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
24A superrel ras ar |rpul s|gra| ol 15 lz. Tre L0 |s lured lo 18.5 lz. Tre lF |s _____ lz.
25lrages are caused oy lre |ac| ol _____ al lre r|xer |rpul.
26A des|red s|gra| al 2Z lz |s r|xed W|lr ar L0 lrequercy ol 2Z.5 lz. Tre |rage lrequercy |s _____ lz.
27True or la|se. Tre L0 ray oe aoove or oe|oW lre s|gra| lrequercy.
28Tre ra|r lealure ol a dua|-corvers|or superrel |s lral |l ras lWo _____ c|rcu|ls.
29Tre |rage proo|er car oe so|ved oy proper cro|ce ol lre _____.
3A dua|-corvers|or superrel ras ar |rpul lrequercy ol 50 lz ard L0 lrequerc|es ol 59 lz ard 9. lz. Tre lWo lFs are _____ lz ard
_____ |lz.
3L|sl lrree sources ol exlerra| ro|se.
32L|sl lrree ra|r lypes ol |rlerra| ro|se.
33o|se lror lre sur ard slars |s ca||ed _____ ro|se.
34Alrosprer|c ro|se cores pr|rar||y lror _____.
35L|sl lour sources ol |rduslr|a| ro|se.
36Tre ra|r source ol |rlerra| ro|se |s _____.
37Tre $l ral|o |s usua||y expressed |r _____.
38For oesl recepl|or, lre $l ral|o srou|d oe _____ (|oW, r|gr).
39lrcreas|rg lre lerperalure ol a corporerl causes |ls ro|se poWer lo _____.
4Trerra| ro|se |s sorel|res ca||ed _____ or _____ ro|se,
4arroW|rg lre oardW|dlr ol a c|rcu|l causes lre ro|se |eve| lo _____.
42Tre ro|se vo|lage produced across a Z5- |rpul res|slarce al a lerperalure ol 25C W|lr a oardW|dlr ol 15 lz |s _____ 3v.
43TWo lypes ol. ro|se caused oy luoes or lrars|slors are _____ ro|se ard _____ ro|se.
44True or la|se. Tre ro|se al lre oulpul ol a rece|ver W||| oe |ess lrar lre ro|se al lre |rpul.
45True or la|se. Tre rece|ver arp||l|es ro|se as We|| as lre s|gra|.
46Tre ral|o ol lre $l poWer al lre |rpul lo lre $l poWer al lre oulpul |s ca||ed lre _____.
47o|se lerperalure |r degrees Ke|v|r |s used lo express lre ro|se |r a sysler al _____ (|oW, r|croWave) lrequerc|es.
48Tre ro|se l|gure ol ar arp||l|er |s 2.. Tre ro|se' lerperalure |s _____ K.
49Tre $lA0 relrod cors|ders lre s|gra|, ro|se, ard _____ |eve|s |r a rece|ver.
5o|se |s rore or a proo|er al _____ lrequerc|es.
5Tre slages ol a rece|ver lral corlr|oule lre rosl ro|se are lre _____ ard lre _____.
52True or la|se. Ar arp||l|er W|lr a ro|se lerperalure ol 1Z0K |s oeller lrar ore W|lr a ral|rg ol 235 K.
53RF arp||l|ers prov|de |r|l|a| _____ ard _____ |r a rece|ver oul a|so add _____.
54A |oW-ro|se lrars|slor prelerred al r|croWave lrequerc|es |s lre _____ rade ol _____.
55osl ol lre ga|r ard se|ecl|v|ly |r a superrel |s oola|red |r lre _____ arp||l|er.
56Tre se|ecl|v|ly |r ar lF arp||l|er |s usua||y produced oy us|rg _____ oelWeer slages.
57Tre oardW|dlr ol a douo|e-lured lrarslorrer deperds upor lre degree ol _____ oelWeer pr|rary ard secordary W|rd|rgs.
58lr a douo|e-lured c|rcu|l, r|r|rur oard W|dlr |s oola|red W|lr _____ coup||rg, rax|rur oardW|dlr W|lr _____ coup||rg, ard pea| oulpul W|lr
_____ or _____ coup||rg.
59Ar lF arp||l|er lral c||ps lre pos|l|ve ard regal|ve pea|s .ol a s|gra| |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
6C||pp|rg occurs |r ar arp||l|er oecause lre lrars|slor |s dr|ver oy a r|gr-|eve| s|gra| |rlo _____.
6Tre ga|r ol a o|po|ar c|ass A arp||l|er car oe var|ed oy crarg|rg lre _____.
62Tre overa|| RF-lF ga|r ol a rece|ver |s approx|rale|y _____ d.
63&s|rg lre arp||lude ol lre |rcor|rg s|gra| lo corlro| lre ga|r ol lre rece|ver |s |roWr as _____.
64A0C c|rcu|ls vary lre ga|r ol lre_____ arp||l|er.
65Tre dc A0C corlro| vo|lage |s der|ved lror a(r) _____ c|rcu|l correcled lo lre _____ or _____ oulpul.
66Reverse A0C |s Wrere a s|gra| arp||lude |rcrease causes a(r) _____ |r lre lF arp||l|er co||eclor currerl.
67ForWard A0C uses a s|gra| arp||lude |rcrease lo _____ lre co||eclor currerl, Wr|cr decreases lre lF arp||l|er ga|r.
68Tre A0C ol a d|llererl|a| arp||l|er |s produced oy corlro|||rg lre currerl produced oy lre _____ lrars|slor.
69lr a dua|-gale 0$FET lF arp||l|er, lre dc A0C vo|lage |s app||ed lo lre _____.
7Arolrer rare lor A0C |r ar A rece|ver |s _____.
7lr ar A rece|ver, lre A0C vo|lage |s der|ved lror lre _____.
72Large |rpul s|gra|s cause lre ga|r ol a rece|ver lo oe _____ oy lre A0C.
73Ar AFC c|rcu|l correcls lor lrequercy dr|ll |r lre _____ c|rcu|l.
74Tre AFC de corlro| vo|lage |s der|ved lror lre _____ c|rcu|l |r a rece|ver.
75A(r) _____ |s used |r ar AFC c|rcu|l lo vary lre L0 lrequercy.
76A c|rcu|l lral o|oc|s lre aud|o url|| a s|gra| |s rece|ved |s ca||ed a(r) c|rcu|l.
77TWo lypes ol s|gra|s used lo operale lre sque|cr c|rcu|l are _____.
78lr a CTC$ sysler, a |oW-lrequercy _____ |s used lo lr|gger lre _____ c|rcu|l.
79A F0 |s requ|red lo rece|ve _____ ard _____ s|gra|s.
8ral corporerls or c|rcu|ls |r F|g. Z-2Z delerr|re lre oardW|dlr ol lre rece|ver? (page 1-Frerze|)
8As R1 |s var|ed so lral lre vo|lage or lre arr ol lre pol |rcreases loWard 9 v, roW does lre lrequercy ol lre |oca| osc|||alor vary?
82ll lrere Was ro aud|o oulpul lror lre spea|er oul you |reW lral a s|gra| Was preserl, Wral lWo corlro|s Wou|d you crec| l|rsl?
83ral corporerl prov|des rosl ol lre ga|r |r lr|s rece|ver?
84ls lre sque|cr s|gra| or ro|se der|ved?
850oes lr|s rece|ver corla|r a F0? Cou|d |l rece|ve C or $$ s|gra|s?
86ll lre dc A0C vo|lage or p|r 5 ol &2 Was decreased, Wral Wou|d rapper lo lre ga|r ol &2?
87rere Wou|d you |rjecl ar aud|o s|gra| lo lesl lre corp|ele aud|o secl|or ol lr|s rece|ver?
88ral lrequercy s|gra| Wou|d you use lo lesl lre lF secl|or ol lr|s rece|ver, ard Wrere Wou|d you correcl |l?
89ral corporerl Wou|d oe |roperao|e |l C31 oecare srorled?
9Exp|a|r roW you Wou|d correcl a d|g|la| courler lo lr|s rece|ver so lral |l Wou|d read lre lrequercy ol lre s|gra| lo Wr|cr |l Was lured.
9lr ar F lrarsce|ver, lre or|y srared c|rcu|lry |s usua||y lre _____.
92lr ar $$ lrarsce|ver, lre srared c|rcu|ls are lre _____ ard lre _____.
93Tre c|rcu|l used lo gererale ore or rore slao|e lrequerc|es lor lre lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
94A oas|c c|rcu|l ol a lrequercy syrlres|zer |s a(r) _____.
95Tre oulpul lrequercy ol a syrlres|zer |s crarged oy vary|rg lre _____ ol lre d|v|der oelWeer lre vC0 ard prase deleclor.
96A lrequercy syrlres|zer ras a prase deleclor |rpul relererce ol 10 |lz. Tre d|v|de ral|o |s 28. Tre oulpul lrequercy |s _____ lz. Tre
lrequercy crarge |rcrererl |s _____ |lz.
97Tre PLL |s oller coro|red W|lr _____ c|rcu|ls lo produce ru|l|p|e lrequerc|es.
98ral lrree lrequerc|es does lre syrlres|zer |r a lrarsce|ver usua||y gererale?


A$ER$

se|ecl|v|ly
2 |rcrease
3 rarroW
4 lrue (resorarl slep-up)
5 |rcrease(rarroWer oardW|dlr)
6 s|deoards
7 5
8 0.53 lz or 530 |lz (lr = 10. lz, XL = 200, 0 = 20)
9 9.95, 10.05
1333.3
decreased
22.1
3sers|l|v|ly
4lured rad|o lrequercy
5superrelerodyre
6|rlerred|ale lrequercy
7|oca| osc|||alor
8lF arp||l|er
9auloral|c ga|r corlro|
2s|gra| or |rpul, |oca| osc|||alor
2lF arp||l|er
22c
23lrage
243.5
25se|ecl|v|ly
2628
27lrue
28r|xer
29lrlerred|ale lrequercy
39,00
3|rduslr|a|, alrosprer|c, ard space
32lrerra| ag|lal|or, srol ro|se, lrars|l-l|re ro|se
33exlralerreslr|a| or space
34||grlr|rg
35auloroo||es, rolors, gereralors, l|uorescerl ||grls
36lrerra| ag|lal|or
37dec|oe|s
38r|gr
39|rcrease
4Wr|le, Jorrsor
4decrease
421.3
43srol, lrars|l-l|re
44la|se
45lrue
46ro|se l|gure
47r|croWave
4818.11
4919. d|slorl|or
550. r|gr
5RF arp||l|er, r|xer
52lrue
53ga|r, se|ecl|v|ly, ro|se
54E$FET or 0A$FET, ga|||ur arser|de
55lF
56lured c|rcu|ls
57rulua| |rduclarce
58urder, over, opl|rur, cr|l|ca|
59||r|ler
6culoll, salural|or
6co||eclor currerl
62100
63auloral|c ga|r corlro|
64lF
65recl|l|er, lF arp||l|er or deleclor
66decrease
67|rcrease
68corslarl-currerl source
69corlro| gale
7auloral|c vo|ure corlro|
7d|ode deleclor
72reduced
73|oca| osc|||alor
74derodu|alor
75vo|lage-var|ao|e capac|lor
76sque|cr
77aud|o, ro|se
78lore, sque|cr
79$$, C
8lre cerar|c l||ler FlL1
8As lre pol arr vo|lage goes rore pos|l|ve, lre reverse o|as across 01 |rcreases, lrus decreas|rg |ls capac|larce ard lre overa|| capac|larce ol
01 |r ser|es W|lr C11; lr|s |r lurr |rcreases lre |oca| osc|||alor lrequercy.
82vo|ure R2 ard sque|cr R3
83&2, lre C1350 lF arp||l|er lC
84Tre sque|cr |s s|gra| der|ved
85|lr ro F0, lre rece|ver carrol rece|ve C or $$.
86Tre ga|r |rcreases.
87p|r 5 ol lre &3-o op arp
8810.Z lz |rjecled lo lre cerar|c l||ler FlL1
89&2, lre C1350 lC, Wou|d |ose supp|y vo|lage al p|r 2.
9A d|g|la| courler cou|d oe correcled lo ror|lor lre |oca| osc|||alor oulpul s|gra| al p|r or Z ol lre E02 r|xer lC. Tr|s Wou|d read lre |oca|
osc|||alor lrequercy, Wr|cr |s 10.Z lz r|grer lrar lre aclua| |rpul s|gra| lrequercy. Trerelore, lre courler Wou|d rave lo oe presel lo a va|ue
lral |s 10.Z lz |ess lrar zero courl. lr lr|s Way, lre lF va|ue Wou|d ellecl|ve|y oe suolracled lror lre |rpul courl lo read lre correcl
lrequercy. Assure lral lre courler |s sel up lo courl lour d|g|ls, 000.0. Tre courler |s presel lo 100.0 - 10.Z= 89.3, ard lre |rpul s|gra|
lrequercy |s 118 lz. Tre |oca| osc|||alor |s lured lo 118 10.Z = 128.Z lz. Tre courler courls 10.Z lo reacr 000.0 ard lrer courls 118
rore lo d|sp|ay a l|ra| va|ue ol 118.0.
9poWer supp|y
92crysla| l||ler, |oca| osc|||alors
93lrequercy syrlres|zer
94prase-|oc|ed |oop
95lrequercy d|v|s|or ral|o
962.8, 10
97r|xer
98L0 lor l|rsl r|xer, L0 lor secord r|xer, lrarsr|ller
ClAPTER 8
Hu|t|p|ex|ng


u|l|p|ex|rg |s lre process ol lrarsr|ll|rg ru|l|p|e s|gra|s over a s|rg|e corrur|cal|ors crarre|.

2 Tre pr|rary oerel|l ol ru|l|p|ex|rg |s ecoror|c s|rce ru|l|p|e corrur|cal|ors car la|e p|ace lor lre cosl ol a s|rg|e ||r| p|us lre ru|l|p|ex|rg
equ|prerl.

3 Tre lWo rajor lypes ol ru|l|p|ex|rg are lrequercy d|v|s|or ard l|re d|v|s|or ru|l|p|ex|rg.

4 $ore, exarp|es ol ru|l|p|ex|rg |rc|ude le|erelry, le|eprore syslers, sale|||le corrur|cal|ors, ard rad|o/Tv slereo oroadcasl|rg.

5 lr lrequercy d|v|s|or ru|l|p|ex|rg (F0), ru|l|p|e s|gra|s srare lre corror oardW|dlr ol a s|rg|e corrur|cal|ors crarre|, eacr occupy|rg a
separale porl|or ol lre oardW|dlr.

6 lr F0, eacr s|gra| rodu|ales a suocarr|er or a d|llererl lrequercy. Tre suocarr|ers are lrer ||rear|y r|xed lo lorr a corpos|le s|gra| lral |s
usua||y used lo rodu|ale a l|ra| carr|er lor lrarsr|ss|or.

7 lr F0 le|erelry syslers, lrarsducers lrequercy rodu|ale suocarr|er osc|||alors Wrose oulpuls are coro|red ard used lo lrequercy rodu|ale
a l|ra| carr|er (F/F).

8 A suocarr|er osc|||alor |s a vC0 Wrose lrequercy var|es ||rear|y |r proporl|or lo lre arp||lude ol a rodu|al|rg dc or ac s|gra|.

9 Recover|rg lre |rd|v|dua| s|gra|s al lre rece|ver |s dore W|lr a deru|l|p|exer Wrose ra|r corporerls are oardpass l||lers lured lo lre
|rd|v|dua| suocarr|er lrequerc|es.

lr F/F le|erelry syslers, PLL ard pu|se-averag|rg d|scr|r|ralors are used lo derodu|ale lre suocarr|ers; PLL d|scr|r|ralors are prelerred
oecause ol lre|r super|or ro|se perlorrarce.

Tre le|eprore sysler roul|re|y uses F0 syslers lo a||oW rary corversal|ors lo oe carr|ed or a s|rg|e cao|e.

2$|rg|e-s|deoard suppressed-carr|er rodu|al|or |s used |r le|eprore F0 syslers lo r|r|r|ze oardW|dlr requ|rererls.

3$lereo oroadcasls lror F slal|ors use F0 lecrr|ques. TWo crarre|s ol aud|o l ard # are coro|red lo lorr l R ard l - # s|gra|s. Tre l -
# s|gra| rodu|ales a 38-|lz suocarr|er oy 0$. Tre l # s|gra|, 0$ s|gra|, ard a 19-|lz p||ol carr|er are coro|red ard used lo lrequercy
rodu|ale lre l|ra| lrarsr|ller carr|er.

4lr sore F oroadcasl syslers, rus|c |s oroadcasl or a separale Z-|lz suocarr|er Wr|cr |s lrequercy rodu|aled. Tr|s |s relerred lo as
$uos|d|ary Corrur|cal|or Aulror|zal|or ($CA) s|gra| or crarre|.

5lr l|re d|v|s|or ru|l|p|ex|rg (T0), eacr crarre| |s ass|gred a l|re s|ol ard ray lrarsr|l lor a or|el per|od us|rg lre erl|re oardW|dlr ol lre
red|ur. $|gra| sources la|e lurrs lrarsr|ll|rg.

6olr d|g|la| ard ara|og s|gra|s ray oe lrarsr|lled oy T0.

7Ara|og s|gra|s are lrarsr|lled oy corverl|rg lrer |rlo a ser|es ol pu|ses Wrose arp||ludes approx|rale lre srape ol lre ara|og s|gra|. Tr|s
process |s ca||ed pu|se arp||lude rodu|al|or (PA).

8Pu|se-arp||lude rodu|al|or |s produced oy sarp||rg lre ara|og s|gra|. Tr|s |s dore oy per|od|ca||y oper|rg a gale lor a or|el per|od, a||oW|rg a
rarroW porl|or ol lre ara|og s|gra| lo pass lrrougr.

9$arp|es rusl oe la|er lasl erougr |r order lor r|gr-lrequercy corporerls lo oe recogr|zed ard adequale|y represerled.

2A r|r|rur sarp||rg rale |s 2 l|res lre r|gresl lrequercy corporerl or upper oardW|dlr ||r|l ol lre ara|og s|gra|. Tr|s |s ca||ed lre sarp||rg
lreorer.

2Pu|se-arp||lude rodu|al|or s|gra|s ray oe ru|l|p|exed oy a||oW|rg sarp|es ol severa| s|gra|s lo oe |rler|eaved |rlo adjacerl l|re s|ols.

22F|e|d-Ellecl lrars|slor sW|lcres are corror|y used |r sarp||rg gales ard PA ru|l|p|exers. Trey are corlro||ed oy d|g|la| c|rcu|ls lral sel lre
sarp||rg |rlerva|s ard pu|se rales.

23Tre per|od ol l|re dur|rg Wr|cr eacr crarre| |r a PA sysler |s sarp|ed orce |s ca||ed a lrare.

24Pu|se-arp||lude rodu|al|or s|gra|s are rorra||y used lo lrequercy rodu|ale arolrer carr|er creal|rg PA/F.

250eru|l|p|ex|rg PA s|gra|s requ|res sore rears ol syrcrror|zal|or lo ersure ralcr|rg c|oc| lrequerc|es ard crarre| l|r|rg al lre rece|ver.

26$pec|a| c|oc| recovery c|rcu|ls use lre PA s|gra| |lse|l lo der|ve lre c|oc| s|gra| al lre rece|ver ralrer lrar gereral|rg |l |rdeperderl|y. Tr|s
ersures perlecl lrequercy ard prase re|al|orsr|ps.

27A spec|a| syrc pu|se W|lr a ur|que srape lo d|sl|rgu|sr |l lror lre PA pu|ses |s used lo |eep lre deru|l|p|exer |r syrcrror|zal|or W|lr lre
ru|l|p|exer. Tre syrc pu|se usua||y occurs as lre |asl pu|se |r a lrare.

28osl T0 syslers |r use loday use pu|se code rodu|al|or (PC) lo lrarsr|l ara|og s|gra|s.

29Pu|se-code rodu|al|or uses A/0 corvers|or lecrr|ques lo lrars|ale ara|og s|gra| |rlo o|rary lorr lor ser|a| lrarsr|ss|or.

3lr a ru|l|crarre| PC sysler, eacr s|gra| |s lurr|sred W|lr ar ara|og-lo-d|g|la| corverler (A0C) ard para||e|-lo-ser|a| corverler. Tre resu|l|rg
o|rary oulpuls are d|g|la||y ru|l|p|exed us|rg T0 lecrr|ques.

3vo|ce, le|erelry dala, v|deo, ard olrer ara|og s|gra|s ray oe lrarsr|lled v|a PC.

32Pu|se-code rodu|al|or s|gra|s are recovered al lre rece|ver oy deru|l|p|ex|rg ard 0/A corvers|or p|us appropr|ale l||ler|rg.

33Pu|se-code rodu|al|or |s gereraled oy per|od|ca||y sarp||rg lre ara|og s|gra| as |r PA syslers. Trer lre vary|rg arp||lude pu|ses are
corverled |rlo proporl|ora| o|rary Words oy ar A0C. Tr|s process |s ca||ed quarl|z|rg.

340uarl|z|rg rears d|v|d|rg a g|ver s|gra| vo|lage rarge |rlo a ruroer ol d|screle |rcrererls eacr represerled oy a o|rary code. Eacr ara|og
sarp|e |s ralcred lo lre rearesl o|rary |eve|.

35$arp||rg |r a PC sysler |s dore oy a sarp|e/ro|d ($/l) arp||l|er lral slores lre ara|og va|ue or a capac|lor al lre |rslarl ol reasurererl.

36osl A0Cs rave ar 8-o|l Word prov|d|rg a quarl|z|rg reso|ul|or ol 1 |r 25.

37osl PC syslers, espec|a||y lor vo|ce lrarsr|ss|or, use corpard|rg lo corpress lre vo|ce s|gra| dyrar|c rarge oy erpras|z|rg |oWer-|eve|
s|gra|s ard de-erpras|z|rg r|grer-|eve| s|gra|s. Corpard|rg r|r|r|zes quarl|zal|or error ard |rproves ro|se |rrur|ly.

38Corpard|rg ray oe dore oy ara|og or d|g|la| lecrr|ques. Ara|og corparders use d|ode c|rcu|ls |r arp||l|ers lor corpress|or ard expars|or.
0|g|la| corparders use spec|a| ror||rear A0Cs ard 0ACs.

