Question 1 Tom, aged 18 years, presents with a typical first episode of schizophrenia.

Which of the following antipsychotic medications is the treatment of choice for him? a chlorpromazine ) b haloperidol ) c thioridazine ) d olanzapine ) e clozapine ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). Olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine are three of the new so-called atypical antipsychotic medications. These are now preferred (over traditional antipsychotic drugs like chlorpromazine, haloperidol and thioridazine) as first line therapy in first episode schizophrenia, because of improved efficacy and reduced incidence of psychomotor retardation, a well-known and troubling side effect of these medications. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug recommended for schizophrenic patients who prove resistant to other antipsychotic medications. Question 2 Pete, aged 54 years, has been a heavy smoker for most of his adult life. He complains about coughing up blood first thing in the morning. The MOST IMPORTANT condition to exclude is: a Bronchiectasis ) b Recurrent pulmonary emboli ) c Leukaemia ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). d Bronchogenic carcinoma ) e Laryngeal cancer )

be

performed

as

soon

as

possible.

Question 3 Sarah, a 40 year old woman whose husband has a plasma cholesterol of 6.9 mmol/l (normal <5.5mmol/l) wants to know which oil she should use in meal preparation for her spouse. Which of the following would you advise? a It makes little difference which cooking oil she ) uses b She should use either canola or sunflower oil ) Correct c Any margarine is suitable ) d Choose an oil rich in saturated fat over one rich ) in unsaturated fats e None of the above )

Epidemiological studies have shown reduced mortality from cardiovascular causes associated with diets containing increased levels of monoand polyunsaturated fatty acids. Canola oil, like olive oil, has a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, while sunflower oil is rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. For lowering of plasma cholesterol levels, the National Heart Foundation of Australia recommends that saturated fat in the diet be replaced with a combination of monoand polyunsaturated fats.

Question 4 The diagnosis of acute gonorrhoea in a male is ideally made by: a Gonococcal complement fixation test ) b VDRL reaction ) c Dark ground illumination of urethral ) pus d Gram stain and culture of urethral ) pus Correct e Prostatic massage )

Smokers are prone to develop a range of diseases including:

atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, various cancers (lung, larynx, oral, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, cervix) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease peptic ulcer.

The gonococcal organism is rapidly identified by gram stain and culture of urethral pus. Dark ground illumination is a method for demonstrating the presence of Treponema pallidum. VDRL is used for the diagnosis of syphilis. Prostatic massage is an unreliable method of obtaining a test sample for acute gonorrhoea. Question 5 A COMMON side effect of the atypical antipsychotic drug, olanzapine, is:

As bronchogenic carcinoma has a much more aggressive course than the other options, a bronchoscopy should

a Neutropenia ) b Hypotension ) c Sexual ) dysfunction d Weight gain ) Correct e Parkinsonism )

(d). d One hour before the extraction ) e Immediately after the extraction )

The risk of endocarditis in patients with valvular heart disease stems from the bacteremia introduced by the extraction. Antibiotics need only cover this period of time and therefore are given orally one hour before the extraction. Question 8 A 40 year old female undergoing treatment for schizophrenia, is admitted repeatedly for not taking her prescribed medication. She has delusional ideas, claiming she communicates with angels and, as she does not consider herself to be ill, believes that she should not have to take any medication. The CORRECT term for the latter phenomenon is: a Therapeutic delusions ) b Side effect of drug ) c Impaired insight ) d Transference ) e Hallucinations ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (c). Impaired insight is one of the cardinal signs of psychotic illness. It describes the situation where the patient lacks a realistic awareness of self and the relationship of self to others. Delusions are beliefs held, despite proof to the contrary. Hallucinations are abnormal sensory perceptions and are usually auditory in schizophrenia. Transference is a psychoanalytical term referring to transfer by a patient of subconscious or conscious feelings onto the therapist. Question 9 The MOST COMMON cause of a blood-stained discharge from the nipple of a 45 year old woman is: a Gynaecomastia ) b Duct ) Correct c Paget's ) nipple papilloma

