UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: CEC 204

YEAR 2- SE MESTER 2 PRATICAL/

Version 1: December 2008
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Table of Contents WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 WEEK 13 WEEK 14-15 Standard Flakiness and Elongation Test Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Test Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test Hardness Test Viscosity Test Flash and Fire Points Test Ductility Test Softening Point (Ring and Ball Test) Stability and Flow Test (Marshall) Hubbard Field Test Design Mix of Plastic Concrete Design of Trial Mix of Plastic Concrete Stability Test (Hveem Stabilometer) Site Visit

INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PRATICAL

INTRODUCTION The properties of most importance in a road making aggregate are its resistance to crushing, impact, abrasion and polishing, it s specific gravity and water absorption and its grading and particle shape. As aggregate obtained from different sources differ considerably in their constitution and properties, inevitably they differ also with their engineering properties. It is necessary therefore, to carry out various tests on aggregates to ensure not only that undesirable materials are excluded from highway pavements but also that the best available aggregates are included. Also for bitumen and tars, the most careful specifications with regard to the design and construction of a bituminous road surfacing are of little value if the properties of the bituminous binder used in the design are not adequately controlled. To ensure that the material obtained has the desired qualities, a number of tests have been devised which attempts to measure various binder properties for particular reasons.

WEEK I EXPERIMENT NO.1: AIM:

AGGREGATES (BS 812) STANDARD FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION TESTS To determine the Flakiness and Elongation indices of a sample of aggregate.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3.

A thickness gauge and a length gauge A 3kg balance One set of sieves of sizes: 63.5mm, 50. 8mm, 38.1mm, 254mm, 19.05mm, 12.7mm, 9.52mm and 6.35mm

4.

A shallow tray.

THEORY:

A flaky particle has thickness (least dimension) less than 0.6 times the mean size of the fraction to which the particle belongs. An elongated particle has length which is more than 1.8 times the mean sieve size of the sieve fraction to which the particle belongs. The content of elongated or flaky particles in excess of 10 to 15 percent of the weight of coarse aggregate is generally considered undesirable.

PROCEDURE: 1.

Sieve a sufficient but known quantity of coarse aggregate to Provide a minimum of 200 pieces on each of the above sieves. Separate the flaky material of each fraction by placing on the thickness gauge and determine the total weight in the appropriate slot of material.

2.

3.

Weigh the total amount of material passing the gauge to an accuracy of at least 0.1% of the weight of the test sample.

4. RESULTS:

Repeat, using the length gauge. Report the flakiness index as the total weight of material passing the various thickness gauges expressed as a percentage 4

of the total weigh of the sample gauge to the nearest whole number. Obtained also the elongation Index. CONCLUSION: Comment on your results and state their compliance or otherwise with standard values. REFERENCE: BS 882

WEEK 2 AGGREGATES (BS 812: Part 3) EXPERIMENT NO.2: VALUE (ACV) AIM: To determine the aggregated crushing value of a sample of coarse aggregate. APPARATUS: 1. A 152mm dia open- ended steel cylinder with plunger and DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING

base plate. 2. 3. 4. A tamping rod of 9.5mm dia and 609.6mm long. A 3kg balance A set of B.S test sieves of sizes: 12.7mm, 9.5mm and 2.0mm.

PROCEDURE: 1.

Sieve the aggregate sample to pass through sieve size 21.7mm and retained on the B.S sieve 9.5mm.

2.

Prepare sufficient aggregate for tests (about 5 kg) and ensure that it is in a clean and surface dry condition (according to standard requirement, it should be oven dried, 100 110oC).

3.

Place the cylinder on the base plate and fill with the aggregate in three equal layers giving 25 blows to each layer.

4.

Level off the top of the aggregate with the tamping rod and weigh (weigh A). Insert the plunger so that it just rests horizontally on the surface of the aggregate.

5.

Test sample in the compression machine loading at 40 KN/min to a load of 400 KN (10 minutes).