39A corror PC sysler us|rg T0 lecrr|ques |s lre e|| T-1 used |r le|eprore Wor|.

4A T-1 sysler ru|l|p|exes 21 vo|ce crarre|s, eacr represerled oy ar 8-o|l Word. Tre sarp||rg |rlerva| |s 125 3s. A lrare cors|sls ol lWerly-
lour 8-o|l Words ard a s|rg|e syrc pu|se. Tre lrare dala rale |s 1.511 lz.

4osl PC syslers |||e T-| use a spec|a| L$l lC ca||ed a codec lo rard|e corvers|or ard corpard|rg. A codec corla|rs lre A0C, 0AC, ser|a|-
lo-paralle| corvers|or c|rcu|ls, corparders, ard re|aled l|r|rg c|rcu|ls.

42Tre sarp||rg rale ol a codec |s usua||y 8 |lz.

43Pu|se-W|dlr rodu|dl|or (P) ard pu|se pos|l|or rodu|al|or (PP) syslers are ro |orger used.

44osl T0 syslers use PC lrougr sore use PA.

45Pu|se-code rodu|al|or |s prelerred over PA oecause ol |ls super|or ro|se |rrur|ly.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

r|cr slalererl |s rosl correcl?
a. u|l|p|ex|rg uses ru|l|p|e crarre|s lo lrarsr|l ru|l|p|e s|gra|s.
o. u|l|p|ex|rg uses ru|l|p|e crarre|s lo lrarsr|l |rd|v|dua| s|gra|s.
c. u|l|p|ex|rg uses a s|rg|e crarre| lo lrarsr|l ru|l|p|e s|gra|s.
d. u|l|p|ex|rg uses a s|rg|e crarre| lo lrarsr|l a s|rg|e s|gra|.
2 TWo corror app||cal|ors ol ru|l|p|ex|rg are _____.
3 Tre pr|rary oerel|l ol ru|l|p|ex|rg |s _____.
4 rer ru|l|p|ex|rg |s used lo lrarsr|l |rlorral|or, lrer a _____ rusl oe used al lre rece|v|rg erd ol lre corrur|cal|ors ||r|.
5 Tre lWo lypes ol ru|l|p|ex|rg are _____.
6 lr F0, ru|l|p|e s|gra|s srare a corror crarre| _____.
7 Tre ru|l|p|e s|gra|s |r ar F0 sysler are used lo rodu|ale separale _____.
8 To coro|re lre, ru|l|p|e s|gra|s |r F0, a _____ |s used.
9 Tre corpos|le ru|l|p|ex s|gra| |s rorra||y used lo _____ ar RF carr|er oelore oe|rg lrarsr|lled.
osl le|erelry ru|l|p|ex syslers used_____ rodu|al|or.
Te|erelry s|gra|s are l|rsl cord|l|ored oy _____ ard/or _____ oelore rodu|al|rg a suo carr|er.
2Te|erelry s|gra|s lyp|ca||y lrequercy rodu|ale a _____.
3Tre |ey c|rcu|l |r a deru|l|p|exer |s a(r) _____.
4Tre oesl derodu|alor lor le|erelry Wor| |s lre _____ d|scr|r|ralor.
5lr F0 le|eprore syslers, _____ rodu|al|or |s used.
6Tre roraura| s|gra| |r F slereo ru|l|p|ex |s des|graled _____.
7Tre lour s|gra|s lrarsr|lled |r F slereo ru|l|p|ex are _____.
8Tre lype ol rodu|al|or used or lre L - R crarre| |s _____.
9Tre $CA s|gra|s use _____ rodu|al|or.
2lr T0, ru|l|p|e s|gra|s srare a crarre| oy lrarsr|ll|rg |r d|llererl _____.
2Tre process ol sarp||rg ar ara|og s|gra| al a r|gr rale ol speed |s ca||ed _____.
22Tre r|r|rur sarp||rg rale lor a s|gra| W|lr a Z-|lz oardW|dlr lr|s _____ |lz.
23Tre oas|c sW|lcr|rg e|ererl |r a PA ru|l|p|exer |s a _____.
24Tre rare ol lre c|rcu|l used lo recreale lre c|oc| pu|ses al lre rece|ver |r a PA sysler |s ca||ed a _____.
25Tre ru|l|p|exer ard deru|l|p|exer are |epl |r slep W|lr ore arolrer oy a(r) _____.
26Tre l|re per|od dur|rg Wr|cr a|| crarre|s are sarp|ed orce |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
27A PA s|gra| |s derodu|aled W|lr a(r) _____.
28A ru|l|p|exer |s ar e|eclror|c ru|l| pos|l|or _____.
29Tre c|rcu|l lral sarp|es ar ara|og s|gra| |r a PA sysler |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
3lr a PA/F sysler, lre RF carr|er rodu|al|or |s _____.
3A c|oc| recovery c|rcu|l lral lrac|s PA lrequercy var|al|ors uses a(r) _____.
32lr PC syslers, ara|og s|gra|s are lrarsr|lled as _____.
330uarl|zer |s arolrer rare lor a(r) _____.
34Tre slardard aud|o sarp||rg rale |r a PC le|eprore sysler |s _____ |lz.
35Tre slardard Word s|ze |r a PC aud|o sysler |s _____ o|ls.
36Tre rare ol a W|de|y used PC le|eprore sysler |s _____.
37Tre process ol erpras|z|rg |oWer-|eve| s|gra|s ard de-erpras|z|rg, r|grer-|eve| s|gra|s |s ca||ed _____.
38Ar L$l c|rcu|l corla|r|rg ar A0C, 0AC, corparder, exparder, ard ser|a|/para||e| corverlers |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
39Tre ra|r oerel|l ol PC over PA, F, ard olrer rodu|al|or lecrr|ques |s |ls |rrur|ly lo _____.
4A T-1 ru|l|p|exer ras _____ ard a lola| o|l rale ol _____ crarre|s lz.


A$ER$

c
2 le|eprore, le|erelry
3 ecorory
4 deru|l|p|exer
5 l|re d|v|s|or, lrequercy d|v|s|or
6 oardW|dlr
7 suocarr|ers
8 ||rear r|xer
9 rodu|ale
lrequercy
arp||ly|rg, l||ler|rg
2suocarr|er osc|||alor or vC0
3oardpass l||ler
4PLL
5$$
6L R
7L R. L - R. 19-|lz p||ol, $CA
80$
9lrequercy
2l|re s|ols or |rlerva|s.
2pu|se-arp||lude rodu|al|or
2211
23FET or 0$FET
24c|oc| recovery c|rcu|l
25syrc pu|se
26lrare
27|oW-pass l||ler
28sW|lcr
29gale
3F
3prase-|oc|ed |oop
32o|rary codes
33Al0 corverler
348
358
36T-1
37corpard|rg
38codec
39ro|se
421, 1.511
ClAPTER 9
Antennas and Transm|ss|on L|nes


A lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s a lWo-W|re cao|e used lo carry RF erergy oelWeer lWo d|llererl p|eces ol corrur|cal|ors equ|prerl or oelWeer ar
arlerra ard a rece|ver or lrarsr|ller.

2 Tre lWo rosl corror lypes ol lrarsr|ss|or ||res are oa|arced ard coax|a|.

3 Tre pr|rary lealure ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s |ls craracler|sl|c or surge |rpedarce Zo Wr|cr |s a lurcl|or ol lre d|slr|ouled |rduclarce l ard lre
capac|larce C per ur|l |erglr {Zo = l / 0j

4 Tre craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ol a oa|arced ||re |s delerr|red oy |ls prys|ca| d|rers|ors. [ Zo = 2Z |og {2 $ l 0j Wrere $ |s lre cerler-lo-
cerler spac|rg ol lre corduclors ard 0 |s lre d|areler ol lre corduclors.|

5 Tre craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ol coax a|so deperds or |ls prys|ca| d|rers|ors. Zo = 138 |og {0 l oj Wrere 0 |s lre |rs|de d|areler ol lre
sr|e|d ard o |s lre d|areler ol lre |rrer corduclor.|

6 Tre proper use ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s lo lerr|rale |l |r a |oad |rpedarce equa| lo |ls surge |rpedarce. A|| lre poWer app||ed lo lre ||re W||| oe
aosoroed oy lre |oad.

7 ave|erglr |s lre d|slarce oelWeer adjacerl pea|s ol a RF Wave. ll |s a|so lre d|slarce lrave|ed oy a s|gra| |r ore cyc|e. ave|erglr (2) |s
corpuled W|lr lre express|or 2 = 300 / l Wrere l |s lre lrequercy |r regarerlz ard 2 |s |r relers, 0r 2= 981 / l Wrere A |s |r leel.

8 ll a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s rol lerr|raled |r |ls craracler|sl|c |rpedarce, lre |oad W||| rol aosoro a|| lre poWer. $ore ol |l W||| oe rel|ecled oac|
loWard lre gereralor.

9 ll lre |oad or a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s ar oper or srorl, a|| lre poWer app||ed lo lre ||re W||| oe rel|ecled oac| lo lre gereralor.

Tre lorWard or |rc|derl poWer app||ed lo lre ||re coro|res W|lr lre rel|ecled poWer lo produce a pallerr ol vo|lage ard currerl var|al|ors a|org
lre ||re |roWr as slard|rg Waves.

ll lre |oad |rpedarce ralcres lre ||re |rpedarce, lrere are ro slard|rg Waves.

2A reasure ol lre r|sralcr oelWeer ||re ard |oad |rpedarces or lre rax|rur ard r|r|rur vo|lage ard currerl var|al|ors a|org, lre ||re |s
lre slard|rg-Wave, ral|o ($R) Wr|cr |s a ruroer a|Ways grealer lrar 1.

3Tre $R |rd|cales roW rucr poWer |s de||vered lo lre |oad ard |osl |r lre ||re. |lr $R = 1, a|| poWer |s de||vered lo lre |oad.

4Tre ral|o ol lre rel|ecled vo|lage v, lo lre |rc|derl vo|lage v, or a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s cal|ed lre rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl # {# = vr l vjA proper|y
lerr|raled ||re W||| rave # = 0. A srorled or oper ||re W||| rave # =1.

5Tre $R |r lerrs ol lre rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl |s


6Tre $R = ZD l Zl, or Zl | Zo Wrere ZD |s lre craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ard ZL|s lre |oad |rpedarce.

7Every ellorl |s rade lo reduce lre $R oy us|rg |rpedarce-ralcr|rg c|rcu|ls lo ersure lral rax|rur poWer |s de||vered lo lre |oad.

8Trarsr|ss|or ||res, ore-quarler or ore-ra|l Wave|erglr |org ard e|lrer srorled or oper, acl |||e resorarl or reacl|ve c|rcu|ls.

9Al &lF ard r|croWave lrequerc|es Wrere ore-ra|l Wave|erglr lr|s |ess lrar 1 ll, lrarsr|ss|or ||res are corror|y used lo rep|ace
corverl|ora| l0 lured c|rcu|ls.

2A srorled quarler Wave ard ar oper ra|l Wave acl |||e a para||e| resorarl c|rcu|l.

2olr ar oper quarler-Wave c|rcu|l ard a srorled ra|l-Wave c|rcu|l acl |||e a ser|es resorarl c|rcu|l.

22Tre ve|oc|ly ol propagal|or ol a rad|o s|gra| |s s|oWer |r a lrarsr|ss|or ||re lrar |r lree space. Tr|s d|llererce |s expressed as lre ve|oc|ly
laclor lor d|llererl lypes ol ||res. Coax ras a ve|oc|ly laclor ol 0. lo 0.Z. Tre ve|oc|ly laclor ol oper W|re ||re or lW|r |ead |s |r lre 0.Z lo 0.8
rarge. lr corpul|rg lre |erglr ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re al a spec|l|c lrequercy, lre ve|oc|ly laclor rusl oe cors|dered (2= 981 /lj

#
#
$#

1
1
23Ar arlerra or aer|a| |s ore or rore corduclors used lo lrarsr|l or rece|ve rad|o s|gra|s.

24A rad|o s|gra| |s e|eclroragrel|c erergy rade up ol e|eclr|c ard ragrel|c l|e|ds al r|grl arg|es lo ore arolrer ard lo lre d|recl|or ol s|gra|
propagal|or.

25Tre po|ar|zal|or ol a rad|o s|gra| |s del|red as lre or|erlal|or ol lre e|eclr|c l|e|d W|lr respecl lo lre earlr ard |s e|lrer verl|ca| or ror|zorla|.

26Tre rosl corror arlerra |s lre ra|l Wave d|po|e or douo|el lral ras a craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ol approx|rale|y Z3 l|al lre cerler. lls
|erglr |r leel |s 468/l Wrere l |s lre lrequercy |r regarerlz.

27Tre d|po|e ras a o|d|recl|ora| l|gure-e|grl rad|al|or pallerr ard |s usua||y rourled ror|zorla||y oul ray a|so oe used verl|ca||y.

28A popu|ar var|al|or ol lre d|po|e |s lre lo|ded d|po|e Wr|cr |s ore-ra|l Wave|erglr |org ard ras ar |rpedarce ol 300 .

29Arolrer popu|ar arlerra |s lre quarler-Wave verl|ca|. Tre earlr acls as lre olrer quarler Wave lo s|ru|ale a ra|l-Wave verl|ca| d|po|e.

3Tre quarler-Wave verl|ca| |s relerred lo as a grourd p|are arlerra. ll |s led W|lr coax W|lr lre cerler corduclor correcled lo lre arlerra ard
lre sr|e|d correcled lo earlr grourd, lo ar array ol quarler-Wave, W|res r ca||ed rad|a|s, or lo a |arge, l|al, rela| surlace. lls |erglr |r leel |s
231/l Wrere l |s |r regarerlz.

3Tre craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ol a grourd p|are |s aooul 3.5 . ll ras ar orr| d|recl|ora| rad|al|or pallerr lral serds or rece|ves equa||y We||
|r a|| d|recl|ors.

32A d|recl|ora| arlerra |s ore lral lrarsr|ls or rece|ves over a rarroW rarge |r or|y ore d|recl|or.

330|recl|ora| arlerras rade up ol lWo or rore e|ererls locus lre rad|al|or |rlo a rarroW oear, lrus g|v|rg lre arlerra ga|r.

34Tre ga|r ol lre, arlerra |s lre poWer arp||l|cal|or resu|l|rg lror lre corcerlral|or ol poWer |r ore d|recl|or. Tre ga|r ray oe expressed as a
poWer ral|o or |r dec|oe|s.

35Tre ellecl|ve rad|aled poWer (ERP) ol ar arlerra |s lre poWer |rpul ru|l|p||ed oy lre arlerra poWer ga|r.

360|recl|ora| arlerras W|lr lWo or rore e|ererls are cal|ed arrays. Trere are lWo lypes ol arrays: paras|l|c ard dr|ver.

37Paras|l|c e|ererls ca||ed rel|eclors ard d|reclors Wrer spaced para||e| lo a ra|l Wave d|po|e dr|ver e|ererl re|p locus lre s|gra| |rlo a rarroW
oear.

38Tre reasure ol lre d|recl|v|ly ol ar arlerra |s lre oear W|dlr or oear arg|e reasured |r degrees.

39A paras|l|c array rade up ol a dr|ver e|ererl, rel|eclor, ard ore or rore d|reclors |s |roWr as a Yag| or oear arlerra ard ras a ga|r ol 10 lo
20 d W|lr a oear W|dlr ol 10 lo 20.

40r|ver arrays cors|sl ol lWo or rore ra|l Wave|erglr e|ererls, eacr rece|v|rg poWer lror lre lrarsr|ss|or ||re.

4Tre lrree rosl popu|ar dr|ver arrays are lre co|||rear, erd-l|re, ard oroads|de.

42A W|de|y used dr|ver array |s lre |og per|od|c arlerra Wr|cr exr|o|ls ga|r, d|recl|v|ly, ard a W|de operal|rg lrequercy rarge.

43A rad|o Wave propagales lrrougr space |r ore ol lrree Ways: grourd Wave, s|y Waves, or d|recl Waves.

44Tre grourd or surlace Wave |eaves lre arlerra ard lo||oWs lre curvalure ol lre earlr. Tre grourd Wave |s or|y ellecl|ve or lrequerc|es oe|oW
3 lz.

45Tre s|yWave propagales lror lre arlerra upWard Wrere |l |s oerl oac| lo earlr oy lre |orosprere.

46Tre |orosprere |s a porl|or ol lre earlr's alrosprere 30 lo 250 r| aoove lre .earlr lral ras oeer |or|zed oy lre sur.

47Tre |orosprere |s rade up ol lrree |ayers ol d|llererl |or|zal|or ders|ly: lre 0, E, ard F |ayers. Tre F |ayer |s lre rosl r|gr|y |or|zed ard
causes relracl|or or oerd|rg ol rad|o Waves oac| lo earlr.

48Tre relracl|or ol lre |orosprere causes a rad|o s|gra| lo oe oerl oac| lo earlr W|lr ||ll|e or ro allerual|or |org d|slarces lror lre lrarsr|ller.
Tr|s |s |roWr as a s||p or rop.

49u|l|p|e s||ps or rops oelWeer lre |orosprere ard earlr perr|l very |org d|slarces, ever Wor|dW|de, corrur|cal|ors. Tr|s ellecl |s uselu| over
lre 3- lo 30-lz rarge.

5Al lrequerc|es aoove 30 lz, propagal|or |s pr|rar||y oy lre d|recl or space Wave Wr|cr lrave|s |r a slra|grl ||re oelWeer lrarsr|ll|rg ard
rece|v|rg arlerras. Tr|s |s |roWr as ||re-ol-s|grl corrur|cal|ors.

5Rad|o Waves ale eas||y o|oc|ed or rel|ecled oy |arge oojecls. Tr|s |s parl|cu|ar|y lrue ol vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave s|gra|s.

52Tre corrur|cal|ors d|slarce al vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave lrequerc|es |s ||r|led lo lre ||re-ol-s|grl d|slarce oelWeer lrarsr|ll|rg ard
rece|v|rg arlerras.

53Tre ||re-ol-s|grl d|slarce 0 |s ||r|led oy lre curvalure ol lre earlr ard |s deperderl upor lre re|grls n, ard n, ol lre lrarsr|ll|rg ard rece|v|rg
arlerras, respecl|ve|y.



54To exlerd lrarsr|ss|or d|slarces al vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave lrequerc|es, re|ay slal|ors |roWr as repealer slal|ors rece|ve ard relrarsr|l
s|gra|s.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

Tre lWo oas|c lypes ol lrarsr|ss|or ||re are _____.
2 ll ore W|re ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s correcled lo grourd, lre ||re |s sa|d lo oe _____.
3 Tre d|slarce lral a s|gra| lrave|s dur|rg ore cyc|e |s ca||ed lre _____.
4 0re Wave|erglr lral a lrequercy ol 150 lz |s r _____.
5 A ||re 1 |r. |org represerls ore-ra|l Wave|erglr al a lrequercy ol _____ 0lz.
6 Tre prys|ca| d|rers|ors ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re delerr|re |ls _____.
7 To a gereralor, a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |oo|s |||e a(r) _____ rade up ol d|slr|ouled _____ ard _____.
8 A coax ||re ras a sr|e|d ora|d W|lr ar |rs|de d|areler ol 0.2 |r. ard a cerler corduclor W|lr a d|areler ol 0.05Z |r. Tre craracler|sl|c
|rpedarce |s _____.
9 Tre allerual|or ol 250 ll ol R0-11& coax al 100 lz |s _____ d. ($eeF|g.9-Z) (page 211-Frerze|)
For opl|rur lrarsler ol poWer lror a gereralor lo a |oad ol 52 , lre lrarsr|ss|or ||re |rpedarce srou|d oe _____.
Tre currerl ard vo|lage a|org a proper|y ralcred ||re are _____.
2ll a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s rol lerr|raled |r |ls craracler|sl|c |rpedarce, _____ W||| deve|op a|org lre ||re
3ll a |oad ard ||re rave r|sralcred |rpedarces, poWer rol aosoroed oy lre |oad W||| oe _____.
4Pallerrs ol vo|lage ard currerl var|al|ors a|org, a lrarsr|ss|or ||re W|lr a r|sralcred |oad are |roWr as _____.
5A 52- coax oas a 3- arlerra |oad. Tre $R |s _____.
6ll lre |oad ard ||re |rpedarces are ralcred, lre $R W||| oe _____.
7A|| |rc|derl poWer or a ||re W||| oe rel|ecled |l lre ||re |s _____ or _____ al |ls erd.
8Tre ral|o ol lre rel|ecled vo|lage lo lre |rc|derl vo|lage or a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s ca||ed lre _____.
9Tre rax|rur vo|lage a|org a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s 150v, ard lre r|r|rur vo|lage |s 90v. Tre $R |s _____.Tre rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl |s
_____.
2Tre rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl ol a lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s 0.Z5. Tre $R |s _____.
2Ar oper or srorled lrarsr|ss|or ||re W||| rave a rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl ol _____ ard ar $R ol _____.
22Trarsr|ss|or ||res, ore-quarler or ore rall Wave|erglr car oe used as _____.
23A lrarsr|ss|or ||re oas ar $R ol 1.Z5. Tre poWer app||ed lo lre ||re, |s 90 . Tre arourl ol rel|ecled poWer |s _____ .
24A srorled quarler-Wave ||re |oo|s |||e a(r) _____ |rpedarce lo lre gereralor.
25Tre lo||oW|rg ||res |oo| |||e a ser|es resorarl c|rcu|l: a _____ 2/1 ||re; a _____ 2/2 ||re.
26Trarsr|ss|or ||res |ess lrar 2/1 or oelWeer 2/1 ard 2/2 acl |||e _____ or _____.
27Ar oper lrarsr|ss|or ||re |r. |org acls as a _____ resorarl c|rcu|l al a lrequercy ol 192 lz.
28A coax oas a ve|oc|ly laclor ol 0.8. 0re ra|l Wave|erglr ol lr|s coax al 120 lz |s _____ ll |org.
29Rad|o Waves are rade up ol _____ ard _____ l|e|ds.
3Tre po|ar|zal|or ol a rad|o Wave deperds upor lre pos|l|or ol |ls _____ W|lr respecl lo lre earlr's surlace.
3Tre arlerra |s correcled lo lre lrarsr|ller or rece|ver oy a(r) _____.
32A rad|o Wave ras |ls ragrel|c l|e|d ror|zorla| lo lre earlr. ll |s, lrerelore, _____ po|ar|zed.
330re ol lre rosl W|de|y used ard s|rp|esl arlerras |s lre ra|l-Wave _____.
34Tre |erglr ol a douo|el arlerra al 150 lz |s _____ ll.
7 9