Weight gain of between 4kg and 9kg is a common side effect of treatment with olanzapine. Neutropaenia is a rare side effect. Sexual dysfunction can occur through medication with major tranquillisers and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) antidepressants. Parkinsonism tends to occur with long-term use of major tranquillisers, especially phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Question 6 June, aged 38 years, has a family history of breast cancer and seeks advice about her risk of developing the disease. All of the following are indicative of moderate to high risk EXCEPT: a Two 2 individuals on the one side of the family ) affected with breast cancer b One 1 family member with ovarian cancer ) diagnosed before the age of 50 years Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). c One 1 or 2 family member with bilateral ) breast cancer d One 1 family member diagnosed with breast ) cancer at 60 years of age e One 1 and one 2 family member diagnosed ) with ovarian cancer

Only about 10% of human breast cancers are due to a germline mutation (of genes p53, BRCA-1, BRCA-2). The other 90% are due to somatic mutations, often of the same genes as are involved in the familial varieties. A family history of one 1 family member diagnosed with breast cancer at 60 years of age (ie. over the age of 50 years) places June at average or only slightly increased risk (1.5 times higher than population average). All the other options place June at a moderate to high risk. Question 7 A patient with a past history of rheumatic fever requires oral amoxycillin cover for a tooth extraction. The optimum time for commencing this is: a One week before the extraction ) b Two days before the extraction ) c The day before the extraction ) Incorrect. The correct answer is

disease

of

the

d Fibroadenoma ) e None of the above )

A blood stained discharge from the nipple is commonly caused by an intraductal papilloma. Less common

causes are an intraductal carcinoma and mammary dysplasia. Gynaecomastia is breast enlargement in the male and may be associated with discharge, depending on the underlying cause. Paget's disease of the nipple usually presents with a dry, eczematous rash of the nipple. Fibroadenoma tends to present with an asymptomatic discrete, mobile breast lump. Question 10 Which of the following drugs, causes stimulation of cardiac contraction with LEAST vasoconstrictor effect? a Adrenaline ) b Isoprenalin ) e Correct c Pitressin ) d Ephedrine ) e Noradrenali ) ne

A traumatic perforation of the ear that has occurred in wet conditions such as swimming or waterskiing will often: a Be associated with a purulent discharge ) Correct b Be complicated ) infection by a staphylococcal

c Require a short course of oral antibiotics ) d Not heal spontaneously ) e Require surgical repair )

A traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane (ear drum) that occurs in wet conditions eg. swimming or waterskiing will generally become infected and be associated with purulent discharge. Pseudomonas is more likely to be the offending organism than staphylococcus. A short course of topical antibiotics is indicated, as is analgesia. Most traumatic perforations heal spontaneously, but may take up to 9 months. Surgical repair is indicated for the rare failure to heal. * Question 13 Which of the following statements about patent ductus arteriosus is INCORRECT? a It occurs frequently as an isolated phenomenon ) b Cyanosis ) Correct is usually present

Isoprenaline works almost exclusively on beta receptors causing increased rate and strength of cardiac contractions (B1) and vasodilatation (B2). All the other drugs listed cause significant vasoconstriction Question 11 While counselling a patient, a therapist becomes aware that the patient is avoiding discussion of certain topics, and is steering away from topics he finds uncomfortable. Which of the following types of behaviour is the patient exhibiting? a Resistanc ) e b Suppressi ) on Correct c Regressio ) n d Repressio ) n e Projection )

c It causes a pansystolic 'machinery' murmur at ) the upper left sternal edge d There is a wide pulse pressure ) e Treatment is by surgical closure )

