Cu (unl1 ll)

1 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

UNIT-II
FUNDAMENTAL OF 'C'
FEATURES OF 'C' LANGUAGE:
Que-1: wrIte down maIn Ieatures oI C Ianguage wItb expIanatIon.
O C is oriallc.
O C docs noi coniain Inui/ouiui siaicmcnis.
O C suoris Dii-wisc ocraiors wIicI normally arc noi suoricd ly IigIcr lcvcl
languagc.
O C is Modular languagc.
O %Ic rogram wriiicn in C is always oriallc.
O !oriallc mcans a C rogram wriiicn on onc Iardwarc worls on oiIcr Iardwarc
O iiIoui any modificaiion or wiiI minor Iardwarc dccndcni modificaiion.
O ormally rogram wriiicn in any IigIcr lcvcl languagcs arc inicraciivc. For iIai
urosc rogramming languagc suoris I/O siaicmcnis.
O For camlc, DASIS languagc coniains I!&% siaicmcni io rcad iIc inui from iIc
lcyloard and !#I% siaicmcni io roducc iIc ouiui on scrccn.
O C docs noi suori sucI I/O siaicmcnis for iIis urosc C uscs iIc lilrary
funciions scanf(} and rinif(}.
O C also suoris iIc lii-wisc ocraiors io crform iIc lii-wisc ocraiion lilc A,
O#, O% cic. ormally iIcsc ocraiions arc noi suoricd ly iIc IigI lcvcl
languagcs. Dui arc common in macIinc/asscmlly languagcs.
O C rogram is grou of onc or morc funciions. %Ic mciIod of dividing a rogram inio
small funciion is callcd modulariiy. %Ic modulariiy is an csscniial ari of siruciurcd
rogramming.

O oic. - C is noi considcrcd as a IigI lcvcl languagc, lui lnown as middlc lcvcl
languagc.

STRUCTURE OF 'C' PROGRAM:
Que-2: ExpIaIn Structure oI C programmIng
ocumcniaiion Scciion
Linl Scciion
cfiniiion Scciion
Clolal cclaraiion Scciion
main (}
{
cclaraiion Siaicmcnis;
Eccuiallc Siaicmcnis;

Sulrogram Scciion
Cu (unl1 ll)
2 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

&F......1
&F......2
.
.
.
&F......n

O ocumcniaiion scciion consisis of a sci of commcni lincs giving io namc of iIc
rogram, iIc auiIor and iIc oiIcr dciails wIicI iIc rogrammcr would lilc io usc
laicr.
O E, /.....Lalcl of rogram...../
/.....End of rogram...../
O Commcni linc is a non-cccuiallc siaicmcni and is ignorcd ly iIc comilcr.
O %Ic linl scciion rovidcs insiruciion io iIc comilcr io linl funciion from iIc
sysicm lilrary.
O Linl scciion, iIcrc arc iwo Icadcr-filc.
=includc<sidio.I> (Siandard inui/ouiui Icadcr-filc}
=includc<conio.I> (Consolc inui/ouiui Icadcr-filc}
O %Ic dcfiniiion scciion dcfincs all symlolic consianis.
O A =dcfinc is a rcroccssor comilcr dircciivc and noi a siaicmcni.
O =dcfinc sIould noi cnd wiiI scmicolon.
O For dcfining a symlol,
O Synia. =dcfinc SYMDOLAME valuc
O E- =dcfinc !I 3.14
O %Icrc arc somc variallc iIai arc uscd in morc iIan onc funciion sucI variallc s arc
callcd glolal variallcs and arc dcclarcd in glolal dcclaraiion scciion iIai is ouisidc
of all iIc funciion.

O For dcclaraiion of variallc,
O Synia. aiaiyc Variallcamc;
O E- floai a;
O Evcry c rogram musi Iavc onc main funciion. Main is a sccial funciion uscd ly c
sysicm io icll iIc comilcr wIcrc iIc rogram siaris.
O %Iis scciion coniains iwo aris.-
-cclaraiion ari;
-Eccuiion ari;
cclaraiion ari dccidcs all iIc variallc uscd in iIc cccuiallc ari.
%Icrc is ai lcasi onc siaicmcni in iIc cccuiallc. %Icsc iwo aris musi acar
lciwccn iIc ocning and closing lraccs.
O %Ic rogram cccuiion lcgins ai iIc ocning lraccs and cnds iIc closing lraccs.
O %Ic sulrogram scciion coniains all iIc uscr dcfincs funciion iIai arc callcd in iIc
main funciion.

prIntI( )

O rinif(} is a cccuicd siaicmcni.
Cu (unl1 ll)
3 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