35Tre leed |rpedarce ol a d|po|e arlerra |s approx|rale|y, _____ .
36Tre ror|zorla| rad|al|or pallerr ol a d|po|e |oo|s |||e a(r) _____.
37Tre reasure ol ar arlerra's d|recl|v|ly |s _____.
38Ar arlerra lral rad|ales equa||y We|| |r a|| ror|zorla| d|recl|ors |s sa|d lo oe _____.
39A quarler-Wave verl|ca| arlerra |s corror|y |roWr as a(r) _____ arlerra.
4Tre |erglr ol a quarler-Wave verl|ca| arlerra al 890 lz |s _____ |r.
4For proper operal|or ol a verl|ca| arlerra, lre sr|e|d ol lre leed coax rusl ra|e a good correcl|or lo _____ or a sel ol quarler-Wave W|res
ca||ed _____.
42Tre ror|zorla| rad|al|or pallerr ol a quarler-Wave verl|ca| |s a(r) _____.
43Tre leed |rpedarce ol a quarler-Wave verl|ca| |s approx|rale|y _____.
44Ar arlerra lral lrarsr|ls or rece|ves equa||y We|| |r lWo oppos|le d|recl|ors |s sa|d lo oe _____.
45A ur|d|recl|ora| arlerra lrarsr|ls oesl |r _____ d|recl|or(s).
46A d|recl|ora| arlerra lral locuses lre erergy |rlo a rarroW oear ras _____ s|rce |l ellecl|ve|y arp||l|es lre s|gra|.
47To rave ga|r ard d|recl|v|ly, ar arlerra rusl rave lWo or rore _____.
48L|sl lWo oas|c lypes ol arlerra arrays.
49Tre lrree oas|c e|ererls |r a Yag| arlerra are _____.
5Tre lWo paras|l|c e|ererls |r a oear arlerra are lre _____.
5A Yag| ray rave ore or rore _____ e|ererls.
52Tre oear W|dlr ol a Yag| |s usua||y |r lre rarge ol _____ lo _____ degrees.
53Tre |erglr ol lre dr|ver e|ererl |r a Yag| al 222 lz |s _____ ll.
54L|sl lrree ||rds ol dr|ver arrays.
55True or la|se. Yag|s ard dr|ver arrays ray oe operaled e|lrer ror|zorla||y or verl|ca||y.
56A popu|ar W|deoard dr|ver array |s lre _____ array.
57Ar |rpedarce-ralcr|rg c|rcu|l used lo ra|e lre arlerra, lrarsr|ss|or ||re, ard lrarsr|ller |rpedarces ralcr |s lre _____.
58A lrarslorrer used lor |rpedarce ralcr|rg |s lre _____.
59A quarler-Wave|erglr secl|or ol lrarsr|ss|or ||re used lor |rpedarce ralcr|rg |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
6A coax oa|ur ras ar |rpedarce-ralcr|rg ral|o ol _____.
6A quarler-Wave|erglr ol coax W|lr a ve|oc|ly laclor ol 0.Z al 220 lz |s _____ |r.
62L|sl lre lrree palrs lral a rad|o s|gra| ray la|e lrrougr space.
63A rad|o Wave lral propagales rear lre surlace ol lre earlr |s ca||ed a(r) _____ or _____ Wave.
64Tre rad|o Wave lral |s relracled oy lre |orosprere |s |roWr as a(r) _____ Wave.
65A rad|o Wave lral propagales or|y over ||re-ol-s|grl d|slarces |s ca||ed a(r) _____ or _____ Wave.
66Tre surlace Wave |s ellecl|ve or|y al lrequerc|es oe|oW aooul _____ lz.
67Tre upper parl ol lre earlr's alrosprere |or|zed oy lre sur lral allecls rad|o Waves |s ca||ed lre _____.
68Tre _____ |ayer ras lre grealesl ellecl or a rad|o s|gra|.
69Tre |or|zed alrosprere causes rad|o Waves al sore lrequerc|es lo oe _____.
7True or la|se. Rad|o Waves are eas||y rel|ecled oy |arge oojecls.
7True or la|se. Tre |orosprere rel|ecls rad|o Waves.
720r|y s|gra|s |r lre _____ lo _____ lz rarge are s|gr|l|carl|y allecled oy lre |orosprere.
73or|dW|de rad|o corrur|cal|ors |s poss|o|e lrar|s lo _____ lrarsr|ss|or.
74Tre vlF, &lF, ard r|croWave s|gra|s lrave| |r a(r) _____.
75To |rcrease lrarsr|ss|or d|slarces al vlF ard aoove, spec|a| slal|ors ca||ed are _____ used.
76A r|croWave re|ay slal|or corla|rs a(r) _____ ard a(r) _____ operal|rg or d|llererl lrequerc|es.


A$ER$

oa|arced, coax
2 uroa|arced
3 Wave|erglr
4 0.Z
5 1.1Z5
6 craracler|sl|c or surge |rpedarce
7 |oW-pass l||ler, capac|lors, |rduclors
8 Z5.23
9 .25
52
corslarl or l|al
2slard|rg Waves
3rel|ecled
4slard|rg Waves
51.11
61
7oper, srorled
8rel|ecl|or coell|c|erl
91.Z,0.25
2Z
21, |rl|r|ly
22lured or resorarl c|rcu|ls
23.3 [0.0Z(90)=.3| ($ee F|g. 9-12.)
24r|gr or |rl|r|le
25oper, srorled
26|rduclors, capac|lors
27ser|es
282.Z88
29e|eclr|c, ragrel|c
3e|eclr|c l|e|d
3lrarsr|ss|or or leed ||re
32verl|ca||y
33d|po|e or douo|el
343.12
35Z3
36l|gure e|grl
37oear W|dlr
38orr| d|recl|ora|
39grourd p|are
43.1
4earlr grourd, rad|a|s
42c|rc|e
433.5
44o|d|recl|ora|
45ore
46ga|r
47e|ererls
48paras|l|c, dr|ver
49d|reclor, rel|eclor, dr|ver e|ererl
5d|reclor, rel|eclor
5d|reclor
5220, 10
532.1
54co|||rear, erd-l|re, oroads|de
55lrue
56|og-per|od|c
57arlerra lurer
58oa|ur
590 secl|or, ralcr|rg sluo
60.1:1
69.39
62grourd or surlace Wave, s|y Wave, d|recl or space Wave
63grourd, surlace
64s|y
655. d|recl or space
663
67|orosprere
68F
69relracled or oerl
7lrue
7la|se
723, 30
73ru|l|p|e rop
74slra|grl ||re
75repealers
76lrarsr|ller, rece|ver
ClAPTER 10
H|crowave Techn|ques


|croWaves are rad|o s|gra|s |r lre lrequercy rarge lror l lo 300 0lz.

2 Tre RF speclrur oe|oW &lF |s rosl|y a|ready lu||y occup|ed |eav|rg ||ll|e or ro roor lor lre groWlr ol reW rad|o serv|ces.

3 Al r|croWave lrequerc|es, lrererdous oardW|dlr |s ava||ao|e lor reW rad|o serv|ces as We|| as lor W|de-oardW|dlr s|gra|s sucr as Tv,
ru|l|p|exed s|gra|s, or corpuler dala.

4 Tre r|croWave lrequerc|es are used pr|rar||y lor le|eprore corrur|cal|ors, radar, ard sale|||le corrur|cal|ors.

5 0lrer r|croWave app||cal|ors |rc|ude cao|e Tv, space corrur|cal|ors, rad|o aslrorory, ard real|rg.

6 Tre pr|rary oerel|l ol r|croWaves |s W|de oardW|dlr ava||ao|||ly.

7 Tre ra|r d|sadvarlages ol r|croWaves are lral lrey are ||r|led lo ||re-ol-s|grl lrarsr|ss|or d|slarces, corverl|ora| corporerls are rol
usao|e, ard c|rcu|ls are rore d|ll|cu|l lo ara|yze ard des|gr.

8 Tre a||ocal|or ol lre RF speclrur |s rard|ed oy lre Federa| Corrur|cal|ors Corr|ss|or (FCC) |r lre &r|led $lales.

9 a|arced lrarsr|ss|or ||re |s rol used lor r|croWaves oecause ol rad|al|or |osses. Coax|a| cao|e |s rol used oecause ol |ls r|gr allerual|or.

Tre prelerred lrarsr|ss|or ||re lor r|croWaves |s Wavegu|des.

ecause ol lre srorl prys|ca| |erglr ol lrarsr|ss|or ||res al r|croWave lrequerc|es, quarler- ard ra|l-Wave ||res are corror|y used lor lured
c|rcu|ls ard l||lers.

2TWo pr|rled c|rcu|l ooard |rp|ererlal|ors ol lrarsr|ss|or ||res, ca||ed slr|p||re ard r|croslr|p, are W|de|y used lo creale resorarl c|rcu|ls ard
l||lers.

3A Wavegu|de |s a ro||oW rela| p|pe W|lr a c|rcu|ar or reclargu|ar cross secl|or used lor carry|rg r|croWave s|gra|s lror ore p|ace lo arolrer.

4A Wavegu|de acls |||e a r|gr-pass l||ler, pass|rg a|| lrequerc|es aoove |ls cul-ol lrequercy ard rejecl|rg lrose oe|oW |l.

5Tre culoll lrequercy loo ol a Wavegu|de deperds upor |ls prys|ca| s|ze. For a reclargu|ar Wavegu|de, |l |s 300/2a. Wrere a |s lre W|de
d|rers|or ol lre Wavegu|de |r relers.

6Tre r|croWave s|gra| carr|ed oy a Wavegu|de |s rade up ol e|eclr|c (E) ard ragrel|c (l) l|e|ds lral oource oll lre Wa||s ol lre Wavegu|de as
lrey propagale a|org |ls |erglr.

7Tre rodes ol a Wavegu|de descr|oe lre var|ous pallerrs ol e|eclr|c ard ragrel|c l|e|ds lral are poss|o|e.


8A lrarsverse e|eclr|c (TE) rode |s ore Wrere lre e|eclr|c l|e|d |s lrarsverse or perperd|cu|ar lo lre d|recl|or ol propagal|or.

9A lrarsverse ragrel|c (T) rode |s ore Wrere lre ragrel|c l|e|d |s perperd|cu|ar lo lre d|recl|or ol propagal|or.

2avegu|des are ava||ao|e |r slardard |erglrs ard s|zes, ard spec|a| p|eces are used lor r|grl-arg|e oerds ard 90 lW|sls.


2la|l-Wave|erglr secl|ors ol Wavegu|des W|lr srorled or c|osed erds are |roWr as resorarl cav|l|es s|rce lrey r|rg or osc|||ale al lre
lrequercy delerr|red oy lre|r d|rers|ors.

22Cav|ly resoralors are rela|||c craroers ol var|ous srapes ard s|zes lral are used as para||e|-lured c|rcu|ls ard l||lers. Trey rave a 0 ol up lo
30,000.

23Po|rl-corlacl ard $croll|y or rol-carr|er d|odes are W|de|y uses as r|xers |r r|croWave equ|prerl as lrey rave |oW capac|larce ard
|rduclarce.

24varaclor d|odes are W|de|y used as r|croWave lrequercy ru|l|p||ers. u|l|p||cal|or laclors ol 2 ard 3 are corror W|lr poWer |eve|s up lo 20
ard ell|c|erc|es up lo 80 percerl.

25$lep-recovery or srap-oll d|odes are a|so W|de|y used as lrequercy ru|l|p||ers W|lr ru|l|p||cal|or laclors up lo 10, poWer ral|rgs up lo 50 .
ard ell|c|erc|es approacr|rg 80 percerl.

26A 0urr d|ode |s a r|croWave ser|corduclor dev|ce used lo gererale r|croWave erergy. rer coro|red W|lr a r|croslr|p, slr|p||re or
resorarl cav|ly, s|rp|e |oW poWer osc|||alors W|lr lrequerc|es up lo 50 0lz are eas||y |rp|ererled.

27olr l PATT ard TRAPATT d|odes are 0aAs dev|ces operaled W|lr r|gr reverse o|as lo produce ava|arcre orea|doWr. olr are used |r
r|croWave osc|||alors.

28A ||yslror |s a vacuur luoe used lor r|croWave arp||l|cal|or ard osc|||al|or.

29K|yslrors use a cav|ly resoral or lo ve|oc|ly rodu|ale ar e|eclror oear Wr|cr |rparls erergy lo arolrer cav|ly, produc|rg poWer arp||l|cal|or.
K|yslrors are ava||ao|e Wr|cr produce lror a leW lo rary lrousards ol Walls.

3A s|rg|e-cav|ly rel|ex ||yslror |s used as a r|croWave osc|||alor.

3K|yslrors are oe|rg gradua||y rep|aced oy 0urr d|odes ard lrave||rg-Wave luoes.

32A ragrelror |s a d|ode vacuur luoe used as a r|croWave osc|||alor |r radar ard r|croWave overs lo produce poWers up lo lre regaWall
rarge.

33lr a ragrelror, a slrorg ragrel|c l|e|d creales c|rcu|ar palrs ol e|eclror l|oW lo exc|le cav|l|es |rlo osc|||al|or.

34A lrave||rg-Wave luoe (TT) |s a r|croWave poWer arp||l|er W|lr very W|de oardW|dlr.

35A r|croWave s|gra| app||ed lo a re||x arourd lre TT produces ve|oc|ly ard ders|ly rodu|al|or ol lre e|eclror oear over a |org d|slarce
Wr|cr |rduces a r|grer-poWer s|gra| |r lre re||x.


36Tre rosl corror|y used r|croWave arlerra |s lre rorr, Wr|cr |s esserl|a||y a reclargu|ar Wavegu|de W|lr a l|ared erd.

37A pyrar|da| rorr l|ares |r oolr Wavegu|de d|rers|ors. A seclora| rorr l|ares |r or|y ore d|rers|or.

38lorr arlerras are d|recl|ora| ard produce a oear W|dlr |r lre 10 lo 0 rarge W|lr a ga|r |r lre 10-lo 20-d rarge, deperd|rg upor
d|rers|ors.

39A paraoo||c or d|sr-sraped rel|eclor |s used W|lr rosl r|croWave arlerras lo locus lre RF erergy |rlo a rarroW oear ard |rcrease ga|r.

4Tre paraoo||c rel|eclor usua||y ras a d|areler lral |s ro |ess lrar 10 Wave|erglrs al lre operal|rg lrequercy.

4Tre ga|r ard d|recl|v|ly ol a paraoo||c rel|eclor arlerra |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo |ls d|areler.

42Paraoo||c rel|eclor arlerras are led oy p|ac|rg a rorr arlerra al lre loca| po|rl or oy p|ac|rg lre rorr al lre cerler ol lre rel|eclor ard p|ac|rg
a sra|| rel|eclor al lre loca| po|rl. Tre |aller |s |roWr as Cassegra|r leed.

43A re||ca| arlerra |s rade up ol s|x lo e|grl lurrs ol reavy W|re or luo|rg lo lorr a co|| or re||x. ll |s led W|lr coax ard |s oac|ed up W|lr a
rel|eclor.

44le||ca| arlerras are used al &lF ard r|croWave lrequerc|es ard rave a ga|r |r lre 12- lo 20-d rarge ard a oear W|dlr |r lre 12 lo 15
rarge.

45le||ca| arlerras produce c|rcu|ar po|ar|zal|or Wrere lre e|eclr|c ard ragrel|c l|e|ds rolale. Tre po|ar|zal|or ray oe r|grl-rard or |ell-rard
deperd|rg upor lre d|recl|or |r Wr|cr lre re||x |s Wourd.

46le||ca| arlerras car rece|ve e|lrer verl|ca||y or ror|zorla||y po|ar|zed s|gra|s oul car or|y rece|ve a c|rcu|ar|y po|ar|zed s|gra| ol lre sare
d|recl|or.

47A popu|ar orr|d|recl|ora| r|croWave arlerra |s lre o|core.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

|croWaves are lrequerc|es aoove _____ 0lz,
2 Tre ra|r advarlage ol r|croWaves |s lral rore ol lre _____ |s ava||ao|e lor s|gra|s.
3 L|sl sever reasors Wry r|croWaves are rore d|ll|cu|l lo Wor| W|lr lrar |oWer lrequercy s|gra|s.
4 Tre app||cal|ors rosl corror|y lourd |r lre r|croWave reg|or are _____ ard _____.
5 L|sl lour popu|ar uses lor r|croWaves.
6 Tre goverrrerl agercy lral regu|ales rad|o corrur|cal|ors |r lre &r|led $lales |s lre _____.
7 are lour lecrr|ques lral rave re|ped squeeze rore s|gra|s |rlo lre g|ver speclrur.
8 TWo reasors Wry corverl|ora| lrars|slors Wor'l Wor| al r|croWave lrequerc|es are _____ ard _____.
9 Al r|croWave lrequerc|es, corverl|ora| corporerls |||e res|slors, capac|lors, ard |rduclors acl |||e _____ c|rcu|ls.
Tre Tv crarre|s 2 lo 13 occupy a lola| oardW|dlr ol aooul Z2 lz. Al a lrequercy ol 200 lz, lr|s represerls a oardW|dlr ol _____ percerl
ol lre speclrur space. Al 2 0lz, |l represerls _____ percerl.
True or la|se. TW|r |ead |s rol used al r|croWave lrequerc|es.
2Tre ra|r d|sadvarlage ol us|rg coax lor r|croWave s|gra|s |s |ls r|gr _____.
3Coax |s rol used oeyord lrequerc|es ol aooul _____ 0lz.
4A ro||oW rela| p|pe used lo carry r|croWaves |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
5TWo lypes ol lrarsr|ss|or ||re rade ol PC raler|a| used lo produce lured c|rcu|ls ard l||lers are _____.
6Tre lWo Ways lo coup|e or exlracl erergy lror a Wavegu|de are oy us|rg a _____ or a _____.
7A Wavegu|de acls as a(r) _____ l||ler.
8A reclargu|ar Wavegu|de ras a W|dlr ol 1.2 |r. ard a re|grl ol 0.Z |r. Tre Wavegu|de W||| pass a|| s|gra|s aoove _____ 0lz.
9A Wavegu|de ras a culoll lrequercy ol 5 0lz.
a. True or la|se. ll W||| pass a s|gra| ol 8 0lz.
-. True or la|se. ll W||| pass a s|gra| ol 3 0lz.
2Tre ragrel|c ard e|eclr|c l|e|ds |r a Wavegu|de are des|graled oy lre |ellers _____ ard _____, respecl|ve|y.
2Tre oas|c operal|rg rode ol rosl Wavegu|des |s des|graled _____.
22ll lre l l|e|d |r lre Wavegu|de |s perperd|cu|ar lo lre d|recl|or ol s|gra| lrave|, lre rode |s sa|d lo oe _____.
23A ore-ra|l Wave|erglr secl|or ol Wavegu|de srorled al oolr erds creales a(r) _____.
24A cav|ly resoralor acls as a(r) _____ c|rcu|l.
25Resorarl cav|l|es are used as _____.
26ecrar|ca||y vary|rg lre cav|ly's d|rers|ors a||oWs |ls _____.
27L|sl lrree reasors Wry corverl|ora| d|odes ard lrars|slors do rol Wor| |r lre r|croWave reg|or.
28A po|rl-corlacl d|ode ras a(r) _____ arode ard a(r) _____ calrode.
29A r|croWave d|ode W|lr ar -lype s|||cor calrode ard a rela| arode lorr|rg a jurcl|or |s ca||ed a(r) _____ d|ode.
3Tre rosl corror app||cal|or ol r|croWave s|gra| d|odes |s |r _____ c|rcu|ls.
3A d|ode lral acls |||e a vvC |s a(r) _____ d|ode.
32TWo lypes ol d|odes W|de|y used as lrequercy ru|l|p||ers are lre _____ ard _____ d|odes.
33A d|ode W|lr ro jurcl|or lral |s W|de|y used W|lr a cav|ly resoralor lo lorr ar osc|||alor |s lre_____ d|ode.
34Tre _____, _____, ard _____ d|odes are a|so used as osc|||alors.
35|croWave d|odes lral cause a currerl decrease lor a vo|lage |rcrease rave Wral |s |roWr as a(r) _____ craracler|sl|c.
36Ar lPATT d|ode operales W|lr _____ (lorWard, reverse) o|as.
37A lurre| d|ode operales W|lr _____ (lorWard, reverse) o|as.
38True or la|se. K|yslrors car oe used as arp||l|ers or osc|||alors.
39True or la|se. A ragrelror operales as ar arp||l|er.
4A TT |s ar _____ (arp||l|er, osc|||alor).
4Tre operal|rg lrequercy ol ||yslrors ard ragrelrors |s delerr|red oy _____.
42Tre cav|l|es |r a ||yslror produce _____ rodu|al|or ol lre e|eclror oear.
43lr a ||yslror arp||l|er, lre |rpul |s app||ed lo lre _____ cav|ly ard lre oulpul la|er lror lre _____ cav|ly.
44A ore-cav|ly ||yslror lral osc|||ales |s |roWr as a(r) _____ ||yslror.
45LoW-poWer ||yslrors are oe|rg rep|aced oy _____, ard r|gr-poWer ||yslrors are oe|rg rep|aced oy _____.
46A(r) _____ causes lre e|eclrors |r a ragrelror lo lrave| |r c|rcu|ar palrs.
47TWo rajor app||cal|ors ol ragrelrors are |r _____.
48Tre TT |s a r|croWave _____.
490ers|ly rodu|al|or ol lre e|eclror oear |r a TT |s produced oy a(r) _____.
5Tre rajor oerel|l ol a TT |s |ls W|de _____.
5Tre rosl corror|y used r|croWave arlerra |s lre _____ arlerra.
52lrcreas|rg lre |erglr ol a rorr arlerra causes |ls ga|r lo _____ ard |ls oear W|dlr lo _____.
53A rorr arlerra |s s|x Wave|erglrs |org al 8 0lz. Tral |erglr |s _____ |r.
54Tre oear W|dlr ol a rorr arlerra |s usua||y |r lre _____ lo degree _____ rarge. ,
55Tre W|dlr ol a rorr arlerra |s 8 cr. Tre re|grl |s cr. Tre operal|rg lrequercy |s 8 0lz. Tre oear arg|e |s _____ degrees. Tre ga|r |s
_____ d. Assure | = 0.5.
56lorr arlerras rave _____ (rarroW, W|de) oardW|dlr.
57Tre georelr|c srape ol a r|croWave rel|eclor |s a(r) _____.
58lr order lor a d|sr, rel|eclor lo Wor|, lre arlerra rusl oe |ocaled al lre _____ ol lre d|sr.
59Tre arlerra used W|lr a d|sr rel|eclor |s usua||y a(r) _____.
6A paraoo||c rel|eclor arlerra ras a d|areler ol 9 r. Tre lrequercy ol operal|or |s 8 0lz. Tre ga|r |s _____ d. Tre oear W|dlr |s _____ .
6Tre ellecl ol a paraoo||c rel|eclor or ar arlerra |s lo _____ ga|r ard _____ oear W|dlr.
62A d|sr W|lr a rorr al |ls cerler ard a sra|| rel|eclor al lre loca| po|rl |s sa|d lo use _____ leed.
63Tre oerel|ls ol a re||ca| arlerra are |ls _____ ard _____.
64Tre ga|r ol a re||ca| arlerra |s lyp|ca||y |r lre _____ lo _____ -d rarge.
65Tre oear W|dlr ol a re||ca| arlerra |s |r lre _____ lo _____ degree rarge.
66Tre re||ca| arlerra rad|ales a(r) _____ po|ar|zed Wave.
67Tre acroryr RlCP rears _____.
68A popu|ar orr| d|recl|ora| r|croWave arlerra |s lre _____.
69True or la|se. A re||ca| arlerra W||| rece|ve e|lrer verl|ca| or ror|zorla||y po|ar|zed s|gra|s.
7True or la|se. Ar RlCP arlerra car rece|ve a s|gra| lror ar LlCP arlerra.