Suppression refers to the conscious or 'semi-conscious' decision of an emotionally mature, healthy adult to postpone dealing with conflict. Resistance refers to the conscious and informed decision of a patient not to change behaviour or comply with treatment. Regression refers to return to an earlier stage of developmental function. Repression refers to the mechanism by which ideas, impulses or emotions which the person finds painful or unacceptable are forced out of consciousness and forgotten. Projection refers to the unconscious attribution to others of one's own unacknowledged feelings, thoughts or characteristics. Question 12

Cyanosis is not usually present unless a right to left shunt develops. Patent ductus arteriosus is usually an isolated problem occurring most commonly in females. There are often no symptoms until later in life, when heart failure or infectious endocarditis develops. Clinical signs include a continuous murmur and a bounding peripheral pulse with wide pulse pressure due to shunting of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery Question 14 Where both parents have schizophrenia, what is the probability of their child developing schizophrenia? a More ) 90% than

b About 70% )

c About 40% ) Correct d About 10% ) e Less ) 1% than Diffuse pain, weakness and paralysis are all signs of arterial ischaemia. Characteristically the pain is a cramp-like ache due to the release of pain-inducing metabolites in muscle. Due to the aetiology, the pain is diffuse and cannot be localised, as can the shooting pain of nerve irritation. Question 17 Pooled data from a number of family studies show that the risk of schizophrenia is about 40% for each child of two schizophrenic parents. The incidence in the general community is about 1%. Question 15 Which of the following tympanic membrane perforations, if left untreated, is NOT likely to progress to significant complications? a Continuously discharging central perforation ) b Large dry central perforation ) c Marginal perforation with discharge ) d Perforation associated with a cholesteatoma ) e Perforation that is surrounded by granulation ) tissue Incorrect. The correct answer is (b). A dry central perforation will not progress to complications, even if it does not heal. Surgical repair is therefore elective and not mandatory. The other types of perforation are not 'safe' and require specialist attention. A continuously discharging central perforation indicates granulation and a risk of osteitis and bone destruction. Marginal perforation carries the same risk. A cholesteatoma is not a neoplasm but a cystic lesion containing amorphous debris (and sometimes spicules of cholesterol). It is formed through chronic infection and perforation of the eardrum with ingrowth of squamous epithelium, forming a nest which becomes cystic. By progressive enlargement a cholesteatoma can erode the ossicles, labyrinth and adjacent bone and carries the risk of cerebral abscess formation and meningitis. * Question 16 Which one of the following features is UNLIKELY to be due to arterial ischaemia? a Pain along the buttock and thigh after exertion ) b Weakness of the buttock and thigh ) c Shooting pain from buttock along the back of ) the leg to calf Correct d Weakness of the leg ) e Smooth shiny skin on the leg below the knees ) When someone is referred to as being in the precontemplation stage with regard to a change in behaviour, this means s/he is: a Resistant to change ) b Preparing for change ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (e). c Receptive to change ) d Looking forward to specific advice ) e Has not yet considered change )

Pre-contemplation is the first stage in a model of behavioural change that helps the clinician assess the likelihood that a patient will be receptive to an intervention. At the pre-contemplation stage the patient has not yet considered change as an option. The other options all indicate that the patient is aware of the process of change. Question 18 Epistaxis is UNLIKELY to arise from: a Injury to the turbinates ) b Spontaneous bleeding from Little's ) area c Anticoagulation therapy ) d Enlarged ) Correct e Nasal fracture ) adenoids

Enlarged adenoids do not usually cause epistaxis. In 90% of cases, epistaxis arises from Little's area, the lower anterior portion of the nasal septum, and responds to first aid. A fracture commonly causes epistaxis. Rarely, it can be associated with medical conditions. * Question 19 Harold, aged 24 years, presents with fatigue, shortness of breath on exercise and orthopnoea. On examination there are signs of moderate left-sided heart failure. A grade III pansystolic murmur is heard most prominently

at the apex and radiating into the left axilla. Which of the following conditions is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis? a Mitral stenosis ) b Mitral ) regurgitation Correct c Aortic stenosis ) d Aortic ) regurgitation e Tricuspid ) stenosis

c Females seek health care facilities more than ) males d Males die more in accidents and violence than ) the females e Employment stress is more for males )

