Term Paper

Cbapter
Introduct|on of M|crostr|p atch Antennas

Besign of Rectangulai Apeituie Ciiculai Patch Aiiay by BFSS

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1.Introduction

Antennas play a very important role in the Iield oI wireless communications. Some oI them are
Parabolic ReIlectors, Patch Antennas, Slot Antennas, and Folded Dipole Antennas. Each type oI antenna
is good in their own properties and usage. We can say antennas are the backbone and almost everything
in the wireless communication without which the world could have not reached at this age oI
technology.
Patch antennas play a very signiIicant role in today`s world oI wireless communication systems.
A Microstrip patch antenna (Fig 1) is very simple in the construction using a conventional Microstrip
Iabrication technique. The most commonly used Microstrip patch antennas are rectangular and circular
patch antennas. These patch antennas are used as simple and Ior the widest and most demanding
applications. Dual characteristics, circular polarizations, dual Irequency operation, Irequency agility,
broad band width, Ieed line Ilexibility, beam scanning can be easily obtained Irom these patch antennas.

1.1 Merits and Demerits of the Microstrip antennas
The Microstrip antennas have a lot oI popularity based on their applications, which has some
Merits and De-merits as any other.The merits oI these antennas have some similarities as oI the
conventional microwave antennas, as these cover a broader range oI Irequency Irom 100 MHz to 100
GHz, same is the case with these Microstrip antennas.These are widely used in the handheld devices
(wireless) such as pager, mobile phones, etc...


Some merits and demerits oI these Microstrip antennas are:
1.1.1 Merits:

Low weight, low volume and thin proIile conIigurations which can be made conIormal.

Low Iabrication cost, readily available to mass production.

Required no cavity backing.

Linear and circular polarizations are possible.

Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits.

Capable oI dual and triple Irequency operations.

Feed lines and matching network can be Iabricated simultaneously.

1.1.2 De Merits

Even though these Microstrip antennas are compared with conventional antennas these Microstrip
antennas have some number oI demerits:
Low eIIiciency.

Low grain.

Lower gain ( somewhat -6dB)

Large ohmic loss in the Ieed structure oI arrays.

Poor end Iire radiator except tapered slot antennas,

Extraneous radiation Irom Ieeds and junctions.

Low power handling capacity (approx 100W).

Excitation oI surIace waves.

Polarization purity is diIIicult to achieve.

Complex Ieed structures require high perIormance arrays.

There is reduced gain and eIIiciency as said beIore and also unacceptably high levels oI cross
polarization and mutual coupling within the array environment at high Irequencies.



Antennas are Iabricated on a substrate with a high dielectric constant are strongly preIerred Ior easy
integration with MMIC RF Iront end circuitry as this can lead to the poor eIIiciency

Let us see some new results in the world oI antenna and propagation:
There has been a new method proposed by Alla. I Abunjaileh about the multi banding matching oI a
circular patch antenna. Using the analysis oI the microwave theory the antenna can also be used as the
dual band antenna as the circular and triangular shapes can support two orthogonal resonant modes. An
antenna can operate as a transceiver multimode patch antenna.
A 31.5GHz Microstrip patch antenna has been designed Ior medical implants, a transmission line model,
smaller in size, explaining that the return loss increases inside the body, with some Irequency detuning.
The Technique oI using an inset Ieed patch antenna with modiIied ground plane cam achieve widest
bandwidth. An L-shaped Ieed rectangular patch antenna modiIied C-slot on the ground plane which
inIluenced the Bandwidth oI the patch antenna.
The Aircell Company has designed a Aircell Iridium Patch Antenna, a tiny sitcom antenna which Iits in
our hand, this antenna can be used Ior both rotary and Iixed wing aircraIt, high-speed military aircraIts,
and all aeronautic applications.

OI course these demerits can be reduces to some extent by using some techniques, the broadband can be
increased by 60 by these techniques which iI needed will be discussed in the coming chapters.


These Microstrip patch antennas have a very antenna quality Iactor ("). 6 representing the losses with the
antenna and the " gives the narrow bandwidth and low Irequency.
The losses (6) can be reduced by increasing thickness oI the dielectric substrate, there is a catch here -~
increasing the thickness, results the increasing Iactor oI the power delivered by the source goes into a
surIace wave.
The surIace wave limitations (such as increased mutual coupling, poor eIIiciency, etc...) can be
overcome by the use oI photonic band gap structures.
Antenna Development corporation, Las Cruces, has designed UHF antennas Ior space which are oI low
mass and high perIormance, which are capable oI supporting high data rates to at least 10 Watts oI
transmitted power, they are oI low mass, gives high perIormance and are oI course space qualiIied
It is not an easy task Ior an antenna to perIorm at diIIerent Irequencies at a time especially where the
usage is very high, in an aircraIt, in a boat, or even in a moving vehicle where the antenna catches signal
Irom various locations. It is very diIIicult to perIorm at these situations.
The wire patch antenna structure is a very useIul method in the integration oI the antennas using ceramic
materials and regrouping the diIIerent Iunctions in the malIunction antennas.



Cbapter
@heory of M|crostr|p atch Antenas



Cbapter
@heory of M|crostr|p atch Antennas
. Types of Microstrip Antennas

There are diIIerent types oI Microstrip antennas which are classiIied based on their physical parameters.
There diIIerent types oI antennas have many diIIerent shapes and dimensions. The basic categories oI these
Microstrip antennas can be classiIied in to Iour which are:

Microstrip patch antennas

Microstrip dipoles

Printed slot antennas

Microstrip travelling wave antennas

Going Iurther let`s have a small description on each oI the type oI the Microstrip antennas as it will give us
good sound knowledge on how each type is classiIied and on what basis:

|gure 3 Common shapes of the M|crostr|p patch antennas wh|ch are common|y |n use

.. Microstrip Patcb antennas

A Microstrip patch antenna is a thin square patch on one side oI a dielectric substrate and the other side
having a plane to the ground. The simplest Microstrip patch antenna conIiguration would be the rectangular
patch antenna.


|gure 4 Structure of M|crostr|p patch antenna

The patch in the antenna is made oI a conducting material Cu (Copper) or Au (Gold) and this can be in
any shape Fig 3, rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical or some other common shape . The basic
antenna element is a strip conductor oI length L and width W on a dielectric substrate with constant cr;
thickness or height oI the patch being h with a height and thickness t is supported by a ground plane.
The rectangular patch antenna is designed so as it can operate at the resonance Irequency. The length
that is Ior the patch does depend on the height, width oI the patch and the dielectric substrate.
The length oI the patch Ior a rectangular patch antenna normally would be 0.333 L 0.5 , being
the Iree space wavelength. The thickness oI the patch is selected to be in such a way that is t .
The length oI the patch can be calculated by the simple calculation Irom