6.

Remove the material from the cylinder and sieve of a 2.40mm B.S test sieve.

7.

Determine the weight of the fines passing the 2 sieve (weight B) and express this as a percentage the total weight of aggregate used as shown in the calculation below. 6

CALCULATIONS:

Aggregate crushing value = B x 100 A

RESULTS:

Report the mean of the two values to the nearest number. Permissible crushing value is as for impact test.

CONCLUSION:

Comment on your results and compare with the permissible values.

REFERENCE:

BS 882

WEEK 3 EXPERIMENT NO.3: AIM: APPARATUS: 1.

AGGREGATES (BS 812: Part 3) DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE To determine the impact of a sample of coarse aggregate. An aggregate impact testing machine complete with standard cylindrical measure of 76.2mm dia and 50.8mm high and tamping rod of 9.5mm dia and 228.6mm long. 2. 3. A set of B.S test sieves: 12.7mm, 9.52mm and 2.40mm. A 3kg balance The impact value is expressed as percentage of fines passing the 2.40mm sieve (to the nearest who le number) to total weight of the sample. The permissible AIV is 45% for ordinary concrete used for wearing surfaces

THEORY:

. PROCEDURE: 1. Prepare a sample of the coarse aggregate which passes The 12.7mm sieve and is retained on the 9.52mm sieve. 2. Prepare sufficient aggregate for two tests and ensure that it is in a clean and surface dry condition. 3. Fill the 76.2mm dia cylinder in three equal layers giving 25 strokes of the 22.9cm metal tamping rod to each layer. 4. Level off the top of the aggregate to the nearest gram and use the same weight of material for each test (weight A). 5. Place the whole of the sample in the cup, fix firmly in position on the base on the impact machine, and apply 25 blows of the tamping rod. 6. Subject the sample to 15 blows by allowing the hammer of the machine to fall freely. 7. Sieve the crushed aggregate on a 2.40mm sieve and determine the percentage passing by weight (weight B). CALCULATIONS: Aggregate impact value = B x 100 8

A RESULTS: CONCLUSION: Report the mean of the two tests. Comment on your results by comparing them with the standard values. REFERENCE: BS 882

WEEK 4 EXPERIMENT NO.4 AIM: APPARATUS: HARDNESS TEST (ABRASION TEST) To determine the hardness of a sample of aggregate. Los Angeles Abrasion machine weighing balance, 1.7mm sieve.

THEORY:

The top layers of a pavement get abraded due to the movement of tires. A material which is highly abrasion resistance has a long life. The test has been standardized as ASTM-C 131 and AASHTO T 96.

PROCEDURE: 1. 2.

Weigh 5kg dried of test sample. Place the weighed sample into the steel cylinder along with the required steel balls.

3.

Rotate the cylinder at a speed of 30 -33 revolutions/minute for 500 1000 revolutions (depending on the material).

4. 5. 6. RESULT:

Remove the material Pour into 1.7mm sieve Weigh the material that passes through 1.7mm Report the weight of this material (fines) as a percentage of the total weight of the sample. This is known as Los Angeles Abrasion value.

CONCLUSION: standard values. WK 5

Comment on your results and state their compliance or otherwise with

EXPERIMENT NO.5: THEORY:

VISCOSITY TEST

Viscosity of a liquid is the property that retards flow; so that when a force is applied to a liquid, the higher the viscosity, the slower will be the movement of the liquid. Viscosity of bituminous binder is its most important characteristic. Hence, viscosity measurements are useful not only in ensuring that

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material with the desired consistency has been obtained but also as a means of selecting binders for specific use. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Saybolt Furol Viscometer Bath equipped with stirring and heating receiver Oil tube thermometer Timing device Withdrawal tube or pipette

SAMPLE PREPARATION: Filter the material through a 100 mesh (150 micron) wire strainer. PROCEDURE: 1. Pour into container the quantity of material to be tested and allow it to be draw. 2. 3. Insert the cork stopper and pour material into the cup. When the temperature of the bath and cup are steady or remain constant, withdraw the thermometer and insert the tip of the withdrawal tube at the point in the gallery. 4. Place the receiving flask in position. Snap the cork from its position and at the same time start the timer. 5. Stop the timer when the bottom of the meniscus of the liquid reaches the mark on the neck of the graduating receiving flask. 6. Record in seconds the time it takes for the 60ml of the oil to flow by gravity from the completely filled cylinder as the viscosity. REFERENCE: AASHTO 72 68.