O Ii is a rcdcfincd siaicmcni.rcdcfincd mcans iIc siaicmcni is alrcady lccn wriiicn,
comilcd and linlcd iogciIcr wiiI <sidio.I> Icadcr filc.
O ii is lilrary funciion.
O rinif(} is uscd io rini or dislay iIc mcssagc and also uscd for rini iIc ouiui in
rogram.
O Synia.
(a}For rini or disly mcssagc on iIc scrccn
rinif(mcssagc"};
E.-
rinif(Hcllo, MEC siudcni"};

(l}For rini iIc ouiui in rogram
rinif(mcssagc+conirolsiring", lisi of variallc};
E.-
ini c;
c4+8;
rinif(sumaiion %d", c};

scanI()

O scanf(} is a cccuicd siaicmcni.
O Ii is a rcdcfincd siaicmcni in <sidio.I> Icadcrfilc.
O ii is lilrary funciion.
O scanf(} is uscd io rcad or inui iIc daia from a lcyloard.
O synia.
scanf(Conirol siring", &lisi of variallc};
E-1.
ini a;
scanf(%d", &a};
E-2.
ini a,l;
scanf(%d %d", &a, &l};
E-3.
ini a;
cIar l;
scanf(%d %c", &a, &l};

oic. conirol siring sIows iIc formai sccifics rcccdcd ly %.

C Cbaracter Set and Tokens

O %Ic cIaracicr uscd in C arc dividcd inio four caicgorics
Lciicrs or alIalcis
igiis
Sccial cIaracicr
Iiic saccs

Cu (unl1 ll)
4 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

O %Ic lciicrs includc iIc ucrcasc(A,D, . , Z} and lowcrcasc(a,l, . ,z} alIalcis of
EnglisI languagc. %Ic digii includc 0,1,2, . , 9.
O %Ic C also uscs sccial cIaracicrs lilc ;( scmicolon}, '(singlc quoics}, (doullc
quoics}, +,_,,/,%,>, cic for diffcrcni uroscs.
O %Ic wIiic sacc is uscd io scaraic iIc words or iolcns. %Icy arc llanl, ial and
ncwlinc.
O %Ic cIaracicr iogciIcr malcs sccial symlol or word lnown as iolcn.
O EX.
iIc words uscd io dcfinc daia iyc lilc Int, IIoat, cic.
O Similarly any ocraior lilc +, -, , /, %, > cic, unciuaiion marls lilc ;( scmicolon},
lraccs { cic arc also iolcns.
O %Ic consiani uscd in rogram lilc 12, 12.65 arc also iolcns.


eywords
O %Ic lcywords arc sccial words uscd in C rogramming Iaving sccific mcaning.
O %Ic mcaning of iIcsc words can noi lc cIangcd.
O %Icy arc also lnown as rcscrvcd words
O cywords can noi lc uscd as idcniificrs.

Lisi of lcywords

auio doullc ini siruci
Drcal clsc long swiicI
casc cnum rcgisicr iycdcf
cIar cicrn rciurn union
consi floai sIori unsigncd
coniinuc for signcd void
dcfauli goio sizcof volaiilc
do if siaiic wIilc


IdentIIIers
O %Ic idcniificrs arc uscr dcfincd namcs uscd in rograms for roviding namcs io
variallc, arrays and funciions.
O %Ic idcniificr arc madc u of lciicrs(ucrcasc and lowcrcasc}, digii and undcrscorc.
O %Ic C is casc scnsiiivc and Icncc iIc ucr casc lciicr and Lowcr casc lciicr arc noi
samc.
O E. ma and Ma, arc noi samc. %Ic lowcr casc lciicr arc uscd In idcniiificr lui Is
noi iIc limiiaiion as ucr casc can also lc uscd.

Constant
O %Ic consianis arc iIc valucs wIicI ncvcr cIangcs.
Cu (unl1 ll)
3 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA


Consianis

umcric Consianis on-umcric Consianis

Inicgcr #cal CIaracicr Siring

Integer Constants
O Inicgcr consianis rcrcscni iIc wIolc numlcrs.
O %Icy uscs digii 0 io 9 and oiional sign + or lcforc iIc numlcr.
O %Ic sacc, comma and oiIcr symlol arc noi allowcd.

O E of valid inicgcr consianis E of Invalid inicgcr consianis
123 10,000
-23 $500
65535 15 780
0
+85

O C also allows iIc ocial and Icadccimal inicgcr in addiiion io dccimal consianis.
O %Ic ocial no. is wriiicn wiiI rcccding o and Icadccimal numlcrs arc rcccdcd ly
o or oX.