L - 0.49 d rc49.0 ------------ Eq (2.1)
The height h oI the dielectric substrate that supports the patch usually ranges between 0.003 & 0.05
so as the dielectric constant, cr oI the substrate ranging between 2.19 and 12.
The patch oI the antenna is being excited by Ieed which is done by edge Ieed or a probe Ieed. When the
patch is excited by Ieed a charge distribution is being established between the ground plane and the
underneath oI the patch. The underneath oI the patch is charged to positive and the ground plane is
charged to negative aIter the excitation by Ieed. The attractive Iorces are being setup between the planes


i.e., patch underneath and the ground plane. The patch antennas radiate in the Iirst case due to the
Iringing Iields between the underneath oI the patch and the ground plane.
These patch antennas are narrow band devices with a bandwidth 10 oI the , poor radiation eIIiciency
is always more than expected Irom these patch antennas. A good perIormance Irom the patch antenna
can be expected with a thick dielectric substrate with a low dielectric constant as this gives better
eIIiciency, larger bandwidth and a better radiation . These types oI antennas are larger than expected in
the construction. But the case with us is completely diIIerent as to design a compact device needs high
dielectric constant which is less eIIicient, having a narrow bandwidth as discussed above.

2.1.2 Microstrip or Printed Dipole Antennas
The Microstrip or Printed Dipole Antennas diIIer Irom the Microstrip Patch antennas in their geometric
shape i.e. in their length to width ratio and the radiation patterns oI this antennas type is similar to that oI
patch antenna, i.e. having same longitudinal current directions. The length oI this printed dipole antenna
is less than 0.05. Bandwidth, radiation resistance, and the cross polar radiation diIIers widely when
compared to the patch antennas.
These Microstrip dipole antennas are very attractive when it is seen on the cases oI the size and linear
polarization. The Ieed mechanism is very important here in these types oI antennas and should be taken
care oI. These types oI antennas can be operated at high Irequencies as the substrate is electrically thick
which leads to the desired band width.

igure : Configuration of a Microstrip and printed dipoles, proximitycoupled strip dipole []



The Iigures above show the printed dipole antenna which are said to be very attractive on their size and
linear polarization.
The Iigure below is the Iolded dipole combined with another related dipole give way to the symmetrical
structure. And this particular construction can be used or is considered to be the rectangular patch with
an H shaped slot
liqure 5ymmetrico/ fo/ded printed dipo/es
.. Printed Slot Antennas

The printed slot antennas are those which have the slot in the ground plane oI a grounded substrate,
these slot antennas are bi-directional radiators; it means that they radiate both sides oI the slot. There is
no speciIic shape Ior the slot here, it can have any shape. Most oI the Microstrip patch shapes are in the
Iorm oI printed slots. This can be used Ior the unidirectional radiation as well by placing a reIlector on
the other side oI the slot. Just like the Microstrip patch antennas these slot antennas can be Ied by a
Microstripline.



.. Microstrip Travelling Wave Antennas

These Microstrip travelling wave antennas are designed having a long Microstrip line with enough width
to support the TE. These antennas are designed so that the main beam lying in any direction Irom
broadside to end Iire. The other end oI the microwave is ended in a matched resistive load in order to
avoid the standing waves oI the antenna. The use oI these antennas like rampart line antenna, chain
antenna, square loop antenna are in circular polarization.
We have seen the 4 types oI Microstrip antennas and here the table 1 gives the characteristics oI the
Microstrip patch antennas, Microstrip slot antennas, and printed dipole antennas .

%able 1: Characteristics of the Microstrip Patch Antennas

Characteristics Microstrip Patch
Antennas
Microstrip Slot
Antennas
Printed Dipole antennas
profile Thin Thin Thin
Fabrication Very easy Easy Easy
Polarization Both linear and circular Both linear and
circular
Linear
Dual-Fre6uency
Operation
Possible Possible Possible
Shape Flexibility Any shape Mostly rectangular
and circular shapes
Rectangular and triangular
Spurious Radiation Exists Exists Exists
Bandwidth 2-50 5-30 -30

2.2 Feed %echni6ues and Modeling of Microstrip Antennas
Microstrip patch antenna has various methods oI Ieeding techniques. As these antennas having dielectric
substrate on one side and the radiating element on the other. These Ieed techniques or methods are being
put as two diIIerent categories contacting and non-contacting.


Contacting Ieed technique is the one where the power is being Ied directly to radiating patch through the
connecting element i.e. through the Microstrip line.
Non-contacting technique is the one where an electromagnetic magnetic coupling is done to transIer the
power between the Microstrip line and the radiating patch. Even though there are many new methods oI
Ieed techniques the most popular or commonly used techniques are

1. Microstrip line

2. Coaxial probe

3. Aperture coupling

4. Proximity coupling and

5. Co planar wave guide Ieed.

1 and 2 being the contacting Ieed techniques and 3, 4 being non- contacting Ieed techniques.
There are Iew Iactors which lead or involve in the selection oI a particular type oI Ieed technique.
The Iirst and the Ioremost Iactor is the eIIicient power transIer between the radiating structure and the
Ieed structure, i.e. the impedance that is matching between the two. The minimization oI the radiation
and the eIIect oI it`s on the radiation pattern is one oI the most important aspect Ior the evaluation oI
Ieed.
2.2.1 Microstrip Line feed.