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WEEK 6 EXPERIMENT NO.6: THEORY:

FLASH AND FIRE POINTS (CLEVEALAND OPEN UP)

The flash and fire point test are indirect reflections of binder volatility. The flash point is the more important of two, because it indicates the maximum temperature to which the binder can be safely heated.

APPARATUS:

Cleveland open cup, Bunsen burner.

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3.

Fill the cup with the material to be tested. Light and adjust the test flame. Place and test flame under the cup with the material to be tested, thus the material is heated in the open cup.

4.

At intervals a small flame is applied near its surface. The time consumed in passing the flame across the cup shall be about 1 second.

5.

Record as the flashpoint the temperature read on the thermometer at which the material gives so much vapour that will get temporarily or momentary application of a small pilot flame. ignite or flash on

6.

To determine the fire point, continue heating so that the sample temperature increases at a rate of not less than 5oC or more than 6oC per minute.

7.

Continue application of pilot flame until the vapour continues to burn for a period of at least 5 seconds.

8.

Record the temperature at which this occurs as the fire point.

REFERENCES:

ASTM Standard 1958 part 4 D92 AASHTO T.48.

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WEEK 7 EXPERIMENT NO.7: THEORY:

DUCTILITY TEST

The ductility test is a measure of the internal cohesion of bitumen. Bitumen possessing high ductility is normally cementitious and adheres well to aggregate. The test is used as a measure of the flexibility of the binder under slowly applied load.

APPARATUS:

Briquette brass mould, water bath, testing machine

PROCEDURE: 1.

completely melt the bituminous material by heating it in an oil bath maintained at minimum temperature needed to properly liquefy the sample (for paving asphalt cements, the oil bath shall be maintained at a temperature of 150 180oC.

2.

Strain the melted sample through a No.50 (297 micron) sieve. Stir thoroughly and pour into the mould. Assembly the mould on a brass plate, and to prevent the material under test from sticking, thorough amalgamate the surface of the plate and interior surface of the sides of the mould.

3.

Let the mould containing the material cool to room temperature. Place it in the water bath maintained a temperature of 25+0.5oC.

4.

By means of a warm knife or spatula cut off the excess bitumen to make the material just level full in the mould.

5.

After the mould with briquette specimen had been in the water for 1 hours, remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side pieces.

6.

Transfer to the testing machine. Attach the rings at each side of clips or pins to the hook in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart at a uniform speed of 5cm/min.

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7.

Measure the distance in cm through which the clips have been pulled to produce rupture. The test is carried out under water, maintained at the test temperature in the ductilometer.

8. 9.

The average of three normal tests is the ductility of the sample. Adjust the specific gravity of the bath (if necessary) by the addition of sodium chloride so that the bituminous material neither comes to the surface of the water, nor touches the bottom of the bath at any time during the test.

REFERENCE:

ASTM Standards 1958 part 4 D 113 Test Methods ASTM 113, ASSHO T 51 , J.P 32

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WEEK 8 EXPERIMENT NO.8: THEORY:

SOFTENING POINT (RING AND BALL TEST)

The specifications of many bituminous blinders for particular purposes are often written without softening point requirement. It is used to specify hard bitumens and it helps to characterize its rate of setting. It may indicate the tendency to flow in service in the case of thick films.