A$ER$

1
2 oardW|dlr or speclrur
3 rore d|ll|cu|l lo ara|yze; d|llererl reasurererl lecrr|ques; res|slors, capac|lors, ard |rduclors acl |||e LCR c|rcu|ls; corverl|ora|
ser|corduclors do rol Wor| oW|rg lo |rlerra| capac|larces ard |org lrars|l l|re; spec|a|, expers|ve vacuur luoes are used lor poWer
arp||l|cal|or; ||re-ol-s|grl lrarsr|ss|or d|llererces; excess|ve s|gra| rel|ecl|or ard aosorpl|or
4 le|eprore, radar
5 le|ev|s|or s|gra| re|ay, space corrur|cal|ors, rad|o le|escopes, r|croWave real|rg
6 Federa| Corrur|cal|ors Corr|ss|or
7 |rproved rece|ver se|ecl|v|ly, $$, ru|l|p|ex|rg, reduced F dev|al|or
8 |rlerra| capac|larce, |org lrars|l l|re
9 LCR
3, 3.
lrue
2allerual|or
3
4Wavegu|de
5r|croslr|p, slr|p||re
6prooe, |oop
7r|gr-pass
81.921
9(a) lrue, (o) la|se
2l, E
2 TE0,1
22lrarsverse ragrel|c
23cav|ly resoralor
24para||e| resorarl
25lured c|rcu|ls, l||lers
26resorarl lrequercy
27r|gr capac|larce, r|gr |rduclarce, |org lrars|l l|re
28P-lype s|||cor, lurgsler Wr|s|er
29$croll|y oarr|er, or rol carr|er
3r|xer
3varaclor
32varaclor, srap-oll or slep-recovery d|ode
330urr
34lPATT, TRAPATT, lurre|
35regal|ve res|slarce
36reverse
37lorWard
38lrue
39la|se
4arp||l|er
4cav|ly resoralors
42ve|oc|ly
43ourcrer, calcrer
44rel|ex
450urr d|odes, TTs
46perrarerl ragrel
47radar, r|croWave overs
48arp||l|er
49re||x
5oardW|dlr
5rorr
52|rcrease, decrease
5311.8
5410, 0
553Z.5, 13.3
56W|de
57paraoo|a
58loca| po|rl
59rorr
655.39, 0.212
6|rcrease, decrease
62Cassegra|r
63s|rp||c|ly, |oW cosl
6412, 20
6512, 15
66c|rcu|ar|y
67r|grl-rard c|rcu|ar po|ar|zal|or
68o|core
69lrue
7la|se
ClAPTER 11
|ntroduct|on to 8ate|||te 6ommun|cat|ons


A sale|||le |s a prys|ca| oojecl lral oro|ls a ce|esl|a| oody.

2 A corrur|cal|ors sale|||le corla|r|rg e|eclror|c equ|prerl acls as a repealer or re|ay slal|or oelWeer lWo earlr slal|ors.

3 Tre oas|c corporerl ol a corrur|cal|ors sale|||le |s a rece|ver-lrarsr|ller coro|ral|or ca||ed a lrarsporder.

4 A sale|||le slays |r oro|l oecause lre grav|lal|ora| pu|| ol lre earlr, |s oa|arced oy lre' cerlr|pela| lorce ol lre revo|v|rg sale|||le.

5 $ale|||le oro|ls aooul lre earlr are e|lrer c|rcu|ar or e|||pl|ca|.

6 $ale|||les oro|l lre earlr lror re|grls ol 100 lo 22,300 r| ard lrave| al speeds ol 800 lo 1Z,500 r|/r.

7 A sale|||le lral oro|ls d|recl|y over lre equalor 22,300 r| lror earlr |s sa|d lo oe |r a geoslal|orary oro|l. ll revo|ves |r syrcrror|sr W|lr lre
earlr's rolal|or, so |l appears lo oe slal|orary Wrer seer lror po|rls or lre earlr.

8 A sale|||le |s slao|||zed |r oro|l oy sp|rr|rg |l or |ls ax|s or ou||d|rg |r sp|rr|rg l|yWree|s lor eacr rajor ax|s (ro||, p|lcr, yaW).

9 All|lude adjuslrerls or a sale|||le are rade oy l|r|rg sra|| jel lrruslers lo crarge lre sale|||le's pos|l|or or speed.

Tre |ocal|or ol a sale|||le |s delerr|red W|lr |al|lude ard |org|lude reasurererls lral des|grale a po|rl or lre earlr suosale|||le po|rl ($$P)
d|recl|y oe|oW lre sale|||le.

Az|rulr ard e|eval|or arg|es delerr|re Wrere lo po|rl ar earlr slal|or so lral |l |rlercepls lre sale|||le.
2$ale|||les are |aurcred |rlo oro|l oy roc|els lral g|ve lrer verl|ca| as We|| as lorWard rol|or.

3A geosyrcrrorous sale|||le |s |r|l|a||y pul |rlo ar e|||pl|ca| oro|l Wrere |ls apogee |s 22,300 r| r|gr. Tre apogee ||c| rolor |s lrer l|red lo pul lre
sale|||le |rlo |ls l|ra| c|rcu|ar geoslal|orary oro|l.

4ary sale|||les are pul |rlo oro|l oy |aurcr|rg lrer lror A$A's space srull|e.

5osl sale|||les operale |r lre r|croWave reg|or.

6|croWave sale|||les operale or ass|gred lrequercy oards des|graled oy a |eller. Corror corrur|cal|ors sale|||le oards are lre C (3.1 lo
.125 0lz) ard Ku (10.95 lo 11.5 0lz) oards.

7$ale|||le oards are lyp|ca||y 500 lz W|de ard are d|v|ded |rlo 12 segrerls, eacr 3 lz W|de. A lrarsporder |s used lo cover eacr segrerl.

8Frequercy reuse |s a lecrr|que lral a||oWs lWo sels ol lrarsporders lo operale or lre sare lrequercy, lrus douo||rg crarre| capac|ly. Tre
lWo sels ol crarre|s use arlerras ol d|llererl po|ar|zal|ors lo preverl |rlerlererce W|lr ore arolrer.
9$pal|a| |so|al|or |s arolrer lecrr|que lor lrequercy srar|rg. ll uses r|gr|y d|recl|ora| spol-oear arlerras lo preverl |rlerlererce oelWeer
slal|ors or lre sare lrequercy.

2Tre ra|r suosyslers |r a sale|||le are lre corrur|cal|ors; poWer; le|erelry, lrac||rg; ard corlro| (TlC); propu|s|or; all|lude slao|||zal|or; ard
arlerra suosyslers.

2A lrarsporder cors|sls ol a |oW-ro|se arp||l|er (LA) lral rece|ves ard arp||l|es lre up-||r| s|gra|, a r|xer lral corverls lre s|gra| lo arolrer
(|oWer) lrequercy, ard a r|gr-poWer arp||l|er lral relrarsr|ls lre s|gra| or |ls reW doWr-||r| lrequercy.

220ouo|e-corvers|or lrarsporders use lWo, r|xers, ore lo lrars|ale lre up-||r| s|gra| lo ar lF Wrere |l |s arp||l|ed ard l||lered, ard arolrer lo
lrars|ale lre s|gra| lo |ls l|ra| doWr-||r| lrequercy.

23Regereral|ve lrarsporders derodu|ale lre up-||r| s|gra| lo recover lre oaseoard s|gra|s ard lrer use lrer lo rerodu|ale a doWr||r|
lrarsr|ller. Tr|s |rproves lre $lh ral|o.

24lr a oroadoard lrarsporder, a s|rg|e r|xer corverls a|| crarre|s W|lr|r lre 500-lz oardW|dlr s|ru|lareous|y lo lre|r doWr||r| lrequerc|es.
Trese are se|ecled oy crarre| oardpass l||lers ard lrer arp||l|ed oy |rd|v|dua| poWer arp||l|ers.

25lr a crarre||zed lrarsporder, eacr crarre| ras |ls oWr LA, oardpass l||lers, r|xer, ard r|gr-poWer arp||l|er.

26Tre poWer suosysler cors|sls ol so|ar pare|s, oaller|es, dc-lo-dc corverlers, ard regu|alors. Tre so|ar pare|s corverl sur||grl |rlo de poWer lo
operale a|| sale|||le e|eclror|cs ard lo crarge lre oaller|es lral la|e over Wrer sur||grl |s o|oc|ed.

27Tre TTC suosysler corla|rs a rece|ver lral p|c|s up corrards lror a grourd slal|or ard lrars|ales lrer |rlo corlro| s|gra|s lral |r|l|ale
sore acl|or or ooard. Tre le|erelry sysler ror|lors prys|ca| cord|l|ors W|lr|r lre sale|||les ard corverls lrer |rlo e|eclr|ca| s|gra|s lral are
lrarsr|lled oac| lo earlr.

28Tre propu|s|or sysler cors|sls ol lre apogee ||c| rolor lral puls lre sale|||le |rlo l|ra| oro|l ard lre jel lrruslers lral are used lor pos|l|or|rg
ard all|lude corlro|.

29Tre slao|||zal|or suosysler lor all|lude corlro| cors|sls ol sp|r corporerls or lrree-ax|s l|yWree| gyros.

3Tre arlerra sysler cors|sls ol ore or rore r|gr|y d|recl|ora| rorr or paraoo||c arlerras ard ar orr|d|recl|ora| TTC arlerra.

3Earlr slal|ors cors|sl ol lrarsr|l, rece|ve, poWer, arlerra, TlC, ard grourd corlro| equ|prerl (0CE) suosyslers.

32Tre lrarsr|l suosysler la|es lre oaseoard vo|ce, v|deo, or corpuler dala s|gra|s: ru|l|p|exes lrer; ard uses lre corpos|le s|gra| lo
rodu|ale a carr|er. Ar up corverler lrars|ales lre s|gra| lo |ls l|ra| up-||r| lrequercy oelore |l |s arp||l|ed ard lrarsr|lled.

33Tre rosl corror lorrs ol rodu|al|or used are F ard 0P$K.

34Trars|slor poWer arp||l|ers are used |r |oW-poWer earlr slal|ors; ||yslrors are used |r r|gr-poWer rarroWoard slal|ors; ard TTs are used |r
r|gr-poWer oroadoard slal|ors.

35Earlr slal|ors lealure |arge- paraoo||c d|sr arlerras W|lr r|gr ga|r ard d|recl|v|ly lor rece|v|rg lre Wea| sale|||le s|gra|.
36Tre rece|ve suosysler |r ar earlr slal|or arp||l|es lre s|gra| W|lr ar LA ard lrer separales lre crarre|s W|lr oardpass l||lers. 0oWr
corverers lrars|ale lre s|gra|s lo a |oWer lF Wrere lrey are derodu|aled ard deru|l|p|exed.

37Tre 0CE |r ar earlr slal|or |rlerlaces lre oaseoard s|gra|s lo lre lrarsr|l ard rece|ve suosyslers. Tre rece|ve 0CE perlorrs derodu|al|or
ard deru|l|p|ex|rg. Tre lrarsr|l 0CE perlorrs rodu|al|or ard ru|l|p|ex|rg.

38Tre rosl corror app||cal|or lor sale|||les |s corrur|cal|ors.

39Arolrer rajor use ol sale|||les |s surve|||arce ard recorra|ssarce.

4F||r careras, Tv careras, |rlrared sersors, ard radars are a|| used lo ooserve a var|ely ol cord|l|ors or earlr lror surve|||arce sale|||les.

4$ale|||les p|aya rajor ro|e |r r|||lary ard delerse syslers rol or|y lor corrur|cal|ors oul a|so lor surve|||arce.

42Tre 21-sale|||le 0|ooa| Pos|l|or|rg $ysler (0P$) ra|es accurale rav|gal|or poss|o|e aryWrere or earlr W|lr a |oW-cosl r|croWave rece|ver.

43Corsurers use sale|||le Tv rece|vers lo |rlercepl Tv s|gra|s lrarsr|lled oy relWor|s ard cao|e Tv corpar|es.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

A sale|||le |s |epl |r oro|l oy a oa|arce oelWeer lWo lorces: _____.
2 A sale|||le lral revo|ves |r lre sare d|recl|or as lre earlr rolales |s sa|d lo oe |r a _____ (pos|grade, relrograde) oro|l.
3 Tre georelr|c srape ol a rorc|rcu|ar oro|l |s a(r) _____.
4 Tre cerler ol grav|ly ol lre earlr |s ca||ed lre _____.
5 Tre l|re lor ore oro|l |s ca||ed lre _____.
6 Tre arg|e ol |rc||ral|or ol a sale|||le |s _____ degrees |l |l oro|ls over lre equalor ard |s _____ degrees |l |l oro|ls over lre rorlr ard soulr
po|es.
7 To preverl excess|ve s|gra| allerual|or ard ro|se |r lre alrosprere, sale|||le arg|es ol e|eval|or ol |ess lrar _____ degrees srou|d oe
avo|ded.
8 A sale|||le lral rolales arourd lre equalor 22,300 r| lror lre earlr |s sa|d lo oe |r _____ oro|l.
9 $ra|| jel lrruslers or a sale|||le are l|red lo correcl lre sale|l|le's _____.
are lWo Ways sale|||les are slao|||zed |r space.
Tre lrree axes ol a sale|||le are _____.
2Tre po|rl or lre earlr d|recl|y oe|oW a sale|||le |s ca||ed lre _____.
3$ale|||les are |ocaled oy earlr coord|rales expressed |r lerrs ol _____.
4Tre lWo arg|es used lo po|rl a grourd slal|or arlerra are _____.
5A sale|||le |s pul |rlo l|ra| geosyrcrrorous oro|l lror |ls lrarsler oro|l oy l|r|rg lre _____.
6Tre rosl corror use ol a sale|||le |s _____.
7A corrur|cal|ors sale|||le |s oas|ca||y a rad|o _____.
8A(r) _____ lrarsr|ls ar up-||r| s|gra| lo lre sale|||le.
9Tre s|gra| palr lror a sale|||le lo a grourd slal|or |s ca||ed lre _____.
2Tre oas|c corrur|cal|ors e|eclror|cs ur|l or a sale|||le |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
2osl corrur|cal|ors sale|||les operale |r lre _____ lrequercy rarge.
22Tre rosl popu|ar sale|||le lrequercy rarge |s 1 lo 0lz ard |s ca||ed lre _____ oard.
23|||lary sale|||les oller operale |r lre _____ oard.
24Tre Ku oard exlerds lror _____ lo _____ 0lz.
25Tre oardW|dlr ol a lyp|ca| sale|||le |s _____ lz.
26A lyp|ca| C oard lrarsporder car carry _____ crarre|s, eacr W|lr a oardW|dlr ol _____ lz.
27Tre lerr used lo reler lo lre lecrr|que ol us|rg arlerra po|ar|zal|or lo separale s|gra|s or lre sare lrequercy lo douo|e lre ruroer ol
crarre|s |s _____.
28&s|rg very rarroW oear W|dlr arlerras lo |so|ale s|gra|s or lre sare lrequercy |s |roWr as _____.
29Tre rosl corror oaseoard s|gra|s rard|ed oy a sale|||le are _____.
3Tre |rpul c|rcu|l lo a lrarsporder |s lre _____.
3L|sl lre lrree ra|r lurcl|ors ol a lrarsporder.
32A(r) _____ c|rcu|l |r lre lrarsporder perlorrs lre lrequercy corvers|or.
33PoWer arp||l|cal|or |r a lrarsporder |s usua||y prov|ded oy a(r) _____.
34A(r) _____ lrarsporder prov|des arp||l|cal|or al ar lF ol Z0 or 150 lz.
35A lrarsporder lral derodu|ales lre oaseoard s|gra|s ard lrer rerodu|ales a carr|er |s |roWr as a(r) _____ lrarsporder.
36Tre c|rcu|l lral prov|des crarre||zal|or |r a lrarsporder |s lre _____.
37Tre lWo oas|c arcr|leclures lor ru|l|crarre| lrarsporders are _____.
38Tre ra|r poWer supp||es |r a sale|||le are lre _____.
390ur|rg ar ec||pse, lre sale|||le |s poWered oy _____.
4Tre TTC suosysler |s used lo _____ operal|ors or a sale|||le.
4All|lude correcl|or |s rade oy l|r|rg _____.
42Tre s|gra|s lo oe corrur|caled oy' lre earlr slal|or lo lre sale|||le are |roWr as _____ s|gra|s.
43Tre rece|ve or up-||r| suosysler uses a _____ lo lrars|ale lre sale|||le s|gra| lo ar lF oelore derodu|al|or ard deru|l|p|ex|rg.
44A corror lF |r ar earlr slal|or rece|ver |s _____ lz.
45Tre lurcl|ors perlorred oy lre rece|ve 0CE secl|or are _____.
46Tre lurcl|ors perlorred oy lre lrarsr|l 0CE secl|or are _____.
47Tre lWo lypes ol rodu|al|or used |r lre lrarsr|l 0eE are _____.
48A(r) _____ |r lre lrarsr|l suosecl|or lrars|ales lre rodu|aled s|gra| lo lre l|ra| lrarsr|ss|or lrequercy.
49_____ are oller used lo rep|ace Los lor crarre| se|ecl|or |r earlr slal|or lrarsr|llers ard rece|vers.
5L|sl lre lrree ra|r lypes ol poWer arp||l|ers used |r earlr slal|ors.
5osl earlr slal|ors operale lror lre ac poWer ||re oul rave ou||l-|r _____ lor erergercy operal|or.
52True or la|se. A|| earlr slal|ors corla|r le|erelry, corlro|, ard |rslrurerlal|or suosyslers.
53Tre ra|r use ol sale|||les |s lor _____.
54are lour lypes ol surve|||arce sersors.
55ral are lre rare ard lre purpose ol lre 21-sale|||le sysler deve|oped oy lre r|||lary?
56are lrree uses lor surve|||arce sale|||les.
57Corsurers use sale|||les lor _____.


A$ER$

cerlr|pela| lorce, grav|lal|ora| pu||
2 pos|grade
3 e|||pse
4 geocerler
5 per|od
6 0,90
7 5
8 geosyrcrrorous or geoslal|orary
9 all|lude
sp|r, lrree-ax|s slao|||zal|or
yaW, p|lcr, ro||
2suosale|||le po|rl
3|al|lude, |org|lude
4az|rulr, e|eval|or
5apogee ||c| rolor
6corrur|cal|ors
7re|ay slal|or
8earlr slal|or
9doWr ||r|
2lrarsporder
2r|croWave
22C
23X
2410.95, 11.5
25500
2612,3
27lrequercy reuse
28spal|a| |so|al|or
29vo|ce, v|deo, corpuler or d|g|la| dala
3|oW-ro|se arp||l|er
3s|gra| arp||l|cal|or, lrequercy lrars|al|or, poWer arp||l|cal|or
32r|xer
33TT
34douo|e-corvers|or
35regereral|ve
36oardpass l||ler
37oroadoard, ru|l|crarre|
38so|ar pare|s
39oaller|es
4ror|lor, corlro|
4jel lrruslers
42oaseoard
43doWr corverler
44Z0
45derodu|al|or, deru|l|p|ex|rg
46rodu|al|or, ru|l|p|ex|rg
47F, 0P$K
48up corverler
49lrequercy syrlres|zers
5lrars|slor, TT, ||yslror
5oac|up poWer or ur|rlerrupl|o|e poWer supp|y
52la|se
53corrur|cal|ors
54l||r careras, Tv careras, rlrared sersors, radar
550|ooa| Pos|l|or|rg $ysler (0P$), rav|gal|or
56Wealrer lorecasl|rg, spy|rg, earlr resources, ror|lor|rg
57Tv recepl|or
ClAPTER 12
0ata 6ommun|cat|ons


0ala corrur|cal|ors |s lre lrarsr|ss|or ard recepl|or ol o|rary dala oelWeer corpulers ard olrer d|g|la| equ|prerl.

2 Tre ear||esl lorr ol e|eclror|c corrur|cal|ors, lre le|egrapr, Was a lype ol dala corrur|cal|ors.

3 Turr|rg a carr|er oll ard or |r a code ol dols ard dasres |s a ||rd ol dala corrur|cal|ors |roWr as corl|ruous Wave (C).