This type oI Ieed technique excitation oI the antenna would be by the Microstrip line oI the same
substrate as the patch that is here can be considered as an extension to the Microstrip line, and these both
can be Iabricated simultaneously. This conducting strip is directly connected to the edge oI the Micro
strip patch. , as known the conducting strip is smaller than that oI the patch in width. This type oI
structure has actually an advantage oI Ieeding the directly done to the same substrate to yield a planar
structure as said above. The coupling between the Microstrip line and the patch is in the Iorm oI the
edge or butt-in coupling as shown in the Iigure. Or it is through a gap between them.



|gure 8 A @ype of M|crostr|p feed and the correspond|ng equ|va|ent ckts M|crostr|p feed at a rad|at|ng edge

There is an inset cut in the patch to match the impedance oI the Ieed line to the patch without the need oI
additional matching element. This avoidance oI the additional matching element can be done by the
proper control oI the inset position. On the whole this particular model provides easy ways in the
Iabrication and a simple ways in modeling and especially in the impedance matching. The surIace waves
and the spurious Ieed radiation increases as the thickness oI the dielectric substrate increases which
obviously hampers the bandwidth oI the antenna. And this Ieed radiation which also leads to the
undesired cross polarized radiation.
As the description oI the excitation oI the patch by an edge coupled Microstrip line can be given in
terms oI the equivalent current density Jz associated with a magnetic Iield Hy oI the Microstrip line at
the junction place as in Iig |2|


|gure 10 kepresentat|on of an at the |nterface between the patch antenna and the feed M|crostr|p ||ne by
an equ|va|ent current dens|t dotted ||nes s|gn|fy n ||nes so||d ||nes are current ||nes
The current Jz couples with the EZ oI the patch antenna and the coupling magnitude is being given by the
equation
Coupling - }}} EZ Jz dv - Cos (Hx0 / L ) ----------------------- Eq (2.2)
.. Co Axial eed Tecbnique
This type oI Ieed is the common technique used Ior the Ieeding oI the Microstrip patch antennas. Coupling oI
the power through a probe is one oI the basic studies that can be seen in the transIer oI the microwave power.
It can be seen in the Iigure 11 below that the external or the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane
and the inner conductor oI the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to that oI the
radiating patch. The coaxial probe in this Ieed would be an inner conductor oI the coaxial line or this can be
used as the power transIer Irom the strip line to the Microstrip antenna Irom the slot in the ground plane.

|gure 11 robe ed kectangu|ar M|crostr|p atch Antenna


Unlike Irom the other Ieed techniques, here the advantage is that it has the Ilexibility to place the Ieed
anywhere in the inside the patch in order to match the input impedance. This gives an easy way Ior the
Iabrication and it haw low spurious radiation. OI course there is a disadvantage as well Irom this type oI
Ieed as this gives a narrow bandwidth. And as the hole has to be put drill in the substrate there is a
diIIiculty in the model.
With the connector extending out oI the ground plane, this results in non planar surIace to the substrates
which are thick, i.e. Having a height that is greater than 0,02. With the extended or the increase probe
length the input impedance becomes more inductive, which leads to the matching problems oI the
impedance.
As discussed above about the Ieed point location, it is determined in order to have the best matching oI
the impedance. The excitation oI the patch is mainly by the coupling oI Jz (Ieed current) and E: oI the
patch mode .
The coupling is given by the equation 3.2 |2|
}}}E: J: dv - cos (H x0 / L) ----------------- Eq (2.3) v

- L is the resonate length

- X0 oIIset oI the Ieed point Irom the patch edge

The location oI X0 is at the radiating edge oI the path X0 0 or L
From the above discussion its is seen that the thick substrate, giving broad bandwidth Co axial Feed and
the Microstrip line Ieed has disadvantages which are said to be the contacting Ieed techniques where as
the non contacting Ieed techniques solve these problems which are discussed Irom below.

.. Aperture Couple eed Tecbnique

This type oI Ieed technique comes under the non-contacting Ieed techniques and here the radiating patch
and the micro strip Ieed line are being divided by the ground plane. The main Ieatures in this particular
Ieed technique is that it has a wider bandwidth and the shielding oI the radiating patch Irom the radiation
gets Irom the structure,
From the Iigure 12 below it can be seen that the conIiguration oI this Ieed and as said above the
radiating patch and Microstrip Ieed line are separated by the ground plane.


The coupling between the patch and the Ieed line is trough aperture in the ground plane i.e. the line Ieed
on the lower substrate oI coupled electromagnetically to the patch through the aperture. The amount oI
coupling depends on the size, shape and also the location oI the aperture.
There is minimization oI the spurious radiation as the ground plane separates the Ieed line and the patch;
this can be achieved when there is a usage oI thin, high dielectric material Ior the lower substrate and
thick, low dielectric constant material Ior the upper substrate.
The aperture slot can be oI any size shape and these design parameters drive the bandwidth i.e. these
parameters improve the bandwidth.

|gure 12 Aperturecoup|e feed techn|que genera| v|ew
The lower and the upper substrate parameters are chosen separately to improve the bandwidth and Ior
the optimization oI the Ieed and radiation separately. So as said the patch`s substrate is oI thick and
lower dielectric const and Ior the Ieed line it`s thin & has a high dielectric const.
In this Ieed technique there is a Ieature oI improving the polarization purity. The black lobe radiation
Irom the slot is typically 15 to 20db below the main beam oI the coupling slot, is non resonant |2|. The
position oI the coupling slot is almost centered with respect to patch where there is a maximum
magnetic Iield oI patch to improve the magnetic coupling between the magnetic Iield oI the patch and
the magnetic current near the slot.
The coupling can be given by the expression |10|
Coupling }}}vHM. dv - Sin (H X0/L) -------------- Eq(2.4)


Where X0 oIIset oI the slot Irom the edge.
In order to improve the bandwidth in this particular Ieed technique is by adjusting the location oI the
slot, its shape, length and the width oI t he Ieed line and its stub length. There is obviously a
disadvantage Ior the Ieed technique, it`s diIIicult to Iabricate as this has got multiple layers, due to this
the thickness oI the antenna increases.
.. Proximity Coupled Microstrip eed
This is one oI the non-contacting non coplanar Microstrip Ieed technique. In this particular conIiguration, the
patch antenna is on the upper layer substrate and the Microstrip Ieed line on the lower layer substrate as its
uses 2 layers oI substrate.
|gure 13 rox|m|ty Coup|ed feed @echn|que

There is an open end to the Ieed line beneath the path. This Ieed technique is also known as
electromagnetically the current coupled (proximity coupled Microstrip Ieed).A particular
Ieature oI this diIIers Irom the other Ieed techniques i.e. the coupling capacitive in nature between the
patch and the Microstrip.
The circuit that is shown below gives the conIiguration oI this Ieed |2|:
|gure 14 rox|m|ty Coup|ed M|crostr|p eed



In this the capacitor is also designed to get the impedance matching oI the antenna and even Ior tuning
the patch Ior the bandwidth. The advantage oI this Ieed is the high bandwidth and the optimization oI
the spurious radiation.
As the terminology goes in order to improve the Bandwidth the open end oI the line can be terminated in
a substrate and the parameters are used Ior the improvement. As in the previous Ieed technique the
improvement oI the Bandwidth and the optimization oI the radiation can be done by the selection oI the
substrate and the open end oI the Microstrip and the lower substrate is to be thin, the larger bandwidth is
achieved by placing the radiating patch on the double layer.
Matching does depend on the length oI the Ieed line and the width/line ratio oI the patch. The
disadvantage goes as it`s diIIicult to Iabricate due to the 2 substrate layers which require accurate
alignment which directly or indirectly increases the thickness oI the antenna.