APPARATUS:

A brass ring, a 9.5mm steel ball, ball guides, a glass beaker, rings support, thermometer and stirrer

SAMPLE PREPARATION: 1. Heat the bitumen in a suitable vessel to 75 100oC above the expected softening point and stir. 2. 3. Heat the rings to approximately the same temperature. Place them on a smooth metal plate covered with a coating of glycerol and dextrin mixture to prevent the bituminous

material adhering to it overfill each ring with bitumen. 4. Allow to cool for 3mins, cut off the excess of bitumen with a warmed knife, leaving it level. 5. PROCEDURE: Proceed with test within 4 hrs. Materials having softening points 80oC or below

(a) Assembly of Apparatus: Fill in the glass beaker to a depth of 100mm with freshly boiled distilled water (boiled to expel air). The water should be cooled to 5oC. 1. Suspend the ring containing the sample in the water so that the lower surface of the filled ring is 25mm above the upper surface of the lower horizontal plate which is 12.5mm above the bottom of the glass beaker. 2. Maintain the initial temperature of water for 15mins. 15

3.

With forceps, place the ball in the centre of the upper surface of the bitumen in the ring. Heat the water gently at about 5oC/mm, string. Avoid the effects of draughts using shield if necessary. The rate of rise in temperature shall be uniform; and shall not be average over the period of the test. The maximum permissible variation in temperature after the first three should not be average over the period of the test. The maximum permissible variation in temperature after the first three should not be more than 1oC. Reject all tests in which the rate of rise exceeds these limits.

(b) Heating:

(c) Softening Point:

Record as the softening point the temperature of the thermometer at the instant the bituminous material touches the horizontal plate. Materials having softening points above 80oC: Use the same procedure as described above except fill the bath with glycerin. The starting temperature of the glycerin bath shall be 32oC. Typical result 55oC, 56oC, average 56oC, such bitumen would be suitable for rolled asphalt, 50 75oC is required (BS 1418) for DPC and tanking in mastic asphalt; 60 110oC are for flooring (BS 1410), again mastic asphalt. limit

REFERENCES:

ASTM Standard 1958, part 4, D-36 Bituminous materials in road construction Road research laboratory.

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WEEK 9

EXPERIMENT NO.9:

STABILITY AND FLOW TEST Bitumen is extensively used for road construction, to

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANE:

therefore aid in ensuring that bitumen has the desired quality and that the optimum qualities of materials are used, optimum bitumen content has therefore become a very important study for determining the stability and resistance to plastic flow of the bitumen.

APPARATUS: 1.

Marshall Apparatus which consists of the following part Specimen and mould assembly with base plate and extension collar 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Specimen extractor Compaction hammer Specimen mould holder Breaking head assembly Loading jack Compaction pedestal One proving ring of 2700kg capacity complete with mounting block and dial micrometer.

SAMPLE PREPARATION 1. Dry aggregates to constant weight at 105 to 110oC and separate the aggregates by dry sieving into desired fraction. 2. Weight into separate pans, for each test specimen the amount of each fraction required to produce a batch that will result in the compacted specimen of 6.35cm in height and 10.16cm in diameter.

17

3.

Place the pan in hot plate and heat to a temperature of about 27oC above the mixing temperature.

4.

Charge the mixing bowl with the heated aggregates and weigh the required amount of bituminous material within the limit of the mixing temperature. Mix the aggregate and bituminous material rapidly until thoroughly coated.

PROCEDURE: 1.

Clean the specimen mould assembly and the face of the Compaction hammer and head immersed them either in boiling water or on the hot plate to a temperature between 100oC and 150oC.

2.

Place a piece of filter paper cut to the size in the bottom of the mould before the mixture is introduced.

3.

Place the entire batch into the mould; stir the mixture vigorously with a heated spatula.

4.

Replace the collar, and place the mould assembly on the compaction pedestal and apply 50 blows with the compaction hammers with the free fall of 45cm for a tyre pressure of 0.7MN/m2 and 75 blows for a tyre pressure of 1.4MN/m2.