4 Te|elype |s a lorr ol le|egrapr lral uses lre 5-o|l audol code lo lrarsr|l oelWeer lypeWr|lers |||e ur|ls.

5 Tre rosl W|de|y used o|rary dala corrur|cal|ors code |s lre Z-o|l Arer|car $lardard Code lor lrlorral|or lrlercrarge (A$Cll).

6 Arolrer popu|ar code |s lre 8-o|l Exlerded |rary Coded 0ec|ra| lrler- crarge Code (EC0lC) used ra|r|y |r l syslers.

7 Tre lWo ra|r relrods ol dala lrarsr|ss|or are ser|a| ard para||e|. lr ser|a| lrarsr|ss|or, eacr o|l |s lrarsr|lled sequerl|a||y. lr para||e|
lrarsr|ss|or, a|| o|ls are lrarsr|lled s|ru|lareous|y.

8 $er|a| lrarslers are s|oWer lrar para||e| lrarslers oul requ|re or|y a s|rg|e ||re or crarre|. Para||e| lrarslers requ|re ru|l|p|e crarre|s ol ||res
ca||ed a ous.

9 Tre speed ol dala lrarsr|ss|or |s des|graled |r lerrs ol o|ls per secord (o|ls/s) or oaud.

aud rale |s lre ruroer ol syroo| crarges per secord. A syroo| |s ar arp||lude, lrequercy, or prase crarge.

Tre crarre|-or o|l-rale capac|ly ol a crarre| |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo lre crarre| oardW|dlr ard lre l|re ol lrarsr|ss|or.

2Tre crarre| capac|ly or o|rary s|gra| lrarsr|ss|or speed C |r o|ls per secord |s equa| lo lW|ce lre crarre| oardW|dlr 3 Wrer ro ro|se |s
preserl (C = 2).

3rer ru|l|p|e |eve|s or syroo|s are used lo ercode lre dala, lre crarre| capac|ly C |s grealer lor a g|ver oardW|dlr 3, or C = 23lo2h Wrere
h |s lre ruroer ol syroo|s used.

4Tre crarre| capac|ly C |r o|ls per secord |s proporl|ora| lo lre crarre| oardW|dlr 3 ard lre poWer $l ral|o, or C = 3|o2 l1 $lhj

5Tre, o|l rale |s r|grer lrar lre oaud (syroo|) rale |l ru|l|p|e-|eve| (syroo|) ercod|rg |s used.

6Tre lWo relrods ol dala lrarsr|ss|or are asyrcrrorous ard syrcrrorous. lr asyrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or, dala |s serl ore craracler al a l|re
W|lr slarl ard slop o|ls. lr syrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or, dala |s serl as a corl|ruous o|oc| ol ru|l|p|e craraclers lrared W|lr syrcrror|zal|or
craraclers.

7$yrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or |s lasler lrar asyrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or.

8lr dala corrur|cal|ors, a o|rary 1 |s relerred lo as a rar| ard a o|rary 0 as a space.

9$|gra|s, Wrelrer vo|ce, v|deo, or o|rary, lrarsr|lled d|recl|y over a cao|e are |roWr as oaseoard s|gra|s.

2vo|ce ard v|deo s|gra|s are ara|og oul ray oe corverled lo d|g|la| lor dala corrur|cal|ors lrarsr|ss|or.

2$|gra|s lral |rvo|ve a rodu|aled carr|er a ca||ed oroadoard s|gra|s.

22Corrur|cal|ors ol o|rary dala s|gra| over lre le|eprore relWor| Wr|cr |s des|gred lor ara|og s|gra|s |s rade poss|o|e oy us|rg a roder.

23A roder |s a rodu|alor-derodu|alor ur|l lral corverls d|g|la| s|gra|s lo ara|og ard v|ce versa.

24Tre rosl corror|y used rodu|al|or lecrr|ques |r roders are lrequercy-sr|ll |ey|rg (F$K), prase-sr|ll |ey|rg (P$K), ard quadralure
arp||lude rodu|al|or (0A).

25Frequercy-sr|ll |ey|rg uses lWo lrequerc|es lor o|rary 0 ard 1 (10Z0 ard 12Z0 lz or 2025 ard 2225 |lz). ll operales al speeds ol 300 oaud
or |ess.

26oders capao|e ol lrarsr|ll|rg al slardard r|grer rales ol 1200, 2100, 1800, ard 900 o|ls/s use P$K ard/or 0A.

27|rary P$K (P$K) uses a carr|er ol 100 or 1Z00 lz Wrere a prase ol 0 represerls a o|rary 0 ard a 1800 prase sr|ll represerls a o|rary 1,
or v|ce versa.

28|rary P$K |s gereraled oy a oa|arced rodu|alor.

29|rary P$K |s derodu|aled oy a oa|arced rodu|alor.

3To proper|y derodu|ale P$K, lre carr|er al lre derodu|alor rusl rave exacl|y lre sare prase as lre lrarsr|ll|rg carr|er.

3A spec|a| carr|er recovery c|rcu|l |r lre rece|ver produces lre correcl prase carr|er lror lre P$K s|gra|.

320|llererl|a| P$K e||r|rales lre reed lor a spec|a| relererce prase carr|er oy us|rg a cod|rg lecrr|que Wrere lre prase ol eacr o|l |s relererced
lo lre prev|ous o|l.

330uadralure P$K uses lour equa||y spaced prase sr|lls ol lre carr|er lo represerl lWo o|ls (d|o|l). For exarp|e, 00 = 15, 01 = 135,11 = 225,
10 = 315.

34lr 8-P$K, 3 o|ls are coded per prase crarge. lr 1-P$K, 1 o|ls are coded per prase crarge. Trus lre o|l rale |s 3 or 1 l|res lre syroo| rale
crarge or oaud rale.

350uadralure arp||lude rodu|al|or uses a coro|ral|or ol 0P$K ard lWo-|eve| A lo code 3 o|ls per oaud. Eacr ol lre e|grl poss|o|e 3-o|l
coro|ral|ors |s represerled oy a ur|que prase ard arp||lude s|gra|.

36A proloco| |s a ru|e or procedure lral del|res roW dala |s serl ard rece|ved.

37Proloco|s |rc|ude rardsra||rg s|gra|s oelWeer lre lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver lral |rd|cale lre slalus ol eacr.

38Tre Xroder proloco| |s W|de|y used |r persora| corpulers.

39lr syrcrrorous corrur|cal|ors, a var|ely ol spec|a| craraclers are serl oelore ard aller lre o|oc| ol dala lo ersure lral lre dala |s correcl|y
rece|ved.

4|l errors lral occur dur|rg lrarsr|ss|or are caused pr|rar||y oy ro|se.

4Tre ral|o ol lre ruroer ol o|l errors lral occur lor a g|ver ruroer ol o|ls lrarsr|lled |s |roWr as lre o|l error rale (ER).

42Error-delecl|or ard -correcl|or screres rave oeer dev|sed lo reduce o|l errors ard |rcrease dala accuracy.

430re ol lre rosl W|de|y used error delecl|or screres add a par|ly o|l lo eacr craracler lrarsr|lled, ra||rg lre lola| ruroer ol o|rary ls
lrarsr|lled odd or ever. ll a o|l error occurs, lre par|ly o|l der|ved al lre rece|ver W||| d|ller lror lre ore lrarsr|lled.

44Par|ly gereralor c|rcu|ls are rade up ol ru|l|p|e |eve|s ol exc|us|ve 0R (X0R) gales.

45Arolrer rare lor par|ly |s verl|ca| redurdarcy crec| (vRC).

46Tre |org|lud|ra| redurdarcy crec| (LRC) |s arolrer Way lo lesl lor errors. Correspord|rg o|ls |r adjacerl dala Words are exc|us|ve-0Red lo
gererale a o|oc| crec| craracler (CC) lral |s apperded lo lre lrarsr|lled o|oc|.

47Tre vRC ard LRC prov|de a coord|rale sysler lral W||| |derl|ly lre exacl |ocal|or ol a o|l error so lral |l ray oe correcled.

48A W|de|y used error-delecl|or screre |s lre cyc||ca| redurdarcy crec| (CRC) Wrere lre dala o|oc| |s d|v|ded, oy a corslarl lo produce a
quol|erl ard rera|rder. Tre rera|rder |s lre CRC craracler Wr|cr |s allacred lo lre lrarsr|lled dala o|oc| ard corpared lo lre CRC
corpuled al lre rece|ver.

49A relWor| |s ary |rlercorrecl|or ol lWo or rore slal|ors lral car corrur|cale W|lr ore arolrer.

5Ar exarp|e ol a W|de area relWor| (A)|s lre le|eprore sysler. Ar exarp|e ol a relropo||lar area relWor| (A) |s a cao|e Tv sysler.

5A |oca| area relWor| (LA)|s ar |rlercorrecl|or ol slal|ors |r a sra|| area over srorl d|slarces sucr as |r ar oll|ce ou||d|rg, or a r|||lary oase,
or or a co||ege carpus.

52Loca| area relWor|s Were corce|ved lo a||oW PC users lo srare expers|ve per|prera|s sucr as rard d|s|s ard pr|rlers oul are roW used lor
gerera| corrur|cal|or ard lre srar|rg ol sollWare ard dala.

53Tre rosl corror prys|ca| corl|gural|ors or lopo|og|es ol LAs are lre slar, r|rg, ard ous.

54Tre ous |s lre laslesl. Tre r|rg |s lre |easl expers|ve oul |s d|sao|ed |l ore slal|or la||s.

55Tre slar corl|gural|or |s corror|y used lo correcl rary lerr|ra|s ard PCs lo a |arger ra|rlrare or r|r|corpuler.

56Tre lrree rosl corror|y used lrarsr|ss|or red|a |r relWor|s are lW|sled pa|r, coax, ard l|oer-opl|c cao|e.
57TW|sled pa|r |s |rexpers|ve ard easy lo Wor| W|lr ard |s W|de|y used lor srorl d|slarce, |oW-speed LAs. ll |s rol sr|e|ded, so |l |s suscepl|o|e lo
ro|se.

58Coax |s lre rosl W|de|y used red|ur oecause ol |ls r|gr-speed capao|||ly ard |ls sr|e|d|rg aga|rsl ro|se.

59F|oer-opl|c cao|e |s groW|rg |r usage as |ls pr|ce dec||res. ll ras lre r|gresl speed capao|||ly ol ary red|ur.
6Loca| area relWor|s use oolr oaseoard ard oroadoard lecrr|ques. aseoard relers lo lrarsr|ll|rg lre |rlorral|or s|gra| d|recl|y or lre
red|ur.

6roadoard relers lo us|rg rodu|al|or lecrr|ques lo lrarsr|l lre dala or carr|ers lral car oe ass|gred spec|l|c crarre|s over a W|de lrequercy
rarge or a corror red|ur.

62roadoard syslers requ|re lre use ol roders al eacr rode.

63$pread speclrur ($$) |s a rodu|al|or ard ru|l|p|ex|rg lecrr|que used pr|rar||y |r dala corrur|cal|ors lral de||oerale|y spreads lre s|gra|
oul over a W|de oardW|dlr ralrer lrar lry|rg lo reslr|cl |l lo a rarroW oard.

64Tre lWo rosl W|de|y used lypes ol spread speclrur are lrequercy ropp|rg (Fl) ard d|recl sequerce (0$).

65$pread speclrur ollers lre oerel|ls ol pr|vacy or secur|ly ol corrur|cal|ors, |rrur|ly lo jarr|rg, ard |oWer sers|l|v|ly lo lrequercy-se|ecl|ve
lad|rg.

66lr lrequercy-ropp|rg $$, lre ser|a| o|rary dala usua||y rodu|ales a carr|er oy F$K. Tre F$K s|gra| |s r|xed W|lr a s|re Wave lror a lrequercy
syrlres|zer lo lorr lre l|ra| RF s|gra|. Tre lrequercy syrlres|zer |s sW|lcred al a rale ol speed r|grer lrar lre rale ol lre dala s|gra|, dWe|||rg
or|y or|el|y or eacr ol rary crarre| lrequerc|es. Trus, lre s|gra| |s oro|er up |rlo sra|| p|eces ard spread over a W|de lrequercy rarge.

67Tre lrequercy-ropp|rg screre |s corlro||ed oy a pseudorardor o|rary code lral sW|lcres al rardor lror o|rary 0 lo 1 ard v|ce versa. Tre
rardor ralure ol lre s|gra| causes lre lrequercy lo jurp a|| over lre oard, d|slr|oul|rg p|eces ol lre s|gra| r|lrer ard yor. Tre pseudorardor
code acls |||e d|g|la| ro|se ard lrus |s ca||ed a pseudorardor ro|se (P$) code.

68lr d|recl-sequerce $$, lre ser|a| dala |s r|xed W|lr a r|grer-lrequercy P$ code |r ar X-0R c|rcu|l. Tre resu|l|rg r|grer lrequercy o|rary
s|gra| produces rore r|grer-lrequercy s|deoards, lrereoy spread|rg lre s|gra| oul over a W|der oardW|dlr. Tre X-0R oulpul usua||y prase-
rodu|ales lre l|ra| carr|er.

69ecause ar $$ s|gra| |s spread oul rardor|y over a W|de oardW|dlr, rary s|gra|s car srare a oard W|lroul |rlerlererce. A rarroWoard
rece|ver W||| ro respord lo ar $$ s|gra| excepl lo |rlerprel lre rardor s|gra|s as a lorr ol |oW-|eve| ro|se.

7Tre ra|r proo|er |r rece|v|rg $$ s|gra|s |s |r acqu|r|rg lre s|gra| ard syrcrror|z|rg lre lrarsr|lled P$ code lo lre sare |rlerra||y
gereraled P$ code |r lre rece|ver. lr d|recl-sequerce $$, ar e|eclror|c corre|alor c|rcu|l |s respors|o|e lor acr|ev|rg syrcrror|sr.

70|llererl slal|ors srar|rg a g|ver oard are del|red ard |derl|l|ed oy lre|r ur|que P$ code.


72$pread speclrur Was or|g|ra||y deve|oped lor ard used |r r|||lary equ|prerl. lr 1985, lre FCC aulror|zed $$ lor correrc|a| or c|v|||ar use |r
lre 902- lo 928-, 2100- lo 2183-, ard 5Z25- lo 51150-lz oards.

73Tre reW app||cal|ors lor spread speclrur |rc|ude W|re|ess LAs, W|re|ess corpuler roders, ard le|erelry syslers.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

0ala corrur|cal|ors |s lre lrarsr|ss|or ol _____ |rlorral|or.
2 True or la|se. Aud|o ard v|deo s|gra|s ray oe lrarsr|lled us|rg dala corrur|cal|ors lecrr|ques.
3 Tre ear||esl lorr ol dala corrur|cal|ors Was lre _____.
4 Tre ear||esl lorr ol rad|o dala corrur|cal|ors |s |roWr as _____.
5 Tre orse code |s rade up ol coro|ral|ors ol _____ ard _____ lo represerl craraclers.
6 0|ve lre orse code lor lre lo||oW|rg craraclers (see F|g. 12-2): K, 8, ,. (page 310-Frerze|)
7 Tre 5-o|l code used |r le|elype syslers |s ca||ed lre _____ code.
8 A sysler ol dala corrur|cal|ors us|rg lype Wr|ler |||e dev|ces lo serd ard rece|ve coded ressages |s |roWr as _____.
9 ll |r lre audol code lre craracler 11011 |s serl ard lrer lre code 00111, lre craracler _____ |s rece|ved.
Tre rosl W|de|y used o|rary dala code |s _____ Wr|cr uses Z o|ls lo represerl craraclers.
Ar 8-o|l dala code used |r l syslers |s |roWr as _____.
2r|le lre A$Cll codes lor lre lo||oW|rg craraclers: , 3, ?
3ral A$Cll craracler |s lrarsr|lled lo r|rg a oe||? EL = _____.
4Tre lWo lypes ol dala lrarsr|ss|or are _____.
5True or la|se. $er|a| dala lrarslers are lasler lrar para||e| lrarslers.
6Tre d|g|la| c|rcu|l oller used lo perlorr para||e|-lo-ser|a| ard ser|a|-lo-para||e| dala corvers|ors |s lre _____
7lr asyrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|ors, _____ ard _____ o|ls are used lo s|gra| lre oeg|rr|rg ard erd ol a craracler.
8Tre speed ol a ser|a| dala lrarsr|ss|or |s usua||y expressed |r _____.
9Tre ruroer ol syroo|s occurr|rg per secord |r a dala lrarsr|ss|or |s ca||ed lre _____.
2True or la|se. Trere car oe rore lrar | o|l per oaud |r dala lrarsr|ss|ors.
2True or la|se. Asyrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or |s lasler lrar syrcrrorous lrarsr|ss|or.
22lr syrcrrorous dala lrarsr|ss|or, dala |s serl |r _____ ol craraclers W|lr spec|a| codes lo s|gra| lre oeg|rr|rg ard erd.
23lr ser|a| dala lrarsr|ss|or, a o|rary 0 |s ca||ed a(r) _____ ard a o|rary 1 |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
24Tre sludy ol ell|c|erl |rlorral|or lrarsler |s |roWr as _____.
25Tre arourl ol |rlorral|or lrarsr|lled |s proporl|ora| lo lre sysler _____ ard lre _____ a||oWed lor lrarsr|ss|or.
26Tre crarre| capac|ly ol a 5-|lz oardW|dlr o|rary sysler |s _____ o|ls/s assur|rg ro ro|se.
27ll ar 8-|eve| ercod|rg screre |s used |r a 100 |lz oardW|dlr sysler, lre crarre| capac|ly |s _____ o|ls/s.
28True or la|se. u|l||eve| or ru|l|syroo| o|rary ercod|rg screres perr|l rore dala lo oe lrarsr|lled |r |ess l|re, assur|rg a corslarl syroo|
|rlerva|.
29y us|rg a ru|l|syroo| ercod|rg screre, a r|grer o|l rale car' oe acr|eved W|lr _____ (rore, |ess) oardW|dlr.
3Tre crarre| capac|ly ol a -lz crarre| W|lr ar $l ral|o ol 25 d |s _____ o|ls/s.
3Tre r|r|rur a||oWao|e oardW|dlr lor a o|rary s|gra| W|lr a o|l rale ol 200 |o|ls/s |s _____ |lz.
32A roder corla|rs oolr _____ ard _____ c|rcu|ls.
33oders corverl _____ s|gra|s lo _____ s|gra|s ard v|ce versa.
34Tre lrarsr|ss|or red|ur rosl W|de|y used W|lr roders |s lre _____.
35oders are lre |rlerlace oelWeer _____.
36_____ rodu|al|or |s used |r |oW speed roders.
37lr F$K, o|rary 0 ard l |eve|s are represerled oy d|llererl _____.
38lr ar F$Ks roder, a r|gr lrequercy represerls a(r) _____ ard a |oW lrequercy represerls a(r) _____.
39Tre lyp|ca| lrequerc|es used |r a lu|| dup|ex F$K roder are as lo||oWs:
or|g|rale 0 _____ lz ard 1 _____ lz;
arsWer 0 _____ lz ard 1 _____ lz.
4Tre lC used lo perlorr ser|a|-lo-para||e| ard para||e|-lo-ser|a| corvers|ors ard olrer operal|ors |r a roder |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
4Tre rodu|al|or relrod lral represerls o|ls as d|llererl prase sr|lls ol a carr|er |s |roWr as _____.
42lr P$K, prase sr|lls ol _____ degrees ard _____ degrees used lo represerl o|l\ary 0 ard o|rary 1, respecl|ve|y.
43Tre c|rcu|l used lo produce P$K |s a(r) _____.
44Tre c|rcu|l-used lo derodu|ale P$K |s a(r) _____.
45A(r) _____ c|rcu|l |s used lo gererale lre carr|er lo oe used |r derodu|al|rg a P$K s|gra|.
46A carr|er recovery c|rcu|l |s rol reeded W|lr _____ P$K rodu|al|or.
47Tre |ey c|rcu|l used |r a 0P$K rodu|alor |s lre _____.
48Tre ruroer ol d|llererl prase sr|lls used |r 0P$K |s _____.
49lr 0P$K, roW rary o|ls are represerled oy eacr prase sr|ll?
5Tre ruroer ol o|ls represerled oy eacr prase sr|ll |r 1-P$K |s _____.
5Tre c|rcu|l used lo creale a d|o|l |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
52A c|rcu|l lral corverls a 2-o|l o|rary code |rlo ore ol lour dc vo|lage |eve|s |s |roWr as a _____.
530uadralure arp||lude rodu|al|or |s a coro|ral|or ol _____ rodu|al|or ard _____ rodu|al|or.
54True or la|se. oders rusl lrarsr|l s|gra|s |r lre 300-lz lo 3-|lz rarge.
55True or la|se. Carr|er recovery |s rol requ|red |r a 0P$K derodu|alor.
56True or la|se. rer 0P$K |s used, lre o|l rale |s lasler lrar lre oaud (syroo|) rale.
57True or la|se. Eacr prase ard/or arp||lude crarge car represerl or|y ore o|l.
58True or la|se. |lr 0A, a 900 o|ls/s s|gra| car oe lrarsr|lled W|lr|r a 3000-lz oardW|dlr.
59Ru|es ard procedures lral descr|oe roW dala W||| oe lrarsr|lled ard rece|ved are relerred lo as _____.
6L|sl l|ve relrods ol error delecl|or ard correcl|or.
6Tre process ol excrarg|rg s|gra|s oelWeer lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver lo |rd|cale slalus or ava||ao|||ly |s ca||ed _____.
62A popu|ar proloco| used |r persora| corpuler dala corrur|cal|ors |s |roWr as _____.
63A slr|rg ol craraclers ra||rg up a ressage or parl ol a ressage |s relerred lo as a(r) _____ ol dala.
64$lop ard slarl o|ls are used W|lr, _____ (asyrcrrorous, syrcrrorous) dala.
65$yrcrrorous proloco|s usua||y oeg|r W|lr lre _____ craracler.
66Tre craraclers lral |rd|cale ressage ruroer, desl|ral|or, or olrer lacls are co||ecl|ve|y relerred lo as lre _____.
67Tre _____ craracler des|grales lre oeg|rr|rg ol a ressage, Wr||e lre craracler _____ |rd|cales |ls erd.
680re s|rp|e oul l|re-corsur|rg Way lo ersure ar error-lree lrarsr|ss|or |s lo serd lre dala ru|l|p|e l|res. Tr|s |s ca||ed _____.
690re lype ol spec|a| se|l crec||rg error code |s lre _____ code.
7Errors |r dala lrarsr|ss|or are usua||y caused oy _____.
7Tre ral|o ol lre ruroer ol o|l errors lo lre lola| ruroer ol o|ls lrarsr|lled |s |roWr as lre _____.
72A o|l added lo lre lrarsr|lled craracler lo re|p |rd|cale ar error |s ca||ed lre _____ o|l.
73A ruroer added lo lre erd ol a dala o|oc| lo ass|sl |r delecl|rg errors |s |roWr as lre _____
74r|le lre correcl par|ly o|ls lor eacr ruroer.
a. 0dd: 0011000 _____
o. Ever: 1111101 _____
c. 0dd: 0101101 _____
d. Ever: 1000110 _____
75Arolrer rare lor par|ly |s _____.
76Tre oas|c ou||d|rg o|oc| ol a par|ly gereralor c|rcu|l |s lre _____ gale.
77Perlorr|rg ar exc|us|ve 0R or correspord|rg o|ls |r success|ve dala Words produces a(r) Word.
78Ar error-delecl|or sysler lral uses a CC al lre erd ol a o|oc| |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
790|v|d|rg lre dala o|oc| oy a corslarl produces a quol|erl lral |s d|scarded ard a rera|rder ca||ed lre _____ craracler.
8Tre CRC c|rcu|l |s oas|ca||y a(r) _____.
8True or la|se. ll a o|l error carl oe |derl|l|ed, |l car oe correcled.
82Tre le|eprore sysler |s ar exarp|e ol a _____.
83True or la|se. A cao|e Tv sysler |s cors|dered a relWor|.
84osl relWor|s re sra||er ard cover srorler d|slarces ard are relerred lo as _____.
85Tre acroryr PX rears _____.
86True or la|se. PXs carrol oe used W|lr d|g|la| dala.
87Tre lrree ra|r lypes ol LA lopo|og|es are _____.
88A PX |s a lype ol _____ lopo|ogy LA.
89Ar LA lral uses a cerlra| corlro||er lor ru|l|p|e slal|ors |s lre _____ lopo|ogy.
90re lype ol LA correcls ru|l|p|e lerr|ra|s ard PCs lo a |arge cerlra| _____ corpuler.
9A LA |r Wr|cr lre ressage |s passed lror ore slal|or lo lre rexl url|| lre desl|ral|or |s reacred |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
92Tre slal|ors or users |r a relWor| are relerred lo as _____.
93A relWor| |r Wr|cr a|| slal|ors allacr lo a corror cao|e |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
9491: Tre laslesl relWor| corl|gural|or |s lre _____.
95lr a(r) _____ LA corl|gural|or, |l ore slal|or la||s, lre Wro|e sysler la||s.
96A correcl|or lror a LA lo a ra|rlrare corpuler |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
97A correcl|or lror ore LA lo arolrer |s ca||ed a(r), _____.
98Tre lrree lrarsr|ss|or red|a used |r LAs are _____.
99Ar exlerded var|al|or ol lre ous lopo|ogy |s ca||ed lre _____.
L|sl lre lrree ra|r d|sadvarlages ol lW|sled pa|r cao|e.
_____ |s lre rosl W|de|y used red|ur |r LAs.
2Tre red|ur lral perr|ls lre r|gresl dala rales |s _____.
3Tre |orgesl lrarsr|ss|or d|slarces car oe acr|eved W|lr _____ red|ur.
40|ve lre average rax|rur dala rales |r o|ls/s lor eacr red|ur: lW|sled pa|r, coax, l|oer-opl|c cao|e.
5Tre d|g|la|, vo|ce, or v|deo vo|lages are relerred lo as _____ s|gra|s.
6rer lre oas|c dala s|gra| |s serl d|recl|y over lre red|ur, lre lype ol operal|or |s sa|d lo oe _____.
7_____ operal|or uses rodu|al|or lecrr|ques ard F0 lecrr|ques lo |rcrease speed ard lre ruroer ol operal|ora| crarre|s.
8roadoard operal|or requ|res lre use ol a(r) _____ al eacr rode.
9$pread speclrur |s oolr a _____ ard a _____ lecrr|que.
Tre lWo ra|r lypes ol spread speclrur are _____ ard _____.
lr a lrequercy-ropp|rg $$ sysler, a _____ c|rcu|l gererales lre lrarsr|ller lrequercy.
2lr a lrequercy-ropp|rg $$ sysler, a _____ c|rcu|l se|ecls lre lrequercy produced oy lre syrlres|zer.
3True or la|se. Tre rop rale |s s|oWer lrar lre o|l rale ol lre d|g|la| dala.
4To a rarroWoard rece|ver, ar $$ s|gra| appears as a lype ol _____.
5TWo or rore slal|ors us|rg $$ ard srar|rg a corror oard are |derl|l|ed ard d|sl|rgu|sred lror ore arolrer oy lre|r ur|que _____.
6Tre |erglr ol l|re a lrequercy-ropp|rg $$ lrarsr|ller slays or ore lrequercy |s ca||ed lre _____.
7lr a d|recl-sequerce $$ lrarsr|ller, lre dala s|gra| |s r|xed W|lr a P$ s|gra| |r ar _____ c|rcu|l.
8True or la|se. lr a d|recl-sequerce $$ sysler, lre cr|p rale |s lasler lrar lre dala rale.
9Tre lype ol rodu|al|or used W|lr d|recl sequerce $$ |s usua||y _____.
2Tre rosl d|ll|cu|l parl ol $$ corrur|cal|ors |s |r|l|al|rg ard ra|rla|r|rg _____ pr|or lo ard dur|rg lrarsr|ss|or.
2Tre process ol corpar|rg ore d|recl sequerce $$ s|gra| lo arolrer |r ar ellorl lo oola|r a ralcr |s ca||ed _____.
22Tre lWo ra|r oerel|ls ol $$ are _____ ard _____.
23Tre ra|r c|rcu|l used |r ra||rg a P$ code gereralor |s a _____.
24Tre lrequerc|es a||ocaled lo spread speclrur oy lre FCC lor c|v|||ar app||cal|ors are _____, _____, ard _____ lz.
25TWo groW|rg app||cal|ors lor $$ are _____ ard _____.