Genetic and biological factors play a role together with environmental factors in causing the greater life expectancy of females at birth. Question 22 Which of the following is CORRECT? Epistaxis is often: a A sign of underlying nasal disease ) b Influenced by environmental conditions ) Correct c Attributable to posterior nasal causes ) d Associated ) bleeding with congenital causes of

Mitral regurgitation presents as fatigue, exertional dyspnoea and orthopnoea. It is associated with a pansystolic murmur loudest at the apex but radiating over the praecordium and into the axilla. It may also be associated with a short mid-diastolic flow murmur following a third heart sound, due to the rapid flow of blood into the dilated left ventricle. The second heart sound is normal. Question 20 Stephen, aged 18 years, presents with spontaneous epistaxis. What is the FIRST STEP in managing Stephen? a Direct pressure to the lower nose for two ) minute intervals Incorrect. The correct answer is (b). b Position Stephen so that he is sitting and ) leaning forward c Application of topical local anaesthetic ) d Cautery of bleeding vessel ) e Nasal packing with gauze )

e Copious unless promptly treated )

Epistaxis is very common and is not usually a sign of underlying disease. Environmental factors predisposing to epistaxis include pollens causing allergic rhinitis, the irritant effects of some nasal sprays, nose picking and hot, dry, air dessicating the nasal mucosa and rendering it more friable. In 90% of cases bleeding is from Little's area, i.e. anterior nasal septum. While systemic causes, such as bleeding diatheses and hypertension are important causes of severe haemorrhage, they are rare, as is life threatening bleeding. * Question 23 Victor, a 36 year old man, has known ischaemic heart disease. He complains of a recent increase in frequency of chest pain and presents with a prolonged episode of chest pain. There are no ECG changes on your initial assessment. Management includes all of the following EXCEPT: a Admission to hospital ) b Plasma troponin measurement ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (e). c Continuous ECG monitoring ) d Commencement of a statin drug ) e Begin thrombolytic therapy )

The initial steps are to position the patient sitting forward to prevent blood dripping down the throat; and to compress the cartilaginous portion of nose (Little's area) for 5-10 minutes without interruption (constant checking is likely to interfere with haemostasis and restart bleeding). If this is ineffective, application of local anaesthetic (traditionally cocaine for its vasoconstrictive properties) will facilitate packing of the nose with ribbon gauze, Foley's catheter or similar devices. Only in extreme cases would surgery be needed Question 21 What is the cause of the GREATER life expectancy at birth of females than males in Australia'? a Males exercise more than females ) b Genetic ) Correct and biological differences

Clinically this patient has unstable angina pectoris

(UAP). Management should include continuous ECG monitoring,-admission to hospital and plasma troponin measurement to exclude myocardial infarction. The Heart Foundation guidelines 2000-2002 state that immediate commencement of a statin reduces risk in UAP, as does aspirin and antithrombotic agents such as heparin. Use of thrombolytics in UAP is not indicated since they are ineffective and may be harmful. If there is no improvement in 24-48 hours, cardiac catheterisation and angioplasty are indicated. Question 24 Moira, a 21 year old woman, presents with an enlarged lower cervical lymph node. Biopsy shows thyroid glandular tissue. The MOST LIKELY diagnosis is: a Ectopic thyroid ) b Adenoma of lateral thyroid ) c Thyroglossal cyst ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). d Metastasis from thyroid carcinoma ) e Lymphadenoid goitre )

hemianopia. Question 26 Which one of the following situations will NOT require prophylactic antibiotics to manage a wound: a An elderly debilitated patient ) b The wound is more than 8 hours old ) c The patient has alcoholic liver disease ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (e). d A deep wound to the hand ) e A large superficial abrasion on the thigh of a 22 ) year old