ReaI Constants
O #cal consianis rcrcscni iIc numlcr wiiI fraciional ari i.c. digii aficr dccimal
oini
E of valid rcal consianis
0.0005
-0.123
+248.0
215.
.78
O #cal consiani can lc wriiicn in scicniific formais also.
E of scicniific formai
-8.92E-1
6.8c+4
1.7c+2
8.19E3
Cu (unl1 ll)
6 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

O %Ic scicniific formai is uscd io rcrcscni iIc numlcrs wIicI arc ioo small or ioo
lig.
O E. 0.000000587 is vcry small no. and wriiicn in scicniific formai as 5.87E7

Cbaracter Constants
O CIaracicr consianis rcrcscni singlc cIaracicr and arc always cncloscd in singlc
quaics.
O E of valid cIaracicr consiani
'A' 'a' '?' '.' '8'
O %Ic cIaracicrs arc siorcd in iIc comuicr mcmory in form of ASCII valucs.
O ASCII valuc of 'A' is 65
O ASCII valuc of '8' is 56
Escape Sequence
Consiani Mcaning
'\a' Dcll
'\l' Dalc sacc
'\f' Form fccd
'\n' cw linc
'r' Carriagc rciurn
'\i' Horizonial ial
'\v' Vcriical ial
'\'' Singlc quoic
'\"' oullc quoic
'\?' Qucsiion marl
'\\' Dlacl slasI
'\0' ull

StrIng Constants
O Siring consiani is a scqucncc of cIaracicr consiani and cncloscd in doullc quoics.
O %Ic sirings arc uscd io rcrcscni iIc namc, addrcss, ciiy, namcs cic.
E.- ASHA%"
1973"
"
Hcllo, MEC Siudcni"
Note: D" and 'D' are not same sImIIarIy S", 'S' and S are dIIIerent

Que:-3 LIst tbe ruIes Ior cboosIng varIabIe names In C" Ianguage.
%Ic variallc rcrcscnis iIc quaniiiics wIicI cIangcs wiiI iIc iimc.
EacI variallc idcniificd ly a uniquc idcniificr in rogram callcd variallc namc.
%Ic variallc namc arc uscd io siorc valucs wIicI cIangcs coniinuously.
RuIes:-
Cu (unl1 ll)
7 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

O Only ucrcasc and lowcrcasc lciicrs, digii and undcrscorc can lc uscd.
O Variallc namc always lcgins wiiI lciicr.
O Only firsi 32 cIaracicrs arc significani.
O cywords can noi lc uscd.
O Variallc namcs arc casc scnsiiivc. i.c. iIc Couni and couni arc iwo diffcrcni variallc
O %Ic undcrscorc cIaracicr is uscd io scaraic iIc words in a variallc namc wIcn
namc consisi of muliilc words.
O E.
icm_calc
icm_faIr
%Ic digii arc uscfull io Iavc scqucncc of namcs wiiI cacI namc Iavc samc mcaning,
lui digii diffcrcniiaic iIc insianccs.

E of valid variallc namc

Variallc namc Valid/Invalid #cmarl
Ma Valid
ma4 Valid
ma 3 Invalid Sacc is noi allowcd
avg_num Valid
doullc Invalid cyword is noi allowcd
1 icm Invalid Variallc namc sIould
siari wiiI lciicr

Data Types
O C languagc suoris four fundamcnial daia iycs.

%yc !urosc Sizc(Dyic} #angc of valuc
cIar For sioring cIaracicr & siring 1 lyic -128 io 127
ini For sioring inicgcr 2 lyic -32768 io 32767
floai For sioring rcal numlcrs 4 lyic 3.4c-38 io 3.4c+38
doullc For sioring doullc rccision
floaiing
8 lyic 1.7c-308 io 1.7c+308

O In addiiion io fundamcnial 4 iycs of daia, 'C' languagc suoris diffcrcni qualificrs
sucI as signcd, unsigncd, sIori and long.
O %Icsc daia iycs wiiI iIcir sizc and rangc arc as lcllow.

%yc Sizc(lyics} #angc of valucs
unsigncd cIar 1 lyic 0 io 255
unsigncd ini 2 lyic 0 io 65535
sIori ini 2 lyic -32768 io +32767
unsigncd sIori ini 2 lyic 0 io 65535
Cu (unl1 ll)
8 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

long ini 4 lyic -2147483948 io
+2147483947
unsigncd long ini 4 lyic 0 io 4294967295
long doullc 10 lyic 3.4E-4932 io 1.1E+4932

O %Ic iyc of iIc variallc is cIoscn lascd on iIc iyc of informaiion io lc siorcd.
O %o siorc iIc individual alIalci, cIaracicr iyc is mosi suiiallc cIoicc.
O %Ic various ini iycs arc uscful for wIolc numlcrs.
O %Ic 'C' suoris floai and doullc iycs for sioring rcal valucs.
O %Ic floai is singlc rccision, wIilc doullc is doullc rccision.
O !rccision sIows iIc numlcr of digiis aficr dccimal oini.