A$ER$

o|rary or d|g|la|
2 lrue
3 le|egrapr
4 corl|ruous Wave (C)
5 dols, dasres
6 K= _._; 8= _ _ _.. ; , = _ _.._ _
7 oaudol
8 le|elype
9
A$Cll
EC0lC
2 = 1000010; 3 = 0110011; ? = 0111111
30000111
4ser|a|, para||e|
5la|se
6sr|ll reg|sler
7slarl, slop
8o|ls per secord (o|ls/s)
9oaud rale
2lrue
2la|se
22o|oc|s
23space, rar|
24|rlorral|or lreory
25oardW|dlr, l|re
2610,000
270,000
28lrue
29|ess
350
3100
32rodu|alor, derodu|alor
33ara|og, d|g|la| (or o|rary)
34le|eprore relWor|
35corpulers
36lrequercy-sr|ll |ey|rg
37lrequerc|es
38rar| (1), space (0)
3910Z0, 12Z0, 2025, 2225
4ur|versa| asyrcrrorous rece|ver lrarsr|ller (&ART)
4prase-sr|ll |ey|rg
420, 180
43oa|arced rodu|alor
44oa|arced rodu|alor
45carr|er recovery
46d|llererl|a|
47X0R
48lour
492 o|ls
5lour
5o|l sp||ller (or sr|ll reg|sler)
522-l0-1 |eve| corverler
53arp||lude, P$K
54lrue
55la|se
56lrue
57la|se
58lrue
59proloco|s
6redurdarcy, spec|a| error-crec||rg codes, par|ly, o|oc| crec| code, cyc||ca| redurdarcy crec|
6rardsra||rg
62Xroder
63o|oc|
64asyrcrrorous
65$Y or syrc
66reader
67$TX, ETX or ET
68redurdarcy
69AR0 exacl-courl
7ro|se
7o|l error rale
72par|ly
73o|oc| crec| craracler
74
a. 1
o. 0
c. 1
d. 1
75verl|ca| redurdarcy crec|
76exc|us|ve 0R
77o|oc| crec| craracler
78|org|lud|ra| redurdarcy crec|
79cyc||ca| redurdarcy crec|
8sr|ll reg|sler
8lrue
82W|de area relWor|
83lrue
84|oca| area relWor|s
85pr|vale orarcr excrarge
86la|se
87slar, r|rg, ous
88slar
89slar
9ra|rlrare (or r|r|)
9r|rg
92rodes
93ous
94ous
95r|rg
96galeWay
97or|dge
98lW|sled pa|r, coax, l|oer-opl|c cao|e
99lree
ro|se suscepl|o|||ly, srorl d|slarces, |oW dala rales
coax
2 l|oer-opl|c cao|e
3 coax
4 1, 10,50
5 oaseoard
6 oaseoard
7 oroadoard
8 roder
9 rodu|al|or, ru|l|p|ex|rg
lrequercy ropp|rg, d|recl sequerce
lrequercy syrlres|zer
2 pseudorardor ro|se code gereralor
3 la|se
4 ro|se
5 P$ code
6 dWe|| l|re
7 X-0R
8 lrue
9 P$K
2 syrcrror|sr
2 corre|al|or
22 secur|ly, jar-prool
23 sr|ll reg|sler
24 902- lo 928-, 2100- lo 2183-, 5Z25- lo 5850-lz
25 W|re|ess LAs, W|re|ess corpuler roders

58
ClAPTER 13
F|ber-0pt|cs 6ommun|cat|ons


Tre |rlorral|or-carry|rg capac|ly ol a cao|e or rad|o crarre| |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo |ls oardW|dlr.

2 Tre RF speclrur |s reav||y used ard occup|ed. 0r|y |r lre r|croWave reg|or |s lrere roor lor expars|or.

3 L|grl |s ar e|eclroragrel|c s|gra| |||e a rad|o Wave oul |s rucr r|grer |r lrequercy. ll car oe used as a carr|er lor |rlorral|or s|gra|s.

4 ecause ol lre very r|gr lrequercy ol ||grl corpared lo lyp|ca| |rlorral|or s|gra|s, lrererdous oardW|dlr |s eas||y ava||ao|e.

5 L|grl Waves carry|rg dala s|gra|s car oe lrarsr|lled |r lree space oul are greal|y allerualed oy alrosprer|c ellecls ard requ|re p|rpo|rl
a||grrerl.

6 osl ||grl-Wave corrur|cal|or |s oy Way ol a g|ass or p|asl|c l|oer cao|e lral acls as a ||grl p|pe lo carry ||grl rodu|aled oy |rlorral|or
s|gra|s.

7 Tre ra|r corporerls ol a ||grl-Wave corrur|cal|ors sysler are ar l0 corverler, a ||grl source lrarsr|ller, a l|oer opl|c cao|e, a prolo- or
||grl deleclor W|lr arp||l|er ard sraper, ard a 0lA corverler.

8 ecause ol lre greal allerual|or ol ||grl |r a l|oer-opl|c cao|e, repealer ur|ls are used lo arp||ly ard regererale lre s|gra|s over |org d|slarces.

9 Tre pr|rary app||cal|or ol l|oer-opl|c corrur|cal|ors |s |r |org-d|slarce le|eprore syslers.

Tre pr|rary advarlages ol l|oer-opl|c cao|es over corverl|ora| cao|es ard rad|o are W|der oardW|dlr, |oWer |oss, ||grlWe|grl, sra|| s|ze,
slrerglr, secur|ly, |rlerlererce |rrur|ly, ard salely.

Tre ra|r d|sadvarlage ol l|oer-opl|c cao|e |s lral |ls sra|| s|ze ard or|ll|eress ra|e |l rore d|ll|cu|l lo Wor| W|lr.
2L|grl Waves, |||e rad|o Waves, are a ||rd ol e|eclroragrel|c rad|al|or.

3L|grl Waves occur al very r|gr lrequerc|es |r lre rarge ol 3 x 10
11
lo 3 X 1
1
lz.

4ave|erglr ralrer lrar lrequercy |s used lo express lre p|ace ol ||grl |r lre speclrur.

515...Tre Wave|erglr ol ||grl |s expressed |r lerrs ol rarorelers (1 rr = 10-9 r) or r|crorelers (1 3r = 10
-
r). |crorelers are a|so ca||ed
r|crors.

6Tre v|s|o|e ||grl speclrur |s lror Z00 rr (red) lo 100 rr (v|o|el).

7Tre opl|ca| speclrur |s rade up ol v|s|o|e ||grl, |rlrared al |oWer lrequerc|es ard u|lrav|o|el al r|grer lrequerc|es.

8lrlrared rays carrol oe seer, oul lrey acl |||e ||grl Waves ard car oe rar|pu|aled |r s|r||ar Ways as W|lr a |ers or r|rrors.

9L|grl Waves, |||e r|croWaves, lrave| |r a slra|grl ||re.
2Tre arg|e al Wr|cr ||grl slr||es a surlace |s ca||ed lre arg|e ol |rc|derce. Tre arg|e al Wr|cr ||grl |s rel|ecled lror a surlace |s ca||ed lre arg|e
ol rel|ecl|or. Tre arg|e ol |rc|derce |s equa| lo lre arg|e ol rel|ecl|or.

2rer a ||grl ray passes lror ore red|ur lo arolrer, |l |s oerl. Tr|s |s ca||ed relracl|or.

22Tre arourl ol relracl|or |s ca||ed lre |rdex ol relracl|or r ard |s lre ral|o ol lre speed ol ||grl |r a|r lo lre speed ol ||grl |r arolrer red|ur,
sucr as Waler, g|ass, or p|asl|c (r = 1 |r a|r, r = 1.3 |r Waler, r = 1.5 |r g|ass).

23Tre arg|e ol lre |rc|derl ||grl ray delerr|res Wrelrer lre ray W||| oe rel|ecled or relracled.

24Tre cr|l|ca| arg|e |s lre arg|e ol |rc|derce lral causes lre relracled ||grl lo lrave| a|org lre |rlerlace oelWeer lWo d|llererl red|a.

59
25ll lre arg|e ol |rc|derce |s rade grealer lrar lre cr|l|ca| arg|e, rel|ecl|or occurs |rslead ol relracl|or.

26L|grl erler|rg a l|oer-opl|c cao|e ras ar arg|e ol |rc|derce sucr lral lre ||grl |s rel|ecled or oourced oll lre oourdary oelWeer lre l|oer ard lre
exlerra| red|a. Tr|s |s ca||ed lola| |rlerra| rel|ecl|or.

27F|oer-opl|c cao|es are rade lror g|ass ard p|asl|c. 0|ass ras lre |oWesl |oss oul |s or|ll|e. P|asl|c |s creaper ard rore l|ex|o|e, oul ras r|gr
allerual|or.

28A popu|ar l|oer-opl|c cao|e W|lr a g|ass core ard p|asl|c c|add|rg |s ca||ed p|asl|c c|ad s|||ca (PC$).

29Tre c|add|rg surrourd|rg lre core prolecls lre core ard prov|des ar |rlerlace W|lr a corlro||ed |rdex ol relracl|or.

3$lep |rdex rears lrere |s a srarp d|llererce |r lre |rdex ol relracl|or oelWeer lre core ard c|add|rg.

30raded |rdex rears lral lre |rdex ol relracl|or ol lre core var|es over |ls cross secl|or, r|gresl |r lre cerler ard |oWesl al lre edges.

32A s|rg|e-rode cao|e |s very sra|| |r d|areler ard esserl|a||y prov|des or|y a s|rg|e palr lor ||grl.

33u|l|rode cores are |arge ard prov|de ru|l|p|e palrs lor lre ||grl.

34u|l|p|e ||grl palrs lrrougr a slep-|rdex core cause a ||grl pu|se lo oe slrelcred ard allerualed. Tr|s |s ca||ed roda| d|spers|or ard |l ||r|ls lre
upper pu|se repel|l|or rale ard lrus lre |rlorral|or oardW|dlr.

35u|l|p|e ||grl palrs |r a graded-|rdex core are corlro||ed so lral lrey corverge al ru|l|p|e po|rls a|org lre cao|e. oda| d|spers|or does occur,
oul |l |s rol as severe as lral caused oy a slep-|rdex core.

36oda| d|spers|or does rol occur |r s|rg|e rode cores.

37Tre lrree rosl W|de|y used lypes ol l|oer opl|c cao|es are ru|l|rode slep-|rdex, s|rg|e-rode slep-|rdex, ard ru|l|rode graded-|rdex.

38Tre pr|rary spec|l|cal|or ol a l|oer-opl|c cao|e |s allerual|or Wr|cr |s usua||y expressed as lre |oss |r dec|oe|s per |||oreler.

39L|grl |oss |r a l|oer-opl|c cao|e |s caused oy aosorpl|or, scaller|rg, ard d|spers|or.

4Cao|e allerual|or |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo |ls |erglr.

4Cao|e |osses rarge lror 1 d/|r |r g|ass s|rg|e-rode slep-|rdex cao|e lo 100 d/|r lor p|asl|c ru|l|rode slep-|rdex cao|e.

42F|oer-opl|c cao|es car oe sp||ced oy g|u|rg.

43$pec|a| correclors are used lo correcl cao|es lo ore arolrer ard lo lre equ|prerl.

44F|oer-opl|c syslers use ||grl-er|ll|rg d|odes (LE0s) ard ser|corduclor |asers as lre ra|r ||grl sources.

45L|grl-er|ll|rg d|odes are used |r srorl d|slarce |oW-speed syslers. lrjecl|or |aser d|odes (lL0s) are used |r |org d|slarce, r|gr-speed
syslers.

46osl LE0s ard lL0s er|l ||grl |r lre |r. v|s|o|e rear-|rlrared rarge (0.82 lo 1.553r).

47A popu|ar operal|rg lrequercy |s 1.3 3r oecause l|oer-opl|c cao|e ras ar allerual|or ru|| al lr|s Wave|erglr.

48Laser d|odes er|l rorocrroral|c or s|rg|e-lrequercy ||grl. Tre ||grl Waves are corererl, so lrey re|rlorce ore arolrer lo creale ar |rlerse
ard l|re|y locused oear.

49lrlerse |aser ||grl |s produced oy ar lL0 oecause rel|ecl|rg surlaces |r lre slruclure lorr a cav|ly resoralor lor lre ||grl Waves.

5Tre rosl corror|y used ||grl sersor |s a prolod|ode.

6

5A prolod|ode |s a P jurcl|or lral |s reverse-o|ased ard exposed lo ||grl. L|grl |rcreases lre |ea|age currerl across lre jurcl|or. Tr|s currerl
|s corverled |rlo a vo|lage pu|se.

52Pl jurcl|or d|odes are lasler ard rore sers|l|ve lrar corverl|ora| prolod|odes.

53Tre laslesl ard rosl sers|l|ve ||grl deleclor |s lre ava|arcre prolod|ode (AP0).

54Tre AP0 operales W|lr a r|gr reverse o|as so lral Wrer ||grl |s app||ed. rea|doWr occurs ard produces a lasl, r|gr-currerl pu|se.

55Tre rece|ver porl|or ol a l|oer-opl|c sysler |s rade up ol a prolod|ode, arp||l|er, ard sraper.

56F|oer-opl|c syslers are raled oy lre speed ard lre producl ol lre o|l rale ard lre d|slarce.

57A reasure ol lre qua||ly ol a l|oer-opl|c sysler |s lre rax|rur d|slarce oelWeer repealers.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

F|oer-opl|c cao|es carry _____ ralrer lrar e|eclr|ca| s|gra|s.
2 Tre lrree ra|r lypes ol |rlorral|or carr|ed oy l|oer opl|c-cao|es are _____, _____, ard _____.
3 Tre rajor use ol l|oer-opl|c cao|es |s |r _____.
4 F|oer-opl|c cao|es are rade ol _____ or _____.
5 Tre ra|r oerel|l ol l|oer-opl|c cao|e over e|eclr|c cao|e |s |ls _____.
6 True or la|se. F|oer-opl|c cao|e ras rore |oss lrar e|eclr|c cao|e over |org d|slarces.
7 True or la|se. F|oer-opl|c cao|e |s sra||er, ||grler, ard slrorger lrar e|eclr|c cao|e.
8 L|sl lre lWo ra|r d|sadvarlages ol l|oer opl|c cao|e.
9 Tre lWo rosl corror|y used ||grl sources |r l|oer-opl|c syslers are _____.
vo|ce ard v|deo s|gra|s are corverled |rlo oelore oe|rg lrarsr|lled oy a ||grl oear.
Tre dev|ce lral corverls lre ||grl pu|ses |rlo ar e|eclr|ca| s|gra| |s a(r) _____.
2Regereral|ve ur|ls ca||ed _____ are oller used lo corpersale lor s|gra| allerual|or over |org d|slarces.
3L|grl |s a lype ol _____ rad|al|or.
4A l|oer-opl|c cao|e car oe v|eWed as a ||grl _____.
5L|grl lrave|s |r a
a. C|rc|e
o. $lra|grl ||re
c. Curve
d. Rardor Way
6Tre Wave|erglr ol ||grl |s usua||y expressed |r _____ or _____.
7Tre |oWesl-lrequercy v|s|o|e ||grl |s
a. Red
o. v|o|el
8A r|croreler, or r|cror, |s a |erglr ol _____ ol a _____.
9Tre Wave|erglr rarge ol v|s|o|e ||grl |s _____ lo _____ rr.
2lrlrared ||grl ras a Wave|erglr lral |s
a. Less lrar 100 rr
o. ore lrar Z00 rr
c. Less lrar Z00 rr
2Tre opl|ca| speclrur |s rade up ol Wral lrree parls?
22Tre speed ol ||grl |r a|r |s _____ r/s or _____ r|/s.
23True or la|se. Tre speed ol ||grl |s s|oWer |r g|ass or Waler lrar |l |s |r a|r.
24Tre ruroer lral le||s roW lasl ||grl lrave|s |r a red|ur corpared lo a|r |s lre _____ ol _____.
25L|grl oears car oe oourced or lre|r d|recl|or car oe crarged oy _____ W|lr a(r) _____.
26Tre oerd|rg ol ||grl rays due lo speed crarges Wrer rov|rg lror ore red|ur lo arolrer |s ca||ed _____.
27ll a ||grl ray slr||es a r|rror al ar arg|e ol 30 lror lre rorra|, |l |s rel|ecled al ar arg|e ol _____ lror lre rorra|.