Wounds treated appropriately and early do not need antibiotics. Antibiotics may be needed if the following risk factors are present:

delayed presentation contamination compromised patient, debilitated or general ill health wounds in areas where infection may have serious consequences, eg hands patients in whom presence of bacteremia may have serious consequences, eg prosthetic heart valves or orthopaedic appliances

Thyroid cancer typically presents as a nodule in the gland but can present as an enlarged cervical node, as in this case. Surgical removal of involved nodes is usually curative, especially in young patients. They are sensitive to TSH and so thyroxine can be used to suppress them. The cervical nodes lie more lateral in the neck than is usual for ectopic thyroid tissue or an adenoma. Similarly, thyroglossal cysts lie in the midline between the thyroid gland and the base of the tongue, and move when the tongue is protruded. Lymphadenoid goitre is due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Question 25 Which of the following usually homonymous hemianopia? results in a left

* Question 27 Malcolm, a 55 year old man, presented with worsening symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GORD) despite following your lifestyle advice. You referred him for a gastroscopy which has not revealed any abnormality. He still complains of bloating and heartburn. Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE advice? a Reflux has been excluded as a cause of his ) symptoms b He should see a dietician to review possible ) food allergies

a Damage to the left optic nerve ) b A pituitary tumour ) c Damage ) nerve d A lesion ) radiation to the right optic

c Endoscopy detects the presence of reflux in ) only 60-80% of patients d He should begin a trial of a proton pump ) inhibitor (PPI) Correct e He should have a repeat endoscopy in 6 months )

of

the

left

optic

e A lesion of the right optic tract ) Correct

Lesions of the optic tracts cause homonymous hemianopic visual field defects. A lesion of the right optic tract causes a left homonymous hemianopia, i.e. left half of visual field lost in both eyes. Damage to the optic nerve results in a unilateral blindness while damage to the optic radiation results in a quadrantic field defect. A pituitary tumour causes a bitemporal

About 50% of patients with significant symptoms of GORD have no abnormality on endoscopy. A good response to a PPI is as good as 24 hour pH monitoring to confirm the diagnosis. True food allergies are uncommon (1-2% of adults) and typically cause skin reactions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or anaphylaxis. Other reactions are non-immune and are called food

intolerance Question 28

or

idiosyncrasy.

for prostate cancer. The MOST LIKELY cause of his symptoms is: a Psychogenic ) polydipsia b Diabetes insipidus ) c Diabetes ) Correct mellitus

Sarah is a 28 year old diabetic patient who presents with a recent history of fever and increased urinary frequency. Urine culture shows E. coli sensitive to ampicillin and gentamycin with which she is treated intravenously. However, a week later she is still having fever and the same urinary symptoms. Blood culture reveals motile E.coli. All of the following are likely to be causes for her symptoms EXCEPT: a In vivo resistance of the organism ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (b). b Autonomic ) diabetes dysregulation due to her

d Hypercalcaemia ) e Chronic renal failure )

c Papillary necrosis ) d Inadequate dosage of antibiotic ) e Perinephric abscess )

The classical symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus are polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue and loss of weight. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, patients have insulin resistance related to obesity, rather than loss of weight. The other options listed also cause polyuria, but are less likely in the circumstances described. Question 31 Which of the following statements about post-traumatic stress disorder, is correct?