%ABLE 2
Characteristics Co-axial
Probe Feed
Radiating
Edge
Coupled
Non
radiating
Edge
Coupled
Gap
Coupled
Insert Feed Proximity
Coupled
Aperture
Coupled
Configuration Non Planar Coplanar Coplanar Coplanar Coplanar Planar Planar
Spurious Feed
Radiation
More Less Less More More More More
Polarization Purity Poor Good Poor Poor Poor Poor excellent
Ease of fabrication Soldering and
drilling needed
Easy Easy Easy Easy Alignment
required
Alignment
required
Reliability Poor due to
soldering
Better Better Better Better Good good
Impedance Matching Easy Poor Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy
Bandwidth 2-5 9-12 2-5 2-5 2-5 12 21

2.3 Radiation Fields and Microstrip Antenna Characteristics calculations
2.3.1 Radiation Fields
As known that the radiation oI the Microstrip antenna is due to a ribbon like magnetic surIace current at
the patch periphery.


In the other way the radiation Iield is determined by the surIace electric current on the patch oI
Microstrip antenna.
These radiation types oI determining the radiation Iields are said to be simpler and are oI course based
on diIIerent types oI the models oI the Microstrip antennas.
The study oI the radiation oI the discontinuous was studied Iirst by Lewin and this analysis was based on
the current Ilowing on conductors . The radiation patterns Irom this mechanism & Hertzian magnetic
dipole are Iound to be similar & this tends to calculate the eIIect oI radiation on Q the Quality Iactor oI
the Microstrip resonators.
There was an analysis by Sobol which was based on Iields in aperture by open end oI the Microstrip and
the ground plane.
The eIIect oI radiation on Q the quality Iactor can be given as the Iunction oI resonator dimensions,
thickness oI substrate, operating Irequency and relative dielectric constant. The radiation loss is larger
that oI the dielectric losses and the conductor at the high Irequencies, the analysis also yielded results
that the open ended Microstrip lines radiate more power when they are Iabricated with thick, low
dielectric constant substrates.
The Iigures below show the radiation Irom the Microstrip antenna Irom a Microstrip open end.



.. Microstrip Antenna Calculations
There is a need oI Iinding the characteristics oI antennas to determine the perIormance oI the same.
Characteristics such as quality Iactor, eIIiciency, losses etc.
Dissipated Power
This power has 2 losses
Conductor Loss Pc and
Dielectric Loss Pd
The Conductor loss (Pc) can be calculated as Iollows:
Pc I2 R ------------------- Eq (2.5)
- The integrated relationship oI the current density on plates and ground plane are |2|
Pc 2 RS (}}s.JJ*) ds ------------------- Eq (2.6)
RS -- the real part oI the surIace impedance.
s Patch area.
J in the above equation (2.6) is obtained by the tangential component oI the magnetic Iield.
The Dielectric loss (Pd) is calculated by the integration oI electric Iield on Volume V` oI the Microstrip
cavity.|2|
Pd n E2dv (n/2) h E2ds ------------------- Eq (2.7) }}}v}}s
- Radiation Irequency.


n imaginary part oI permittivity oI substrate.
h Thickness oI the substrate.
Radiated power
The Radiated Power (Pr) is given by the integration oI Poynting vector to radiating aperture. |2|
Pr Re (}}apertureE x H*) ds ------------------- Eq (2.8)
The E in the patch is normal to strip conductor & to the ground plane in Microstrip antenna & the H is
parallel to strip edge. |2|
ThereIore Pr (1/2qo) }}(E02 E2) r2 sin 0 d0 d ------------------- Eq (2.9)
Input impedance
There is always a need oI matching oI the impedance to the Microstrip antenna to load input impedance.
The Ieed technique would be anything such as ~ Microstrip line,

Co axial Ieed,

Coplanar waveguide.

When the antenna is Ied with the coaxial Ieed technique
The input power is calculated by |2|
Pcin - (}}}vEJ*) dv ------------------- Eq (2.10)
J Current density in A/m2.
() c coaxial Ieed.
For a electrically thin coaxial Ieed with current z
The power is |2|
Pcin - E (X0, Y0) } I*(z) dz -------------------Eq (2.11) h0
(X0, Y0) Ieed point co-ordinates.
Input impedance becomes
Pin Iin2Zin ------------------- Eq (2.12)
The equation (2.12) becomes
Zin - (E (X0, Y0)/ Iin2 ) I*(z) dz ------------------- Eq (2.13) }h0
When h 0, E and I(z) are constant
Zin Vin / Iin ------------------- Eq (2.14)


Where Vin - E (X0, Y0) dz - h E(X0,Y0) ------------------- Eq (2.15) }h0
As done above Ior the Coaxial Ieed it can also be done Ior the other Ieed techniques with the same principle
technique and mechanism.

. Patcb Antenna Materials

In the wide range oI antenna models there are diIIerent structures oI Microstrip antennas, but on the
whole we have Iour basic parts in the antenna :
They are:

- The patch

- Dielectric Substrate

- Ground Plane

- Feed Line

A thin metallic region which has diIIerent shapes and sizes id the patch where the ground plane is
usually oI the same material. The common operation that we should be aware oI that is that the RF
supplies the power to the patch.