5.

Remove the base plate and place the sample extractor on the end of the specimen.

6.

Place the assembly with the extension collar up to the testing machine.

7.

Apply pressure to the collar by means of the load transfer bar and force the specimen into the extension collar and lift the collar from the specimen.

8.

Carefully transfer to a smooth, flat surface and allow it to stand overnight at room temperature.

9. 10.

Weigh, measure and test the specimen. Bring the specimens to the desired temperature by immersing them in the water bath for 30 to 40 minutes. (The specified temperature is 60oC for asphalt specimen and 38oC for tar specimen.

11.

Remove the specimen from the water bath, dry and carefully place it in lower testing head.

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12.

Place the upper head on the specimen. Then place the complete assembly in position on the testing machine.

13.

Place the dial micrometer in position over one of the guide rods and adjust the flow meter reading to zero.

14.

Hold the meter sleeve firmly against the upper segment of the breaking head while the test load is being applied.

15.

Apply the load on the specimen by means of a constant rate of movement of the load jack or testing machine head at 5cm per minute until the maximum is reached and the load decreases as indicated by the dial.

16.

Note and record the indicated flow value in terms of 0.25mm if a micrometer dial is used to measure the flow.

17.

The elapsed time for the test from the removal of the test specimen from water bath to the maximum load determination should not exceed 30 seconds.

18.

The maximum load is the measure of stability.

RESULT:

Report as findings The report should include the following information for each specimen test, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Height of the test specimen Maximum load at failure Flow value in multiple of 0.25m Mixing temperature compacting temperature Test temperature ASTM D 1559 60 British Standard 3235 1984 Test methods for bitumen ASTM standard

TEST METHOD : REFERENCES: 1. 2.

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WEEK 10 EXPERIMENT NO.7: AIM:

HUBBARD FIELD TEST

To test the resistance to plastic flow of compressed bituminous mixture.

APPARATUS: 1.

Cylindrical moulds 5cm in diameter for preparing the Specimen 5cm

2.

Two plungers, one for the top end one for the bottom per mould.

3. 4. 5.

Pan and knife for heating and mixing bitumen and aggregate Weighing balance Compacting and loading unit of capacity 500kg and travel of tension rod at a uniform rate of 6cm per minute.

PROCEDURE: 1. 2.

Take 90gm of sand, 10gm of cement and 5gm of bitumen. Heat sand and cement on a container and add 5gm of hot bitumen.

3. 4.

Mix thoroughly. Place the bottom plunger into the mould. Put the mix on the mould so that the height of the specimen is 2.5cm+0.125cm.

5.

Put the top plunger over the mix and place in position in the compacting machine and apply a load of 225kg. (This is indicated by 75 divisions of the strain gauge).

6.

Take out the mould and place it in cold water for one hour and take out the sample.

TESTING OF SPECIMEN 1. Place the specimen in the test mould assembly over the test ring with plunger on the top. 8. Apply the compressive load at a constant rate of deformation of 6.0cm per minute. 20

RESULT:

Report the failure value of the strain and determine the failure load.

CONCLUSION:

Comment on your result and state their compliance or otherwise with stander value.

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WEEK 11 EXPERIMENT NO.11: THEORY:

DESIGN TRIAL MIX OF PLASTIC CONCRETE

The most popular method of mix design is eh Marshall method. The Hveem stabilometer is less used. Other methods are the Hubbard field and Smith triavial. Marshall method uses standard test specimens of 6.35cm

height and 10.16cm diameter. The principal features of the method are a density-void analysis and stability flow test of the compacted specimen.