IT SHOULD BE RESISTANT ORGANISMS!!!! OPTION A SHOULD BE CORRECT. Clinical failure of antimicrobial therapy may be due to inadequate dose, accelerated drug inactivation, poor penetration to a site of infection, undrained abscess, poor host defences, dead tissue, superinfection by another pathogen, or development of drug resistance. Question 29 The aim of surgery in patients with perforation and infection of the tympanic membrane is to: a Restore hearing ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (b). b Produce a dry, safe, waterproof ear ) c Improve the appearance of the drum ) d Prevent further perforation ) e Restore Eustachian tube function )

a It develops in every person who is affected with ) the same severe stressful event b Signs and symptoms usually occur between 1 ) and 6 months after the stressful event Correct c Alcohol abuse reduces the likelihood of its ) development d It seldom occurs ) domestic violence in assaulted spouses in

e Debriefing and counselling are insufficient as ) initial treatment

The aim of myringoplasty is to produce a dry, 'safe', waterproof ear to which a hearing aid may be fitted. 'Safe' implies free of risk of cholesteatoma. Myringoplasty may not restore hearing, as this also depends on Eustachian tube function. The appearance of the drum is obviously unimportant, nor will surgery prevent recurrence of perforation. Question 30 John, a 58 year old overweight plumber, complains of lack of energy towards the middle of the day. He has to get up twice at night to pass urine and wants a check

According to DSM-IV, the person must have experienced an event outside the range of usual human experience that would be markedly distressing to anyone. Signs and symptoms usually occur between 1 and 6 months of the stressful event. Not every person who suffers the same stressful event will develop post-traumatic stress disorder, and there are some known protective factors, such as being part of a group involved in a traumatic event. Risk factors include alcohol and drug abuse, previous history of depression and previous history of sexual abuse. Victims of domestic violence can develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Short term counselling and debriefing are effective treatments. Some sufferers will also require drug therapy.

* Question 32 Herman is a 57 year old man who is recovering from a hitherto uncomplicated myocardial infarction. On the fourth day he complains of sudden onset of palpitations.

Initial examination confirms a tachycardia with blood pressure of 140/80. The ECG shows the following rhythm (see figure).

single dose followed by procaine penicillin IMI daily with probenecid for 10 days is the first line treatment for syphilis. Follow up with serological and clinical review is recommended, as is the need to test for other STD's. Recent sexual contacts may not have clinical features of syphilis but should be treated. Question 34 Daryl is a 3 year old boy who presents with lesions at the corner of his mouth and ulcers in the mouth (see image below).

The first line treatment for this patient is: a Carotid sinus massage ) b Digoxin IV ) c Verapamil IV ) d Lignocaine IV ) e DC cardioversion ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). This ECG shows ventricular tachycardia with a rate of 150 b.p.m. There is a rapid ventricular rhythm with broad, abnormal QRS complexes. Since his blood pressure is well maintained, medical treatment is indicated as first line approach. Lignocaine IV or sotalol IV or amiodarone IV can be used. DC cardioversion is required if medical therapy is unsuccessful. If the cardiac output and blood pressure are very depressed, emergency DC cardioversion must be considered. Carotid sinus massage is not indicated in this setting because there is a high likelihood of carotid artery disease which makes the procedure dangerous. Also the arrhythmia is unlikely to be a supraventricular tachycardia with bundle branch block. If untreated the ventricular tachycardia may rapidly progress to a ventricular fibrillation. Question 33 Which of the following is INCORRECT with regard to the management of syphilis? a The diagnosis should ) treponemal tests be confirmed with These have developed rapidly over a few days and he is febrile and not eating. Daryl's management should include: a Commencement of oral metronidazole ) b Commencement of oral flucloxacillin ) c Commencement of famciclovir ) d Application of topical mupirocin ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (c). e Application of topical corticosteroid )

b Intramuscular injection (IMI) of penicillin is the ) treatment of choice c Serological and clinical review should be done ) at six and 12 months d The patient should be tested for other STDs ) e Sexual contacts should be clinically examined ) for features of syphilis Correct Syphilis should be confirmed on diagnosis with specific tests such as FTA-Abs. IMI benzathine penicillin as a