The dielectric material is commonly known as substrate` there is Ieatures that are to be considered in
the selection oI the substrate such as dielectric constant , cost oI the material, dielectric loss tangent, the
surIace adhesion properties Ior the conductor coatings, and the ease oI Iabrication. We have a wide
range oI materials Ior the substrate selection which are in use Ior the planar and also Ior the conIormal
antenna conIigurations. The dielectric constant Ior the materials range Irom 1.17 to - 25 .
In this research the dielectric materials Ior Design 1 with cr9.8(alumina), which is the well known to
have the high unloaded Q material the substrates patch antennas and the dielectric resonators and Ior the
Design 2 cr2.32 has been used.
The material cr9.8(alumina) requires a sintering temperature that is higher than 16000c, the alumina
processes a quality Iactor oI 333,000 at 15000c Ior 5 hours .
2.5 Overview of the Antenna Parameters
From here we discuss the overview oI the patch antenna design parameters oI the rectangular patch
antenna:
In a simple way we can say that 'an antenna is the transitional radio b/w Iree space and a guiding
device . For designing a perIect antenna there are certain parameters that are to be considered that
deIine the conIiguration oI the antenna.
2.5.1 Return Loss
This is the best and convenient method to calculate the input and output oI the signal sources. It can be
said that when the load is mismatched the whole power is not delivered to the load there is a return oI
the power and that is called loss, and this loss that is returned is called the Return loss`.
This Return Loss is determined in dB as Iollows:
RL -20log (dB) ------------------- Eq (2.28)



During the process oI the design oI the rectangular patch antenna there is a response taken Irom the
magnitude oI S11 Vs the Irequency (this is known as the return loss), as shown in the Iigure, just as the
veriIication oI the design.

Figure 23: S11 (return loss) for 20GHz rectangular patch antenna 36] 27]
In the Iigure above it shows that the rectangular patch antenna resonating at 20GHz having a return loss
oI -21.5dB and those -3dB and -10dB bandwidths are 0.74GHz and 0.25GHz, due to the reason that the
radio ampliIier reduces the output power, can be more worse and can become unstable iI the VSWR is
large.
To have a perIect matching between the antenna and the transmitter, 0 and RL , this indicates that
there is no power that is returned or reIlected but when 0 and RL 0dB, this indicated that the power
that is sent is all reIlected back. It sis said that Ior the practical applications 'SWR2 is acceptable as the
return loss would be -9.54dB .
2.5.2 Radiation Pattern
Microstrip Patch Antenna has radiation patterns that can be calculated easily. The source oI the radiation
oI the electric Iield at the gap oI the edge oI the Microstrip element and the ground plane is the key
Iactor to the accurate calculation oI the pattern Ior the patch antenna.
Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the Iunction oI angular
position and radial distribution Irom the antenna . In the Iigure 24 below we can see the side view oI the
rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating oI E Iields.


igure : Radiation Pattern of a generic dimensional antenna
he iauiation pattein of a geneiic uimensional antenna can be seen above, which consist of siue lobe,
black lobes, anu aie unuesiiable as they iepiesent the eneigy that is wasteu foi tiansmitting antennas
anu noise souices at the ieceiving enu.

Figure 26: A general radiation pattern for a Microstrip antenna
Figure 27: Directivity of an antenna 28]
2.5.3 Gain & Directivity
The gain oI the antenna is the quantity which describes the perIormance oI the antenna or the capability
to concentrate energy through a direction to give a better picture oI the radiation perIormance. This is
expressed in dB, in a simple way we can say that this reIers to the direction oI the maximum radiation
The expression Ior the maximum gain oI an antenna is as Iollows:
q x D ------------------- Eq (2.29)


q The eIIiciency oI the antenna
D Directivity
In order to receive or transmit the power it can be chosen to maximize the radiation pattern oI the
response oI the antenna in a particular direction.
The directivity oI an antenna can be deIined as the ratio oI radiation intensity in a given direction Irom
the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged in all the directions. And the gain can be known as the
ratio between the amounts oI energy propagated in these directions to the energy that would be
propagated iI there is an Omni-directional antenna.

The directivity oI the antenna depends on the shape oI the radiation pattern. The measurement is done
taking a reIerence oI isotropic point source Irom the response. The quantitative measure oI this response
is known as the directive gain Ior the antenna on a given direction.
2.5.4 Polarization
The polarization oI the electric Iield vector oI the radiated wave or Irom source Vs time the observation
oI the orientation oI the electric Iields does also reIer to the polarization. It is deIined as the property oI
an electromagnetic wave describing the time varying direction and relative magnitude oI the electric
Iiled vector.
The direction or position oI the electric Iield w.r.t the ground gives the wave polarization. The common
types oI the polarization are circular and linear the Iormer includes horizontal and vertical and the latter
includes right hand polarization and leIt hand polarization.

It is said to be linearly polarized when the path oI the electric Iield vector is back and Iorth along the
line. The commonly used polarized schemes can be seen in the Iigure 29 below:


It can be noted that the circular polarization has the electric Iield vector`s length constant but rotates in a
circular path .
2.5.5 Reflection Coefficient [I[ and Character Impedance (Z0)
There is a reIlection that occurs in the transmission line when we take the higher Irequencies in to
consideration. There is a resistance that is associated with each transmission line which comes with the
construction oI the transmission line. This is called as character impedance (). The standard value oI
this impedance is 50ohm. Always the every transmission line is being terminated with an arbitrary load
ZL and this is not equivalent to the impedance i.e. Z0. Here occurs the reIlected wave.
The degree oI impedance mismatch is represented by the reIlection coeIIicient |1| at that load and is
given by:

We can observe here that the reIlection coeIIicient Ior the shorted load ZL0, there is a match in the load
ZLZ0 and an open load ZL are -1, 0, 1.
Hence we can say that the reIlection coeIIicient ranges Irom 0 to 1.



2.5.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
There should be a maximum power transIer between the transmitter and the antenna Ior the antenna to
perIorm eIIiciently. This happens only when the impedance Zin is matched to the transmitter impedance,
Zs.
In the process oI achieving this particular conIiguration Ior an antenna to perIorm eIIiciently there is
always a reIlection oI the power which leads to the standing waves, which is characterized by the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio ('SWR).
This is given by :

As the reIlection coeIIicient ranges Irom 0 to 1, the 'SWR ranges Irom 1 to .
2.5.7 Input Impedance
This is the ratio oI the voltage to current at the pair oI terminals or the ratio oI the appropriate
components oI the electric Iields to the magnetic Iields at a point. Or in other words we can say it is the
impedance presented by the antenna at the input terminal.
Zin (Rin Xin) ------------------- Eq (2.32)
Rin the real part, representing the power dissipated though heat or through radiation losses.
Xin imaginary part, representing the reactance oI the antenna & the power stored in the near Iield oI
the antenna.
2.5.8 Bandwidth
Bandwidth can be said as the Irequencies on both the sides oI the centre Irequency in which the
characteristics oI antenna such as the input impedance, polarization, beam width, radiation pattern etc
are almost close to that oI this value. As the deIinition goes 'the range oI suitable Irequencies within
which the perIormance oI the antenna, w.r.t some characteristic, conIorms to a speciIic standard.
The bandwidth is the ratio oI the upper and lower Irequencies oI an operation. According to the
bandwidth can be obtained as:



When the ratio 1L/1H 2 the antenna is said to be broadband. We can judge the antenna`s perIormance
by operating the antenna at a high Irequency by observing 'SWR, when 'SWR_2 (RL_-9.5dB) the
antenna is said to have perIormed well.