SymboIIc Constants
O Symlolic consianis arc uscd io dcfinc iIosc consianis wIicI arc rccaicd scvcral
iimcs in iIc rogram.
O Insicad of using dirccily consianis ai cacI lacc, if wc dcfinc a symlol for sucI
consiani oncc and usc iIc symlol ai cacI lacc wIcrc consiani is rcfcrrcd in iIc
rogram, ii is morc convcnicni.
Synia.
=dcfinc SYMDOL consiani_valuc
O E,
=dcfinc !IE 3.14
=dcfinc MAX 10
=dcfinc M%S 3.28
=dcfinc EOF -1
O %Ic main advaniagc of symlolic consiani is iIai if wc wani io cIangc iIc valuc of
consiani, wc nccd io cIangc ai only onc lacc.
O %Ic ucrcasc laiicr arc uscd dcfining symlols io diffcrcniiaic iIcm from iIc
normal variallcs.

Constants WItb const
O 'C' rovidcs anoiIcr way io dcfinc iIc consianis wiiI lcyword const.
O Any aiicmi io modify sucI variallc in rogram, rcsulis inio comilaiion crror.
O Synia
consi daia_iyc consiani_namc valuc;
wIcrc const is a rcscrvcd word, data_type is iyc of consiani and constant_name
is namc of iIc consiani jusi lilc variallc and vaIue dcnoics valuc of iIc consiani.

O E,
consi ini ma 5;
O %Ic dcfauli daia iyc is ini, iIc alovc siaicmcni is samc as
consi ma 5;
O Samc way, wc can crcaic consianis of any valid daia iyc. Following siaicmcni
dcclarcs iIc consiani pIe wiiI valuc 3.14.
Cu (unl1 ll)
9 ML8CPAn1 LnCC CCLLLCL 8ASnA

consi floai ic 3.14;
O If you do noi iniiializc iIc consiani ai iIc iimcof dcclaraiion, C auiomaiically
iniiializc ii io 0. For camlc,
consi ini couni;
dcfincs count as consi wiiI valuc 0.

Enumerated Data Types
O %Ic cnumcraicd daia iyc is uscd io dcfinc morc iIan onc inicgcr symlolic
consianis.
O E,
cnum loolcan {falsc, iruc;
Hcrc enum is a lcyword, booIean is a daia iyc and falsc and iruc arc ossillc
valucs. %Ic valuc of falsc is 0 and iruc is 1.
Oncc iIc cnumcraicd daia iyc is dcfincd, wc can crcaic variallcs as lilc oiIcr daia
iycs. For camlc,
cnum loolcan siaius;
Icrc status is variallc of iyc BooIean and can roccss only valucs falsc and iruc.
%Ic following assignmcni is valid.
siaius falsc;
O E,
(1} cnum moniI{JA1, FED, MA#, A!#, MAY, J&, J&L,A&C, SE!, OC%, OV,
EC
Hcrc JA is assigncd valuc 1, FED 2, MA# 3, and so on.
(2} cnum csca {DLEL '\a', ELIE '\n', V%AD '\v', %AD '\i'
O %Ic symlolic consiani dcfincs only onc symlol ai a iimc, wIilc cnumcraicd daia
iyc can dcfinc many symlols ai a iimc.
O %Ic main advaniagc of cnumcraicd daia iyc is iIai wc can assign namcs io valucs
and roccss casily.
typedeI
O 'C' languagc suoris a fcaiurc lnown as 'iyc dcfinaiion' iIai allows uscrs io dcfinc
an idcniificr iIai woulod rcrcscnis an cisiing daia iyc. %Iis ucr-dcfincd daia iyc
idcniificr can laicr lc uscd io dcclarc variallcs.
O %Ic usc of 950/01 lcis onc crcaic and cfinc a ncw namc for an cisiing iyc.
O Synia.
iycdcf iyc variallc;
Icrc iyc rcfcrs io an cisiing daia iyc and variallc rcfcrs io ncw namc givcn io
iIc daia iyc.
O E,
iycdcf ini uniis;
iycdcf floai marls;
So you can dcclarc
marls , y;
uniis lg;
Icrc , y rcrcscnis floai iyc daia variallcs wIilc lg rcrcscnis inicgcr iyc daia
variallcs.