This is an example of herpes simplex infection (primary herpetic gingivostomatitis). Regional lymphadenopathy, fever, headache and malaise may also be present. Where there is difficulty eating or swallowing oral famciclovir, valaciclovir or aciclovir should be commenced. Systemic analgesics and topical anaesthetic agents, eg lignocaine gel can be used and chlorhexidine mouthwashes may prevent secondary infection. Topical corticosteroids are contraindicated. Question 35 Maria brings Amy, her 6 month old daughter, who has never been immunised, to see you. Maria states that she is using homoeopathic drops. Which of the following concepts is it important to ensure that Maria understands? a Vaccine preventable diseases are still prevalent

) b Side effects of the disease are greater than side ) effects of the vaccine c The acellular form of the pertussis vaccine ) reduces the incidence of side effects d Amy could still be ) conventional vaccines e All ) Correct the fully immunised with

b Atrial fibrillation ) c Atrial premature beats ) d Sinus arrhythmia ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (b). e 1st degree AV block )

above This ECG shows atrial fibrillation. There are no p waves and the rhythm is irregularly irregular which causes the patient to perceive palpitations. Question 38 The clinical features of classical migraine include all of the following EXCEPT: a Unilateral temporofrontal distribution ) b Retro-orbital and occipital radiation ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (d). c Intense throbbing character ) d Duration 4 hours to a week ) e Associated with nausea and vomiting )

Maria needs to appreciate all the concepts listed in the options. Moreover, she needs to be made aware thathomeopathic 'immunisation' has not been proven to give protection against infectious diseases-only conventional immunisation produces a measurable immune response. The Australian Immunisation Handbook has a table which clearly shows a comparison of the effects of vaccines versus the much greater morbidity of the diseases against which they protect. Question 36 Which of the following statements regarding dementia is CORRECT? a One in nine Australians in the group aged >85 ) suffers from dementia b Dementia affects one in four people aged 80-85 ) c Family history is a major risk factor for ) Alzheimer disease Correct d Vascular disease is the most common cause of ) dementia e Dementia is no more common in the indigenous ) population than in the general community

Migraine attacks last 4-72 hours (average 6-8 hours), but never as long as a week. Question 39 Malcolm, aged 25 years, presents complaining of feeling unwell with a painful ulcer on his penis. He has tender inguinal lymphadenopathy on examination. What is the MOST LIKELY diagnosis? a Primary genital herpes ) b Primary syphilis ) c Secondary syphilis ) d Recurrent genital herpes ) e Chancroid ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (a). Primary genital herpes is the most likely cause of a painful ulcerative lesion on his penis. It begins as multiple vesicles which ulcerate and can become secondarily infected. Recurrent genital herpes episodes tend to become milder and less frequent over time. The primary lesion of a syphilitic ulcer is painless and usually persists for 4-6 weeks and heals spontaneously. Chancroid produces multiple painful exudative

Age and family history are the two most common risk factors for dementia. One in 15 Australians aged 65 and over has dementia. In people aged 80-85 years, it affects 1 in 9 people. In those over 85 years, it affects 1 in 4. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. In the most recent assessment of indigenous Australians, 10% of those aged 65 and over were found to have dementia and another 10% were suspected of having it. * Question 37 Edith is a 70 year old woman who presents with palpitations. Her ECG is shown below.

What is the diagnosis? a Atrial flutter )

nonindurated Question 40

ulcers.

A 24 year old married woman presents with patches of a scaly coppery pink macular rash over the trunk. The rash has been present for one week. The patches are oval, of different sizes, and appear to be spreading. The patches are arranged along the skin creases. She feels well. There are no other abnormal findings. Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE management? a Application of benzyl benzoate lotion ) b Prescription of antihistamines ) c Reassurance ) condition as it is a self limiting

d Pathology test for rubella antibody titre ) e Application of topical steroids ) Incorrect. The correct answer is (c).

The description is typical of Pityriasis rosea and management is usually reassurance only as this is a self-limiting condition and disappears in 4-10 weeks. Calamine lotion can be used if there is an associated itch and topical steroids are only rarely used in the presence of moderately severe itch.

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