3.Design oI Rectangular Aperture Circular Patch Array Antenna in
X band
3.1 Algorithm



3.1.1 IN%RODUC%ION

The proposed array operates in X band where the element and spacing between the elements is very
small. Hence choosing the radiating element, aperture area and the Ieed networks is diIIicult at this
Irequency band. Optimization techniques are required to have a high perIormance within a low cost.
The radiating element in the 2 X 2 array discussed in this paper is a circular patch which gives better
perIormance than the rectangular microstrip patch designed at same Irequency oI operation. A
rectangular aperture reduces the complexity in Iabrication oI the printed radiators. The radiation pattern
oI the array antenna has been studied and discussed. Beam steering with respect to various scan angles
has also been considered in this paper.
3.2 ME%HODOLOGY
3.2.1 Rectangular aperture Circular patch Array
A 2 X 2 circular patch array in a rectangular aperture is chosen as shown in Fig. 1. The design is carried
out at Ku band Irequencies. The spacing between elements is chosen to be halI the wavelength in order
to eliminate the occurrence oI grating lobes in the visible space. The aperture dimensions are same along
both the axes and it can be called a square aperture. This is due to the reason that the spacing between
the elements in both the axes oI the planar array are chosen to be the same. (dx dy)
3.2.2Circular patch
A circular patch is chosen as a radiating element in the array. The Iar-Iield radiation patterns are calculated using the
Iollowing equations:


Roll O11 is the roll-oII Iactor between 0 and 1 (0soIt, 1sharp), typical value is 0.15 and
K is a small oIIset to avoid inIinities at theta90, typical value is 0.001
Calculation oI Radius and the Feed point Ior a circular patch:
For a given Irequency the radius oI the patch is calculated using the Iormula
Feeding Point
The Ieeding point is an important design consideration to satisIy the matching
condition oI the input impedance. The Ieeding point depends on the radiation


resistance and Bessel Function square. In 11 %M mode, the input resistance in R can
be calculated Irom radiation resistance r R by equating the Iollowing expression to
the matching condition (50 O):

The circular patch is preIerred over the rectangular patch because oI the lesser copper area Ior a given
resonant Irequency; circular patch oIIers lower losses that are due to mutual coupling.
Resonant Fre6uency
From the equation:
x nm ka
the resonant Irequency oI mode can be Iound as:




3 Array of Circular patches
The circular patch antennas oI same radius are arranged in 2 rows and 2 columns such that they Iorm a planar array oI 16
elements radiating into the Z plane with equal spacing in x-direction and y-direction () as shown in Fig. 2. The planar array
oI the circular patches has been Iitted in a rectangular aperture.



CHAP1ER 4
ANSOF% HFSS %U%ORIAL



4.1 Starting Ansoft HFSS
Click the MicrosoIt Start Button ,Select Programs and Select the AnsoIt~HFSS9~HFSS9
or Double click the HFSS9 icon on the desktop

Creat|ng ro[ects
Cn Lhe llle menu cllck new ?ou speclfy Lhe name of Lhe pro[ecL when you save lL uslng Lhe llleSave or
||eSave AsCpen a prev|ous|y saved pro[ect us|ng the ||eCpen command


4.2 ANSOF% DESK%OP



To set up an HFSS design, Iollow this general procedure. Note that aIter you insert a design, you do not
need to
perIorm the steps sequentially, but they must be completed beIore a solution can be generated.
4.3 - Insert an HFSS design into a project.
1) On the Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design
The new design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSSDesignn by deIault, where n is the order in
which the
design was added to the project. The 3D Modeler window appears to the right oI the Project Manager.
You can
now create the model geometry

4.4 -Selecting the Solution %ype
BeIore you draw the model, speciIy the design`s solution type.
1) On the HFSS menu, click Solution %ype. The Solution %ype dialog box appears.



2) Select Driven Modal in the solution types.
We select Driven Modal as our model is a rectangular waveguide and Driven modal is used Ior
calculating the
mode-based S-parameters oI passive, high-Irequency structures such as microstrips, waveguides, and
transmission lines, which are 'driven by a source
4.4- Setting the Models Units of Measurement
You can then choose to display the model`s dimensions in the new units, or rescale the model`s
dimensions to the
new units.
To set the model`s units oI measurement:
1. On the 3D Modeler menu, click Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears.

2. Select the new units Ior the model Irom the Select units pull-down list.
You can select the Rescale to new units option to rescale the dimensions to the new units. Clear the
Rescale to
new units option (the deIault) to convert the dimensions to the new units without changing their scale
3. Click OK to apply the new units to the model.
4.5- Drawing a Model
You can create 3D objects by using HFSS`s Draw commands. Objects are drawn in the 3D Modeler
window.
To draw a WR-90 Rectangular waveguide ,
1. On the HFSS menu, click Draw. The Draw dialog box appears.Select Box





The properties window can also be obtained by

4.6- Assigning Materials
1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to get the 3D Modeler menu
2) On the 3D Modeler menu, click Assign Material.

3) The Select Definition window appears. By deIault, it lists all oI the materials in AnsoIt`s global
material library as well as the project`s local material library.


4.Select a material Irom the list. Select Air or vacuum Ior the whole box as our rectangular waveguide is
not
Iilled with any dielectric.
5.Click OK.
6. The material you chose is assigned to the object.
4.7 - Assigning Boundaries
Boundary conditions speciIy the Iield behavior at the edges oI the problem region and object interIaces

1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select Iaces


2) Click on the Iaces to select the Iaces which are to be assigned to be a perIect conductor
3) On the HFSS menu, click Boundaries.Select Assign and choose Finite conductivity

4.8 - Assigning Excitations
Excitations in HFSS are used to speciIy the sources oI electromagnetic Iields and charges, currents, or
voltages on
objects or surIaces in the design.
Assigining excitations is a two step process
VII. a) Assign Ports
b)Assign an Intergration Lines or Terminal lines separately Ior each modes
, Assigning Ports
1. Select the object Iace to which you want to assign the port.
2. Click H FSS~Excitations~Assign~Wave Port.
Wave port represents the surIace through which a signal enters or exits the geometry. Hence 2 ports are
required to be deIined. HFSS assumes that each wave port you deIine is connected to a semi-inIinitely
long waveguide that has the same cross-section and material properties as the port. HFSS generates a
solution by exciting each wave port individually