6
28rer lre arg|e ol relracl|or |s 90 lo lre rorra|, lre ray lrave|s a|org lre _____ oelWeer lre lWo red|a. Trerelore, lre |rc|derl ray slr||es lre
surlace al lre _____ arg|e.
29rer lre |rc|derl ray slr||es lre |rlerlace al ar arg|e grealer lrar lre cr|l|ca| arg|e, _____ occurs.
3Tre cr|l|ca| arg|e deperds upor lre va|ue ol lre _____ ol _____.
3r|cr raler|a| ras lre oesl opl|ca| craracler|sl|cs ard |oWesl |oss?
a. P|asl|c
o. 0|ass
c. lrey are equa|
32Tre core |s prolecled oy lre _____.
33lr PC$ cao|e, lre core |s _____ ard lre c|add|rg |s _____.
34Tre |rdex ol relracl|or |s r|gresl |r lre
a. Core
o. C|add|rg
35L|sl lre lrree ra|r lypes ol l|oer-opl|c cao|e.
36$lrelcr|rg ol lre ||grl pu|se |s ca||ed _____.
37L|sl lre lWo lypes ol cao|e |r Wr|cr ||grl pu|se slrelcr|rg occurs.
38l|gr-lrequercy pu|ses car oe oesl lrarsr|lled over _____ cao|e.
39Pu|se slrelcr|rg causes lre |rlorral|or capac|ly ol a cao|e lo
a. lrcrease
o. 0ecrease
40raded |rdex rears lral lre _____ ol _____ ol lre core var|es over |ls cross secl|or
4$|rg|e-rode slep-|rdex cao|e ras a Core d|areler |r lre rarge ol
a. 100 lo 1000 3r
o. 50 lo 100 3r
c. 2 lo 15 3r
42A _____ |s app||ed over lre c|add|rg lo prolecl aga|rsl ro|slure, darage, elc.
43A corror prolecl|ve |ayer |r a cao|e |s rade ol _____ resr.
44F|oer-opl|c cao|es are ava||ao|e W|lr lre lo||oW|rg ruroer ol cores: _____.
45L|grl |oss |r a cao|e |s ca||ed _____.
46L|grl |oss |s caused oy _____.
47L|grl |oss |s reasured |r _____ per_____.
48A cao|e W|lr a |oss ol 5 d W||| rave _____ percerl ol lre |rpul appear al lre oulpul (see F|g. 13-19). (page 35-Frerze|)
49True or la|se. A |||oreler |s |orger lrar a r||e.
5r|cr cao|e |erglr W||| rave lre |easl allerual|or?
a. 10 ll
o. 120 ll
c. 1Z80 ll
d. 1 |r
5Trree cao|es W|lr allerual|ors ol 9, 22, ard 15 d are sp||ced logelrer. Tre lola| allerual|or |s _____ d.
52True or la|se. F|oer-opl|c cao|es ray oe sp||ced.
53To corver|erl|y ||r| ard allacr l|oer-opl|c cao|es lo ore arolrer ard re|aled equ|prerl, _____ are used.
54Tre lWo rosl corror ||grl sources used |r l|oer-opl|c lrarsr|llers are _____.
55Tre rosl popu|ar ||grl Wave|erglr |s _____ 3r oecause l|oer-opl|c cao|e allerual|or |s |oWesl al lral Wave|erglr.
56True or la|se. Tre ||grl lror a 1.553r LE0 |s v|s|o|e.
57&sua||y LE0s are rade ol _____.
58$|rg|e lrequercy ||grl |s ca||ed _____.
59Tre cord|l|or ol a|| er|lled ||grl Waves oe|rg |r prase |s |roWr as _____.
6A s|rg|e-lrequercy |rlerse ||grl source |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
6Tre rel|ecl|ve surlaces or a |aser d|ode slruclure lorr a(r) _____ lral produces |r-prase ||grl Waves.
62For rorra| operal|or, LE0 ard lL0s are _____ (reverse, lorWard)-o|ased.
63r|cr |s lasler, ar LE0 or lL0?
64r|cr produces lre or|grlesl ||grl, ar LE0 or lL0?
650ur|rg rorra| operal|or, a|| prolod|odes are _____ (reverse, lorWard)-o|ased.
66L|grl la|||rg or lre P jurcl|or ol a prolod|ode causes lre d|ode's _____ currerl lo |rcrease.
67Tre rosl sers|l|ve ard laslesl ||grl deleclor |s lre _____.
688-.Tre lWo ra|r c|rcu|ls |r a l|oer-opl|c rece|ver are _____.
69Tre producl ol lre o|l rale ard d|slarce ol a sysler |s 90 o|ls|r/s. Tre ral|rg al 3 |r |s _____ o|ls/s.

62
7lr loday's syslers, lre average rax|rur d|slarce oelWeer repealers |s oelWeer _____ ard _____ r|.


A$ER$

||grl
2 vo|ce, v|deo, corpuler dala
3 le|eprore syslers
4 g|ass, p|asl|c
5 W|de oardW|dlr
6 la|se
7 lrue
8 or|ll|eress, d|ll|cu|l lo Wor| W|lr
9 LE0s, ser|corduclor |asers
o|rary or d|g|la| pu|ses
proloce|| or ||grl deleclor
2repealers
3e|eclroragrel|c
4p|pe
5o
6r|crorelers (r|crors), rarorelers
7a
8ore-r||||orlr, reler
9100, Z00
2o
2v|s|o|e, |rlrared, u|lrav|o|el
22300,000,000; 18,000
23lrue
24|rdex, relracl|or
25rel|ecl|or, r|rror
26relracl|or
2730
28cr|l|ca|
29rel|ecl|or
3|rdex, relracl|or
3o
32c|add|rg
33g|ass, p|asl|c
34a
35ru|l|rode slep-|rdex, s|rg|e-rode slep-|rdex, ru|l|rode graded-|rdex
36roda| d|spers|or
37ru|l|rode slep-|rdex,
38ru|l|rode graded-|rdex, s|rg|e-rode slep-|rdex
39o
4|rdex, relracl|or
4c
42prolecl|ve coal|rg
43Kev|ar
442, , 12, 18, 21
45allerual|or
46d|spers|or, aosorpl|or, scaller|rg
47dec|oe|s, |||oreler
4831
49la|se
5a
5Z
52lrue

63
53correclors
54LE0. |aser
551.3
56la|se
57ga|||ur arser|de
58rorocrroral|c
59corererce
6|aser
6resorarl cav|ly
62lorWard
63lL0
64lL0
65reverse
66|ea|age
67ava|arcre prolod|ode
68arp||l|er, corparalor-or sraper
6930
7.1Z. 18.5 (10 ard 30 |r)

64
ClAPTER 11
Hodern 6ommun|cat|ons App||cat|ons


Facs|r||e or lax |s ar e|eclror|c corrur|cal|or lecrr|que lor lrarsr|ll|rg pr|rled docurerls |rc|ud|rg lexl, ||re draW|rgs, prolos, ard olrer
grapr|ca| |rlorral|or v|a le|eprore ||res or rad|o.

2 Fax racr|res scar lre docurerl lo oe lrarsr|lled us|rg prolo-opl|ca| lecrr|ques lo creale a oaseoard s|gra| lral rodu|ales a carr|er pr|or lo
lrarsr|ss|or.

3 Tre rece|v|rg lax racr|re derodu|ales lre carr|er lo recover lre oaseoard s|gra| Wr|cr |s serl lo a pr|rler Wrere lre or|g|ra| docurerl |s
la|lrlu||y reproduced.

4 Tre qua||ly ol reproducl|or |s a lurcl|or ol lre scarr|rg reso|ul|or |r ||res per |rcr. Tre grealer lre ruroer ol scar ||res, lre l|rer lre
del|r|l|or.

5 Tre rosl W|de|y used dev|ce lo corverl lre scarred ||res |rlo ar e|eclr|ca| s|gra| |s a ||grl-sers|l|ve ser|corduclor corporerl |roWr as a
crarge coup|ed dev|ce (CC0).

6 Tre CC0 corla|rs lrousards ol l|ry capac|lors lral crarge lo a va|ue proporl|ora| lo lre ||grl |rlers|ly. Tre capac|lors are sequerl|a||y
sarp|ed. Tre|r crarges are read oul, creal|rg ar ara|og s|gra| correspord|rg lo lre ||res scarred.

7 Tre oaseoard s|gra| rodu|ales a carr|er pr|or lo lrarsr|ss|or; A, F, ard P$K are corror|y used.

8 Facs|r||e slardards lor rodu|al|or, lrarsr|ss|or speed, ard olrer laclors are sel oy lre lrlerral|ora| Te|egrapr ard Te|eprore Corsu|lal|ve
Corr|llee (CClTT). Trere are lour oas|c slardards des|graled group 1 lrrougr 1.

9 0roup l lax racr|res are ara|og ard use F Wrere o|ac| |s 1500 lz (or 1300 lz) ard, Wr|le |s 2300 lz (or 2100 lz). Reso|ul|or |s 9 ||res
per |rcr, ard lrarsr|ss|or, speed |s r|r per page. 0roup 1 racr|res are ro |orger used.

0roup 2 racr|res are ara|og ard use F or vesl|g|a| s|deoard A W|lr a 2100-lz carr|er. Reso|ul|or |s 9 ||res per |rcr, ard lrarsr|ss|or
speed |s 3 r|r per page or |ess.

0roup 3 racr|res use d|g|la| lecrr|ques ard P$K or 0A lo acr|eve speeds ol up lo 900 oaud over lre le|eprore ||res. Reso|ul|or |s 200
||res per |rcr, ard lrarsr|ss|or l|res are |ess lrar l r|r, W|lr |ess lrar 30s oe|rg corror. osl roderr lax racr|res are ol lre group 3 lype.

20roup 1 lax racr|res are d|g|la| ard are des|gred lor W|deoard le|eprore ||res. 0|g|la| lrarsr|ss|or rales are 5 |o|ls/s. Reso|ul|or |s 100
||res per |rcr. FeW group 1 racr|res are |r use yel.

3osl lax pr|rlers are ol lre lrerra| lype ard use spec|a| real-sers|l|ve paper, a|lrougr |aser pr|rlers us|rg xerograpry are used |r sore
r|grer-pr|ced racr|res.

4Fax |s W|de|y used oy reWspapers, ous|ress, ard lre r|||lary. Rad|o lax |s used lor lrarsr|ll|rg Wealrer sale|||le prolos lo earlr.

5Ce||u|ar rad|os prov|de le|eprore serv|ce |r ver|c|es ard are used as porlao|e le|eprore ur|ls.
6Tre area served oy ce||u|ar le|eprores |s d|v|ded |rlo sra|| zores ca||ed ce||s.

7Eacr ce|| |s served oy a repealer corla|r|rg a |oW-poWer lrarsr|ller ard a rece|ver.

8Tre ce||s are correcled oy W|re lo a corpuler-corlro||ed rasler slal|or ca||ed lre roo||e le|eprore, sW|lcr|rg oll|ce (T$0). Tre T$0 ||r|s
lo lre le|eprore sysler.

9y operal|rg al r|gr lrequerc|es |r lre speclrur ard lrrougr lre app||cal|or ol lrequercy reuse, rary crarre|s are ava||ao|e lo users.

2Trere are lu||-dup|ex le|eprore crarre|s |r rosl serv|ce areas.

2Tre rece|ve lrequerc|es are |r lre 8Z0-lo 890-lz rarge.

65
22Tre lrarsr|l lrequerc|es are |r lre 825-lo 815-lz rarge.

23Crarre| spac|rg |s 30 |lz.

24$pac|rg oelWeer lre s|ru|lareous|y used lrarsr|l ard rece|ve lrequerc|es |s 15 lz.

25Ce||u|ar rad|os use' F W|lr a rax|rur dev|al|or, ol 12 |lz.

26oo||e ce||u|ar lrarsr|llers rave a rax|rur oulpul poWer ol 3 Wr|cr car oe decreased |r sleps urder lre corlro| ol lre T$0 lo r|r|r|ze
adjacerl ce|| |rlerlererce.

27oo||e ce||u|ar rece|vers are ol lre dua| corvers|or lype W|lr a 15- or 82.2-lz l|rsl lF ard a 10.Z-lz or 155 |lz secord lF.

28olr lrarsr|l ard rece|ve lrequerc|es are delerr|red oy PLL lrequercy syrlres|zers lral are sel oy lre T$0 lo a c|ear crarre|.

29Tre T$0 ror|lors rece|ved ce|| s|gra| slrerglr [rece|ved s|gra| slrerglr |rd|calor (R$$l) ard lrarsr|ller poWer oulpul ard ra|es dec|s|ors
aooul Wrer lo rard oll lre roo||e ur|l lo arolrer ce|| lo ra|rla|r opl|rur s|gra| slrerglr.

3Tre T$0 corlro|s lrarsr|ller poWer as We|| as lrarsr|l ard rece|ve lrequerc|es. $er|a| d|g|la| dala corla|r|rg lr|s |rlorral|or |s lrarsr|lled lo
lre roo||e ur|l Wrose |og|c secl|or |rlerprels |l ard ellecls lre crarges.

3Eacr ce||u|ar rad|o corla|rs a PR0 ca||ed lre ruroer ass|grrerl rodu|e (A) Wr|cr slores lre ur|l's le|eprore ruroer relerred lo as lre
roo||e |derl|l|cal|or ruroer (l).

32osl ce||u|ar rad|os corla|r lWo r|croprocessors, ore lor corlro|||rg lre |og|c secl|or ard arolrer lor operal|rg lre d|sp|ays ard d|a||rg c|rcu|ls
|r lre rardsel ard corlro| secl|or.

33Radar o lre acroryr lor rad|o delecl|or ard rarg|rg.

34Radar uses a rel|ecled rad|o s|gra| lror a largel lo delerr|re |ls d|slarce, az|rulr, e|eval|or, ard speed.

35Rad|o Waves lrave| al a speed ol 18,000, r|/8 or 12,000 rr|/s. KroW|rg lre speed ol rad|o Waves perr|ls lre d|slarce (rarge) ol a rerole
largel lo oe delerr|red.

36Rad|o s|gra|s lrave| al a speed ol 5.3Z53$/rr| or .18 3$/rr|.

37Tre d|slarce 0 |r raul|ca| r||es lo a largel car oe corpuled oy |roW|rg lre lola| de|ay l|re % |r r|crosecords lor a s|gra| lo reacr lre largel
ard relurr. {0 = %/'26j

38Tre slrerglr ol lre rel|ecl|or |s a lurcl|or ol lre Wave|erglr ol lre radar s|gra| ard |ls re|al|orsr|p lo lre s|ze ol lre largel. 0pl|rur rel|ecl|or
|s oola|red Wrer lre s|ze ol lre largel |s ore-quarler Wave|erglr or |arger ol lre s|gra| lrequercy. osl radars operale |r lre r|croWave parl ol
lre speclrur.

39Tre oear|rg or az|rulr ol a largel W|lr respecl lo lre radar sel |s delerr|red oy a r|gr|y d|recl|ora| arlerra. A rarroW oear-W|dlr arlerra |s
rolaled corl|ruous|y over 30 ard lre delecl|or ol a rel|ecl|or lror a largel al a g|ver oear|rg g|ves lre largel's d|recl|or.

4Trere are lWo oas|c lypes ol radar: pu|se ard corl|ruous Wave (C).

4lr pu|se radar, lre lrarsr|ller er|ls r|croWave erergy |r lre lorr ol repel|l|ve s|re Wave oursls or pu|ses.

42Tre pu|se repel|l|or l|re (PRT) |s lre l|re |rlerva| oelWeer lre oeg|rr|rg ol success|ve pu|ses.

43Tre pu|se repel|l|or lrequercy (PRF) or lre pu|se repel|l|or rale |r pu|ses per secord |s lre rec|proca| ol PRT (PRF = 1/PRT).

44Tre ral|o ol lre pu|se oursl dural|or lo lre PRT |s |roWr as lre duly cyc|e ard |s usua||y expressed as a percerlage.

45Tre PRT ard duly cyc|e sel lre rarge ol a radar: a srorl PRT ard pu|se W|dlr lor srorl rarge, ard a |org PRT ard pu|se W|dlr lor |org rarge.

66

46Tre rel|ecl|or lror lre largel occurs |r lre |rlerva| oelWeer success|ve|y rad|aled pu|ses.

47lr C radar, corslarl-arp||lude-corslarl lrequercy s|gra| |s corl|ruous|y rad|aled. ll lre largel |s slal|orary, lre rel|ecled s|gra| corla|rs ro
d|slarce |rlorral|or.

48Corl|ruous Wave radar re||es or lre 0opp|er ellecl lo produce lrequercy rodu|al|or ol lre carr|er.

49Tre 0opp|er ellecl |s lre crarge |r lrequercy lral occurs as lre resu|l ol re|al|ve rol|or oelWeer lre lrarsr|ller ard a largel. Tre 0opp|er
ellecl occurs W|lr sourd, rad|o, ard ||grl s|gra|s.

5Tre re|al|ve speed oelWeer lrarsr|ller ard largel |s d|recl|y proporl|ora| lo lre arourl ol 0opp|er lrequercy sr|ll.

5Tre C 0opp|er radar |s used lor speed reasurererl. Po||ce radars are ar exarp|e.

52y lrequercy rodu|al|rg a C radar W|lr a saWloolr or lr|argu|ar Wave, lre lrequercy d|llererce oelWeer lre lrarsr|lled ard rece|ved s|gra|s
car oe used lo corpule lre d|slarce or rarge lo a largel.

53Radar sels cors|sl ol a lrarsr|ller, a rece|ver, ar arlerra, a rasler l|r|rg secl|or, ard a d|sp|ay.

54osl radar lrarsr|llers use a ragrelror osc|||alor, a|lrougr sore r|gr-poWer radars use ||yslrors or TTs. LoW-poWer radars use a 0urr
d|ode osc|||alor.

55Radar rece|vers are super relerodyres W|lr d|ode r|xers.

56Tre radar arlerra |s usua||y a rorr W|lr a paraoo||c rel|eclor lral rolales over a 30 arg|e.

57A dup|exer |s a Wavegu|de assero|y lral a||oWs oolr lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver lo srare lre sare arlerra.

58$par|-gap luoes ca||ed lrarsr|l-rece|ve (TR) ard arl|-lrarsr|l-rece|ve(ATR) luoes preverl r|gr-poWer erergy lror lre lrarsr|ller lror gell|rg
|rlo ard darag|rg or desers|l|z|rg lre rece|ver.

59Tre radar d|sp|ay |s rorra||y a calrode ray luoe (CRT) lral |s ca||oraled lo read oul lre rarge, oear|rg, ard olrer dala.

6Tre rosl corror CRT readoul |s lre p|ar pos|l|or |rd|calor (PPl) Wrere lre radar |s al lre cerler ard a rad|us rolales lo revea| rel|ecled
largels as o||ps.

6Prased array radars use a ralr|x ol d|po|es or s|ol arlerras W|lr var|ao|e prase sr|llers lo perr|l auloral|c, r|gr-speed, e|eclror|c oear
sW|lcr|rg; oear W|dlr crarges; ard sWeep|rg or scarr|rg.

62Te|ev|s|or |s lre rad|o lrarsr|ss|or ol sourd ard p|clures |r lre vlF ard &lF rarges. Tre vo|ce s|gra| lror a r|croprore lrequercy
rodu|ales a sourd lrarsr|ller. A carera corverls a p|clure or scere |rlo ar e|eclr|ca| s|gra| ca||ed lre v|deo or |ur|rarce Y s|gra|, Wr|cr
arp||lude rodu|ales a separale v|deo lrarsr|ller. vesl|g|a| s|deoard A |s used lo corserve speclrur space. Tre p|clure ard sourd
lrarsr|ller lrequerc|es are spaced 1.5 lz aparl, W|lr lre sourd lrequercy oe|rg lre r|grer.

63Tv careras use e|lrer a vacuur luoe |rag|rg dev|ce sucr as a v|d|cor or a so||d-slale, |rag|rg dev|ce sucr as lre crarge coup|ed dev|ce
(CC0) lo corverl scere |rlo a v|deo s|gra|.

64A scere |s scarred oy lre |rag|rg dev|ce lo orea| |l up |rlo segrerls lral car oe lrarsr|lled ser|a||y. Tre al|ora| Te|ev|s|or, $lardards
Corr|llee (T$C) slardards ca|| lor scarr|rg lre scere |r lWo 22 ||re l|e|ds Wr|cr are |rler|aced lo lorr a s|rg|e 525-||re p|clure ca||ed a
lrare. lrler|aced scarr|rg reduces l||c|er. Tre l|e|d rale |s 59.91 lz, ard lre lrare or p|clure rale |s 29.9Z lz. Tre ror|zorla| ||re scar rale |s
15,Z31 lz or 3. 3$ per ||re.

65Tre co|or |r a scere |s caplured oy lrree |rag|rg dev|ces Wr|cr orea| a p|clure doWr |rlo |ls lrree oas|c co|ors ol red, greer, o|ue us|rg co|or
||grl l||lers. Trree co|or s|gra|s are deve|oped (R, 0, ). Trese are coro|red |r a res|sl|ve ralr|x lo lorr lre Y s|gra| ard are coro|red |r olrer
Ways lo lorl| lre l ard 0 s|gra|s. Tre l ard 0 s|gra|s arp||lude rodu|ale 3.58 lz suocarr|ers sr|lled 90 lror ore arolrer |r oa|arced

67
rodu|alors produc|rg quadralure 0$ suppressed s|gra|s lral are added lo lorr a carr|er corpos|le co|or s|gra|. Tr|s co|or s|gra| |s lrer used
lo rodu|ale lre A p|clure lrarsr|ller a|org W|lr lre Y s|gra|.