3. The Wave Port wizard appears.
4. Type the port`s name in the Name text box or accept the deIault name, and then click Next.
4.9- Solution Setup
a) Adaptive solution setup
b) Frequency sweep setup
Ad,5tive solution setu5
1. On the HFSS menu, point to Analysis Setup, and then click Add Solution Setup



2. The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the Iollowing tabs:
General - Includes general solution settings
Advanced - Includes advanced settings Ior initial mesh generation and adaptive analysis
Ports - (iI a port was deIined) Includes mesh generation options Ior model ports
Defaults - Enables you to save the current settings as the deIaults Ior Iuture solution setups or revert
the current settings to HFSS`s standard settings.
3. Click the General tab.
3.a For Driven solution types, do the Iollowing:
1. Enter the Solution Fre6uency in the Irequency units.
The minimum value Ior adaptive Mesh Frequency is 2/3rd oI the Iinal Irequency required .Although it is
recommended to just adapt to the Final Irequency.
Since we are analyzing the Iirst 4 modes oI the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-OII Frequency oI the last mode is
16 Ghz. Hence the Final Frequency is a value, which is higher than that. For e.g. 20Ghz
2 .Enter the Maximum Number of Passes 10
The Maximum Number oI Passes value is the maximum number oI mesh reIinement cycles that you
would like HFSS to perIorm. This value is a stopping criterion Ior the adaptive solution; iI the maximum
number oI passes has been completed, the adaptive analysis stops. II the maximum number oI passes has
not been completed, the adaptive analysis will continue unless the convergence criteria are reached
3. Enter the Delta s . 002
The delta S is the change in the magnitude oI the S-parameters between two consecutive passes.
4.Click Ok



requency Swee5 setu5
1. In the HFSS menu Select Analysis Setup and then select Add sweep
SELECT

2.The Edit Sweep Dialog Box opens.
3.Select Discrete and enter the Start and stop Frequency.
Since we are analyzing the Iirst 4 modes oI the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-OII Frequency oI the last mode
is 16 Ghz. Hence the Stop Frequency is a value, which is higher than that. For e.g. 20Ghz
4.Click OK



4.9- Running a Simulation
To validate your model
1.Select HFSS menu > Validate Check 2.Click OK

To Analyze
1.On the HFSS menu, click Analyze
While a simulation is running, you can monitor the solution`s progress in the Progress window.
You can also view the Iollowing solution data at any time during or aIter the solution
Convergence data-- by clicking HFSS>Analysis Setup>Convergence.
Matrices computed Ior the S-parameters, impedances, and propagation constants by clicking
HFSS>Analysis Setup>Profile.
Once the simulation is completed HFSS Informs you in the message window.
Results
HFSS > Results > Solution Data
%he solution
You can also view the Iollowing solution data at any time during or aIter the solution
Convergence data-- by clicking HFSS>Analysis Setup>Convergence.
Matrices computed Ior the S-parameters, impedances, and propagation constants by clicking
HFSS>Analysis Setup>Profile.
Once the simulation is completed HFSS Informs you in the message window.
Results
HFSS > Results > Solution Data
%he solution


HFSS computes the 1ollowing matrix data
S, Y, and Z Parameters
'SWR
Excitations. - amma and Zo
Plotting the results
HFSS> Results> Create Report
Or you can also go to the project tree and right click on results and click create report. The Create report
window dialog box appears.

4.10 %o view E and H field patterns

Select the Iace Ior which you want to view the Iield pattern
On the HFSS menu click on Fields>plot fields>mag E
For H Iield pattern click on Fields>plot fields>mag H
%he colors indicate the intensity o1 the 1ield decreasing 1rom top to bottom.
H Field


CHAP1ER 5
HFSS SIMULA%ION RESUL%S



3.1 Circular patch array(2x2) in X BAND:

3.2 Design diagram of circular patch:



33 keturn |oss of a c|rcu|ar patch C|rcu|ar atch array

34Input |mpedence of a C|rcu|ar patch C|rcu|ar atch array

6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Freq [GHz]
-18.00
-16.00
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
d
B
(S
t(1
,1
)
)
Ansoft Corporation Patch_Antenna_ADKv1 Return Loss
Curve nf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Freq [GHz]
-18.00
-16.00
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
d
B
(
S
t(1
,1
))
Ansoft Corporation Patch_Antenna_ADKv1
Return Loss
m1
m2
Curve nf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
Name X Y
m1 12.0302 -17.1781
m2 6.0000 -0.1428
5.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.20
5.00
-5.00
2.00
-2.00
1.00
-1.00
0.50
-0.50
0.20
-0.20
0.00 -0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Ansoft Corporation Pat ch_Antenna_ADKv1
nput mpedance
Curve nf o
St( 1,1) )
Setup1 : Sweep1
5.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.20
5.00
-5.00
2.00
-2.00
1.00
-1.00
0.50
-0.50
0.20
-0.20
0.00 -0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
nput mpedance
Curve nf o
St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1


3S 2D ga|n of a C|rcu|ar patch C|rcu|ar atch array

36 VSWk of a C|rcu|ar patch C|rcu|ar atch array

-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
Theta [deg]
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
-0.00
5.00
10.00
d
B
(
G
a
i
n
T
o
t
a
l
)
Ansoft Corporat ion Patch_Antenna_ADKv1
ff_2D_GainTotal
Curve nfo
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
Theta [deg]
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
-0.00
10.00
20.00
d
B
(
G
a
i
n
T
o
t
a
l
)
ff_2D_GainTotal
m1
m2
Curve nf o
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Name X Y
m1 18.0000 11.6144
m2 -132.0000 -43.5667
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Freq [GHz]
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
V
S
W
R
t
(
c
o
a
x
_
p
in
_
T
1
)
XY Plot 1
Curve nfo
VSWRt(coax_pin_T1)
Setup1 : Sweep1
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Freq [GHz]
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
V
S
W
R
t
(
c
o
a
x
_
p
in
_
T
1
)
XY Plot 1
2
2
Curve nfo
VSWRt(coax_pin_T1)
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name X Y
2 12.0302 1.3212
2 6.0000 121.6841


37 AIN
371 Caln LoLal of a Clrcular paLch Clrcular aLch array

372 Caln LheLa of a Clrcular paLch Clrcular paLch array



373 Caln phl of a paLch paLch array

38 Mesh



39 ILLDS
391 L fleld of a Clrcular paLch Clrcular aLch array



392 P fleld of a paLch paLch array



Applications:
1. Micro strip patch antenna for GPS applications
In this the radiating structure consists on a square patch with 8 slits introduced on each
side and on the cornersto reduce the overall directions dimensions. The circular
polarization is obtained by quadrature Ieeding the patch with two pins placed
symmetrically on the two main axis. The 90 degree phase shiIt is obtained by a 90
microstrip hybrid junction integrated on the back side oI the antenna ground plane. This
antenna is suitable Ior implementing low cost, high stable and well circular polarized
GPS antenna.