66A Tv rece|ver |s a slardard superrelerodyre rece|ver W|lr separale secl|ors lor process|rg ard recover|rg lre sourd ard p|clure. Tre lurer
secl|or cors|sls ol RF arp||l|ers, r|xers, ard a lrequercy syrlres|zed |oca| osc|||alor lor crarre| se|ecl|or. 0|g|la| |rlrared rerole corlro| |s
used lo crarge crarre|s |r lre syrlres|zer v|a a corlro| r|croprocessor.

67Tre lurer corverls lre Tv s|gra|s lo |rlerred|ale lrequerc|es ol 11.25 lz lor lre sourd ard 15.Z5 lz lor lre p|clure. Trese s|gra|s are
arp||l|ed |r lC lF arp||l|ers. $e|ecl|v|ly |s usua||y prov|ded oy a surlace acousl|c Wave ($A) l||ler. Tre sourd ard p|clure lF s|gra|s are p|aced
|r a sourd deleclor lo lorr a 1.5 lz sourd lF s|gra|. Tr|s |s derodu|aled oy a quadralure deleclor or olrer F derodu|alor lo recover lre
sourd. .Frequercy ru|l|p|ex|rg lecrr|ques s|r||ar lo lrose used |r F rad|o are used lor slereo Tv sourd. Tre p|clure lF |s derodu|aled oy a
d|ode deleclor or olrer A derodu|alor lo recover lre Y s|gra|.

68Tre co|or s|gra|s are derodu|aled oy lWo oa|arced rodu|alors led W|lr 3.58-lz suocarr|ers |r quadralure. Tre suocarr|er |s lrequercy- ard
prase-|oc|ed lo lre suocarr|er |r lre lrarsr|ller oy prase-|oc||rg lo lre co|or suocarr|er oursl lrarsr|lled or lre ror|zorla| o|ar||rg pu|se.

69To |eep lre rece|ver |r slep W|lr lre scarr|rg process al lre lrarsr|ller, syrc pu|ses are lrarsr|lled a|org W|lr lre scarred ||res ol v|deo.
Trese syrc pu|ses are slr|pped oll lre v|deo deleclor ard used lo syrcrror|ze ror|zorla| ard verl|ca| osc|||alors |r lre rece|ver. Trese
osc|||alors gererale del|ecl|or currerls lral sWeep lre e|eclror oear |r lre p|clure luoe lo reproduce lre p|clure.

7Tre co|or p|clure luoe corla|rs lrree e|eclror gurs lral gererale rarroW e|eclror oears a|red al lre prospror coal|rg or lre |rs|de ol lre
lace ol lre p|clure luoe. Tre prospror |s arrarged |r r||||ors ol l|ry red, greer, ard o|ue co|or dol lr|ads or slr|pes. Tre e|eclror oears exc|le
lre co|or dols or slr|pes |r proporl|or lo lre|r |rlers|ly ard gererale ||grl ol ary co|or deperd|rg upor lre arp||lude ol lre red, greer, ard o|ue
s|gra|s. Tre e|eclror oear |s scarred or del|ecled ror|zorla||y ard verl|ca||y |r slep W|lr lre lrarsr|lled v|deo s|gra|s. 0el|ecl|or s|gra|s lror
lre |rlerra| sWeep c|rcu|ls dr|ve co||s |r a del|ecl|or yo|e arourd lre rec| ol lre p|clure creal|rg ragrel|c l|e|ds lral sWeep lre lrree e|eclror
oears.

7Tre ror|zorla| oulpul slage, Wr|cr prov|des ror|zorla| sWeep, |s a|so used lo operale a l|yoac| lrarslorrer lral sleps up lre ror|zorla| syrc
pu|ses lo a very r|gr vo|lage. Trese are recl|l|ed ard l||lered |rlo a 30- lo 35-|v vo|lage lo operale lre p|clure luoe. Tre l|yoac| a|so sleps
doWr lre ror|zorla| pu|ses ard recl|l|es ard l||lers lrer |rlo |oW-vo|lage dc supp||es lral are used lo operale rosl ol lre c|rcu|ls |r lre Tv sel.

72Cao|e le|ev|s|or |s lre lrarsr|ss|or ol ru|l|p|e Tv s|gra|s Wr|cr are lrequercy ru|l|p|exed or a s|rg|e cao|e lo oe used |r ||eu ol over-lre-a|r
s|gra| lrarsr|ss|or. Tre readerd ol a cao|e Tv slal|or co||ecls Tv s|gra|s lror |oca| slal|ors ard lror olrer sources oy sale|||le ard lrer
rodu|ales ard ru|l|p|exes lrese s|gra|s or a cao|e lral |s serl lo suoscr|oers.

73Tre ra|r cao|e lror lre readerd, ca||ed lre lrur|, la|es lre s|gra|s lo olrer d|slr|oul|or po|rls ard lo olrer cao|es ca||ed leeders, Wr|cr
lrarsr|l lre s|gra|s lo re|groorroods. Tre leeders are lrer l|ed lo cao|e drops correcled lo eacr rouse. Tre cao|e s|gra|s are arp||l|ed al
severa| po|rls a|org lre d|slr|oul|or palr lo ra|rla|r slrorg s|gra|s. A cao|e Tv decoder oox or lurer se|ecls lre des|red crarre| ard corverls
|l |rlo a crarre| 3 or 1 Tv s|gra| lral correcls lo lre Tv rece|ver lor preserlal|or.


$ELF-TE$T

$upp|y lre r|ss|rg Word(s) |r eacr slalererl.
Croose lre |eller lral oesl arsWers eacr quesl|or.

lrages are corverled |rlo e|eclr|ca| s|gra|s oy a process ol _____ W|lr a ||grl source ard prolosers|l|ve deleclor.
2 Tre rosl corror lrarsr|ss|or red|ur lor lax s|gra|s |s _____.
3 $lardards lor lax lrarsr|ss|or are sel oy lre _____.
4 Tre rodu|al|or relrod used |r group 1 racr|res Was P W|lr o|ac| = _____ lz ard Wr|le= _____ lz.
5 vesl|g|a| s|deoard A |s used |r group _____ racr|res.
6 Tre prolosers|l|ve dev|ce used |r rosl roderr lax racr|res lo corverl a scarred ||re |rlo ar ara|og s|gra| |s a(r)
7 osl roder lax racr|res are ol lre group _____ lype.
8 To ersure corpal|o|||ly oelWeer serd|rg ard rece|v|rg lax racr|res, corlro| |og|c carr|es oul lre process ol _____ oy aud|o lores pr|or lo
lrarsr|ss|or.
9 Tre rosl corror|y used lype ol pr|rler |r a lax racr|re |s a(r) _____ pr|rler.
Tre upper speed ||r|l ol a 03 lax racr|re over le|eprore ||res |s _____ oaud.
Tre reso|ul|or ol a 03 lax racr|re |s lyp|ca||y _____ ||res per-|rcr.

68
2Tre lWo rodu|al|or lecrr|ques used |r 03 racr|res are _____.
3A lax lrarsr|ss|or |s usua||y _____ (lu||, ra|l) dup|ex.
4Tre speed ard reso|ul|or ol group 1 lax lrarsr|ss|ors are _____ |o|ls/s ard _____ ||res per |rcr.
5True or la|se. Fax car lrarsr|l prolos ard draW|rgs as We|| as pr|rled lexl.
6True or la|se. Fax s|gra|s ray rol oe lrarsr|lled oy rad|o.
7True or la|se. 0roup 1 lrarsr|ss|or do rol use lre slardard le|eprore ||res.
8Tre area lo oe served oy a ce||u|ar le|eprore sysler |s d|v|ded |rlo adjacerl _____.
9Tre rasler corlro| slal|or lor a group ol ce||s |s ca||ed lre _____.
2are lWo reasors Wry lrere are rore crarre|s, ava||ao|e |r ce||u|ar syslers lrar |r o|der roo||e le|eprore syslers.
2Tre ruroer ol crarre|s ava||ao|e |s _____.
22True or la|se. Ce||u|ar le|eprore rad|os operale lu|| dup|ex.
23Tre lype ol rodu|al|or used |r a ce||u|ar rad|o |s _____.
24Tre rax|rur poWer oulpul ol a ce||u|ar lrarsr|ller |s _____ .
25Tre lrarsr|l lrequercy rarge |s _____ lo _____ lz.
26Tre rece|ve lrequercy rarge |s _____ lo _____ lz.
27Crarre|s pac|rg |s _____ |lz.
28$eparal|or oelWeer serd ard rece|ve lrequerc|es |s _____ lz.
29Trarsr|l ard rece|ve lrequerc|es are delerr|red oy a(r) _____.
3Corror l|rsl lFs are _____ ard _____ lz. Corror secord lFs are _____ ard _____ lz.
3Tre APC c|rcu|l causes lre lrarsr|ller poWer lo _____ oased or ar |rpul corlro| s|gra| lror lre T$0.
32A _____ a||oWs lre lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver lo srare ar arlerra.
33True or la|se. Tre lrarsr|l ard rece|ve crarre| |s se|ecled oy lre operalor. .
34Tre source ol lre lrequercy d|v|der ral|os |r lre lrequercy syrlres|zer PLLs |s lre _____.
35are lWo s|gra|s lral are lrarsr|lled oac| lo lre ce|| s|le ard are ror|lored oy lre T$0.
36are lrree cord|l|ors |r lre lrarsce|ver lral are corlro||ed oy lre T$0.
37A dc s|gra| der|ved lror lre derodu|alor ard used lo le|| lre T$0 aooul rece|ved s|gra| slrerglr |s ca||ed lre _____.
38A rece|ver ras a l|rsl lF ol 82.2 lz. Tre secord lF |s 15 |lz. Tre L0 lrequercy or lre secord r|xer |s _____ lz.
39Tre secl|or ol lre ce||u|ar lrarsce|ver lral |rlerprels lre ser|a| d|g|la| dala lror lre ce|| s|le ard T$0 |s lre _____ ur|l.
4loW rary r|croprocessors do rosl ce||u|ar lrarsce|vers corla|r?
4Tre rardsel |s parl ol lre _____ secl|or ol lre lrarsce|ver.
42rer lre speed ol rad|o s|gra|s |s |roWr, radar car oe used lo delerr|re lre _____ ol a largel.
43Ar ecro |s lre _____ lror a largel.
44Tre d|recl|v|ly ol lre radar arlerra delerr|res lre _____ ol a largel.
45Tre speed ol a radar s|gra| |s _____ 3s/rr|.
46Tre e|apsed l|re oelWeer rad|al|rg a radar s|gra| ard rece|v|rg |ls ecro |s 13.2 3s. Tre largel d|slarce |r raul|ca| r||es |s _____.
47ll a largel |s 1000 yd aWay, lre l|re per|od oelWeer lre lrarsr|ss|or ol lre s|gra| ard rece|pl ol lre ecro |s _____ 3s.
480re raul|ca| r||e |s equa| lo _____ slalule r||es.
49For opl|rur rel|ecl|or lror a largel, lre Wave|erglr ol lre radar s|gra| srou|d oe _____ corpared lo lre s|ze ol lre largel.
5Radars operale |r lre _____ lrequercy rarge.
5True or la|se. olr lre lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver |r a radar srare lre sare arlerra.
52Tre lWo ra|r lypes ol radar are _____.
53A lrequercy sr|ll ol sourd, rad|o, or ||grl Waves lral occurs as lre resu|l ol lre re|al|ve rol|or oelWeer oojecls |s ca||ed lre _____ ellecl.
54A C radar operales al a lrequercy ol 11 0lz. A lrequercy sr|ll ol 25 |lz |s produced oy a rov|rg largel. lls speed |s _____ r|/r.
55True or la|se. 0|slarce car oe reasured W|lr corslarl-lrequercy C radar.
56A Wavegu|de assero|y lral |els lre lrarsr|ller ard rece|ver srare ar arlerra |s ca||ed a(r) _____.
57Tre rosl corror|y used corporerl |r a radar lrarsr|ller |s a(r) _____ luoe.
58olr TR ard ATR luoes |rcorporale a(r) _____.
59Tre oulpul d|sp|ay |r a radar |s usua||y a(r) _____.
6A d|sp|ay lral sWeeps oulWard lror lre cerler ol lre screer Wr||e rolal|rg |s |roWr as a(r) _____.
6A radar us|rg ru|l|p|e arlerras lo srape lre oear W|dlr ard auloral|ca||y adjusl d|recl|v|ly |s |roWr as a(r) _____ radar.
62Tre oardW|dlr ol a slardard Tv s|gra| |s _____ lz.
63Tre v|deo carr|er |s _____ rodu|aled ard lre sourd carr|er |s _____ rodu|aled.
64Tre spac|rg oelWeer lre sourd ard p|clure carr|ers |s _____ lz.
65Tv slal|ors operale |r lre _____ ard _____ reg|ors ol lre speclrur.
66Tre or|grlress s|gra| produced oy a v|deo carera |s ca||ed lre _____ or _____ s|gra|.
67TWo e|eclror|c |rag|rg dev|ces used |r Tv careras lo produce v|deo s|gra|s are lre _____ ard lre _____.
68Tre process lral orea|s up a p|clure or scere |rlo ser|a||y lrarsr|lled s|gra|s |s ca||ed _____.

69
69Tre lrree oas|c co|ors ol ||grl Wr|cr car oe used lo produce ary olrer co|or are _____ , _____, ard _____.
7A T$C Tv p|clure or ore lrare ol v|deo |s corposed ol _____ scar ||res.
7A l|e|d cors|sls ol _____ scar ||res.
72Tre l|e|d ard lrare rales are _____ ard _____ lz respecl|ve|y.
73Tre l|re reeded lo scar ore ror|zorla| ||re |r a co|or Tv sel |s _____.
74To |eep lre p|clure al lre rece|ver |r slep W|lr lre lrarsr|lled s|gra|, _____ are added lo lre v|deo.
75Tre c|rcu|l lral |els lre p|clure ard sourd lrarsr|llers use lre sare arlerra |s lre _____.
76Tre co|or |r a scere |s gereraled oy a carera lral deve|ops lrree s|gra|s lral represerl lre arourl ol _____, _____, ard _____ ||grl preserl
a|org every scar ||re.
77Tre red, greed, ard o|ue co|or s|gra|s are coro|red |r a res|sl|ve ralr|x lo produce lre lWo co|or s|gra|s ca||ed _____ ard _____.
78Tre lWo co|or s|gra|s are led lo _____ c|rcu|ls lral produce _____ rodu|al|or.
79Tre co|or s|gra|s rodu|ale a suocarr|er W|lr a lrequercy ol _____.
8Tre craracler|sl|c ol lre corpos|le co|or s|gra| lral le||s lre rece|ver lre lrarsr|lled co|or |s |ls _____.
8Tre _____ s|gra| car oe lorred oy add|rg lre co|or s|gra|s |r lre lo||oW|rg proporl|or: 0.11 0.590 0.3R.
82Crarre| se|ecl|or |r lre lurer |s accorp||sred oy us|rg a(r) _____ lor a |oca| osc|||alor.
83Tre _____ porl|or ol a roderr Tv sel uses d|g|la||y coded |rlrared s|gra|s lor crarre|, vo|ure, ard olrer crarges.
84A crarre| 33 &lF Tv slal|or ras a p|clure carr|er lrequercy ol 585.25 lz. Tre sourd carr|er lrequercy |s _____.
85Tre lrequercy ol lre v|deo s|gra| represerl|rg l|re dela|| a|org a scar ||re car rave a lrequercy up lo aooul _____.
86Tre Tv rece|ver sourd lF |s _____ lz, ard lre p|clure lF |s _____ lz.
87Tre rare ol lre spec|a| l||ler lral prov|des rosl ol lre adjacerl crarre| se|ecl|v|ly lor lre Tv rece|ver |s _____.
88$peclrur space |s corserved oy us|rg _____ rodu|al|or lor lre v|deo |r a Tv s|gra|.
89lr lre Tv rece|ver, lre p|clure ard sourd lF oeal logelrer lo lorr lre sourd lF ol _____ lz.
9TWo corror sourd derodu|alors |r Tv rece|vers are lre _____ ard lre _____.
9Tre corpos|le co|or s|gra| |s derodu|aled |r lWo _____ derodu|alor c|rcu|ls led W|lr quadralure 3.58-lz s|gra|s lror a suocarr|er osc|||alor.
92Tre. 3.58-lz suocarr|er osc|||alor |r lre rece|ver |s prase- ard lrequercy-syrcrror|zed lo lre _____ s|gra| lrarsr|lled a|org W|lr lre
ror|zorla| syrc pu|ses.
93Tre _____ c|rcu|l slr|ps lre ror|zorla| syrc pu|ses lror lre v|deo deleclor oulpul.
94Tre ror|zorla| syrc pu|ses syrcrror|ze |r |rlerra| sWeep osc|||alor lo a lrequercy ol _____ lz.
95Tre verl|ca| sWeep osc|||alor |s syrcrror|zed lo a lrequercy ol _____ lz oy as syrc pu|se der|ved oy _____ lre ror|zorla| syrc pu|ses
occurr|rg dur|rg lre verl|ca| o|ar||rg |rlerva|.
96Tre ror|zorla| ard verl|ca| sWeep s|gra|s are currerls W|lr lre srape ol a(r) _____.
97Tre sWeep s|gra|s are app||ed lo lre _____ assero|y arourd lre rec| ol lre p|clure luoe.
98Tre e|eclror oear |s gereraled oy lre _____ e|ererl |r lre p|clure luoe ard locused |rlo a rarroW oear oy lre
99Tre e|eclror oear |s del|ecled ard sWepl across lre lace ol lre p|clure luoe oy _____ gereraled oy lre _____.
A co|or CRT corla|rs _____ e|eclror gurs lo exc|le lre co|or dol lr|ads or lre lace ol lre luoe.
Tre _____ c|rcu|ls ersure lral lre e|eclror oears slr||e lre correcl co|or dols.
2 Tre _____ slage |s used as sW|lcr|rg poWer supp|y lo deve|op lre lv requ|red lo operale lre p|clure luoe.
3 Tre lrarslorrer used lo slep up ard slep doWr lre ror|zorla| syrc pu|ses |s ca||ed lre _____.
4 Tre rare g|ver lo lre cao|e Tv slal|or lral co||ecls ard d|slr|oules lre cao|e s|gra|s |s _____.
5 Tre, ra|r cao|es used lo d|slr|oule lre Tv s|gra|s lo suoscr|oers are ca||ed lre _____ ard _____.
6 Tre coax|a| cao|es lral leed |rd|v|dua| rouses are ca||ed _____ ard lyp|ca||y rave a craracler|sl|c |rpedarce ol _____ orrs.
7 Tre cao|e Tv slal|or ray crarge lre Tv s|gra| lrequercy oy lrars|al|rg |l lo arolrer lrequercy oy us|rg a _____.
8 Cao|e allerual|or occurr|rg dur|rg d|slr|oul|or |s overcore oy us|rg _____.
9 Tre cao|e oox used oy lre suoscr|oer corla|rs lWo, ra|r c|rcu|ls, lre _____ ard lre _____.
Tre oulpul ol lre cao|e oox |s a Tv s|gra| or crarre| _____ or _____ lral |s correcled lo lre _____ ol lre Tv sel.
Four advarlages ol cao|e Tv are _____, _____, _____, ard _____.


A$ER$

scarr|rg
2 le|eprore ||res
3 Cl TT
4 2300, 1500
5 2
6 crarge coup|ed dev|ce
7 3

7
8 rardsra||rg
9 lrerra|
900
200
2P$K, 0A
3ra|l
45K, 100
5lrue
6la|se
7lrue
8ce||s
9roo||e le|eprore sW|lcr|rg oll|ce
2rore speclrur space al lre r|grer lrequerc|es, lrequercy reuse ol crarre|s.
2
22lrue
23F
243
25825, 815
268Z0, 890
2730
2815
29lrequercy syrlres|zer
315,82.2, 10.Z,0.155
3crarge or decrease
32dup|exer or |so|alor
33la|se
34 T$0
35lrarsr|ller poWer |eve| rece|ved s|gra| |eve|
36lrarsr|l lrequercy, rece|ve lrequercy, lrarsr|ller poWer.
37rece|ve s|gra| slrerglr |rd|calor (R$$l )
3882.5
39|og|c
4lWo
4corlro|
42d|slarce or rarge
43rel|ecl|or
44oear|rg or az|rulr
45.18
463.5
47.1
481.15
49srorl
5r|croWave
5lrue
52pu|se, corl|ruous Wave
530opp|er
54589
55la|se
56dup|exer
57ragrelror
58spar| gap
59CRT
6p|ar pos|l|or |rd|calor (PPl )
6prased array
62 lz
63arp||lude, lrequercy
641.5 lz

7
65vlF, &lF
66|ur|rarce Y
67v|d|cor, CC0
68scarr|rg
69red, greer, ard o|ue
7525
722
720 (59.91) ard 30 (20.9Z) lz
7315,Z31 lz (3. 3.s)
74syrc pu|ses
75d|p|exer
76red, greer, o|ue
77l, 0
78oa|arced rodu|alor, 0$ suppressed |r-prase ard quadralure carr|er A
793.58 lz
8prase
8Y or |ur|rarce
82lrequercy syrlres|zer
83rerole corlro|
84589.Z5 lz
851 lz
8611.25, 15.Z5 lz
87surlace acousl|c Wave ($A)
88vesl|g|a| s|deoard A
891.5 lz
9quadralure deleclor ard d|llererl|a| pea| deleclor
9oa|arced
92co|or oursl
93syrc separalor
9415,Z31 lz
9559.91 lz, |rlegral|rg
96||rear saWloolr
97yo|e
98calrode, e|eclror gur
99ragrel|c l|e|ds, yo|e co||s
lrree
corvergerce
2 ror|zorla| sWeep oulpul
3 l|y oac|
4 read erd
5 lrur|, leeder
6 drops, Z5
7 r|xer
8 arp||l|ers
9 r|xer, lrequercy syrlres|zer crarre| se|eclor
3, 1, arlerra jac|
|ess ro|se ard s|gra| allerual|or lor a oeller p|clure, grealer re||ao|||ly ol recepl|or, prer|ur cao|e prograrr|rg, ard ro reed lor ar
arlerra