2.Silicon integrated patch antennas for terahertz imaging applications
patch antennas Ior 0.65 THz imaging applications have been implemented in the silicon-
oxide backend oI a 0.25 mBiCMOS technology. Integrated transistor-based square-law
detectors are used to characterize the co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns oI
diIIerentially Ied patch elements arranged in a 3 5 pixel array. Each element oI the array
provides a 50 degree E-plane and 30 degree H-plane beamwidth with a measured pixel-to-
pixel variation oI less than 2 dB.



Conclusion and Future Scope of the project:
The design oI an antenna can be done in 2 ways as mentioned earlier in the algorithm. One
method is to design using design kit which is an inbuilt Ieature Ior some versions oI the tool. The other
way is to design manually. The manual design involves the selection oI subtrate, drawing antenna shape
etc. In this term paper project we have choosen the HFSS tool Ior the design oI patch array. Its quite
easy to design using design kit and obtaining the results. We have obtaines the results Ior both single
patch and patch array and then we compared the results with earlier base paper results which was
obtained in MATLAB and CONCERTO soItwares.
The design oI single antenna oI some desired shape can be done in HFSS manually. But the
design oI arrays manually in HFSS is cumbersome. So, we want to extend this manual design as the
Iuture scope oI the project. Further this can be extended to the manuIacturing and Iabrication oI our
desired antenna and those can be compared with the results obtained using soItware tools.



BIBILOGRAPHY:-
1. Wentworth M. Stuart (2005), `Fundamentals o1 Electromagnetics with Engineering
Applications, pp 442445, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, USA.
2. Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, `Microstrip Antenna Design
Handbook, 2001, pp 168, 253316 Artech House Inc. Norwood, MA.
3. Alla I. Abunjaileh, Ian C. Hunter, Andrew H. Kemp,MultiBand Matching %echnique 1or
Microstrip Patch Antenna Receivers`, School oI electronic and electrical engineering, %he
University o1 Leeds` IEEE, EUMC.2007.4405174.
4. Yasir Ahmed, Yang Hao and Clive Parini, 'A 31.5 HZ Patch Antenna Design 1or Medical
Implants`, University oI London, International Journal o1 Antennas & Propagation`, volume
2008, (2008), article ID 167980.
5. S. Satthamsakul, N. Anantrasirichai, C. Benjangkapraset, and T. Wakabayashi, Rectangular
Patch Antenna with inset 1eed and modi1ier ground plane 1or wide band antennas`, IEEE,
Aug, 2008.
6. Internet source, 'Aircell Iridium Patch Antenna`,
|http://www.aircell.com/index.php?optioncomcontent&taskview&id113&Itemid558| as on
2009/01/10.
7. 'UHF antennas 1or space`, Antenna Development Corporation, Las Cruces, NM 88001.
(06/05/2008).
8. Francis PASQUET, Bernard JECKO, `New Developments o1 the wire Patch Antenna 1or
Ceramic %echnology and Multi1unction Applications, IEEE, 'ol 4, 2001.
9. Richard C. Johnson, Henry Jasik, `Antenna Engineering Handbook Second Edition 1984, pp
71 to 714, McGraw Hill, Inc. NY, USA.
10. R.J.Mailloux, Phased array architechture Ior millimetric active arrays, IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society Newsletter, Feb 1986.
11. J.J. Bahl & P.Bhartia Microstrip antennas, 1980


12. W.H.Von Aulock, Properties oI phased arrays, Proceedings IRE, Vol.48, Oct 1960, pp.1715-
1727.
13. K.F.Lee and W.Chen, Advances in microstrip and Printed antennas, Wiley, Newyork,1997,
pp.144-147.
14. J.L.Allen, Theory oI array antennas, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report, 1960.
15. R.Q.Lee, R.N.Simons, Advances in microstrip and printed antennas, Chapter 9, John wiley &
sons, N.Y. 1997.
16. Arun K Bhattacharayya, Phased Array Antennas, Wiley series in Microwave and Optical
Engineering, Chapter 5.
17. K.L.Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley & sons, Text Book
18. R.B.Waterhouse, et.al, Broadband printed millimeterwave Antenna, IEEE Trans. AP 51, No.9,
Sep 2003,pp 2492- 2495
19. P.Brachat and C.Sabatier, Wideband omnidirectional microstrip array, Electronic Lett 37
(2001), 2-3.
20. Fredric Croq and David M.Pozar, Millimetric wave deisgn oI wideband aperture coupled stacked
Microstrip antennas, IEEE AP 39, No.12, Dec 1991, pp 1770 1776
21. T.W.Chiou and K.L.Wong, Single layer wideband probe Ied circularly polarized Microstrip
antenna, Microwave and Optical technology lett. 25, 74-76, April 5 2000.
22. Pozar, D. M., `Microstrip Antennas, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 80, 1992, pp. 7991.
23. `%heory o1 a single Microstrip Square Patch internet source:
http://surI.syr.edu/projects/SamirArrayAntenna/theory.doc. As on 2009/01/10. as on 2009/01/10
24. Pozar, D. M., and D. H. Schaubert (Eds), `the Analysis and Design o1 Microstrip Antennas
and Arrays, IEEE Press, New York, 1996.
25. Lewin, L, `Radiation 1rom Discontinuities in Stripline, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 107C, 1960, pp
163170.
26. D. Urban and G. J. K. Moernaut, `the Basics o1 Patch Antennas Journal, Orban
Microwave Products.
27. Y T Lo and S W Lee, editors, `Antenna Handbook %heory, Applications & Design, Van
Nostrand Rein Company, NY, 1988.


28. Franco Di Paolo, `Networks and Devices using Planar %ransmission lines, pp 71, CRS
Press, LLC, NY, 2000.

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Introduct|on of M|crostr|p atch Antennas

.. Printed Slot Antennas

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