PROCEDURE:

The test specimens are prepared with varying asphaltic cement content with % increments such that at least two values are above and two below the optimum. Usually 6 values of

asphaltic cement content are selected and for each three specimens are needed. The specimens are prepared by heating the aggregates and buder and mixing them both top and bottom by the hammer. The procedure is adequate for highway pavements designed for a type pressure of 0.7MN/m2. For airfield pavements and heavily trafficked highway pavements designed for a tyre pressure of 1.4MN/m2, 75 blows are given on each face. The Marshall testing machine is an electrically powered testing device design to apply loads at a constant rate of strain of 5cm per minute and equipped with a calibrated proving ring to measure the load. The machine measures both stability and flow that developed at failure. The measured stability values are next corrected to those which would have been obtained if the specimen has been exactly 63.5mm high. This is done by multiply correlation value. DENSITY VOID ANALYSIS: The theoretical specific gravity (density) GM for void less bituminous paving mixtures is determined by GM = 100 W1 + W2 + W3 .Wn G1 G2 G3 Gn

Where W1 = the percentage by weight of bitumen 22

G1 = the specific gravity of bitumen W2, W3 =Wn = percentages by weight of different aggregate fractions. G2. Gn = specific gravities of the respective aggregate fraction. The procedure for determining d, the bulk specific gravity of a compacted specimen is given in AASHTO T 166 as d = Where A = weight of the dry specimen in air in grams B = weight of saturated surface dry specimen in air, in grams. C = weight of saturated specimen in water, in grams. If the specimen has an open and porous surface, it must be covered with a paraffin coating before being in the water. The formula for determining d, the bulk specific gravity of a compacted asphaltic mixture when the specimen is coated with paraffin is as thus follows: d = A DE DA F A BC

Where A = weight of the dry specimen in air, in grams D = weight of the specimen plus paraffin coating in air, in grams. E = weight of the specimen plus paraffin coating in water, in grams. F = bulk specific gravity of the paraffin The percentage of voids (V.T.M) in an actual paving mixture is determined by V.T.M = (Gm d) x 100 Gm V.T.M = voids in the total mixture is d in the specimen %. Again, for each specimen, calculate the percentage of voids in the compacted mineral aggregate frame work which is filled with the binder. This involves first determining the amount of 23

voids in the aggregate framework (V.M.A) and then calculating the percentage filled with binder material. The V.M.A is obtained by subtracting the volume occupied by the aggregate in the compacted specimen from the bulk volume of the compacted specimen, i.e. the volume of voids which in theory is available for filling with binder. Thus, V.M.A = V - VE VF VMF Where W - Wc - Wf - Wmf D Gc Gf Gmf V.M.A = voids in the mineral aggregate framework cm3 V = volume of specimen, cm3 Vc = Vf Vmf = volume of coarse, fine and mineral filler fraction, respectively, of the aggregates in the specimen, cm3. W = weight of the specimen, gm Wc, Wf and Wmf = weight of coarse, fine and mineral filler fractions respectively of the aggregates in the specimen, gm. Gc, Gf and Gmf = Apparent specific gravities of coarse, fine and mineral fractions respectively, of the aggregate in the specimen. The voids in the mineral aggregate framework are often expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the specimen. Thus % V.M.A = V.M.A x 100 V In order to obtain individual binder content for stability, flow, density and voids, separate graphical plots are prepared for the following; (a) (b) (c) Binder content versus marshall stability Binder content versus marshal flow Binder content versus percentage of voids in the total mix (d) Binder content versus percentage of voids in the mineral aggregate framework filled with binder. (e) Binder content versus unit weight

For illustrate purposes the data in Table 11.1 are plotted in fig 11.1 and t eh points joined with smooth curves.

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Table 11.1
Binder content %

Typical Marshall Test Data

Stability KN Flow Units Percentage of air voids in the total mixture 12.5 7.2 3.9 2.4 1.9 Percentage of filled voids in the aggregate framework 34 65 84 91 93 Unit weight kg/m3

3 4 5 6 7

4.89 7.06 8.06 7.52 6.49

8.9 9.4 11.8 14.6 19.2

2169 2207 2255 2227 2190

8000 7000 Stability N 6000 5000

Marshall flow mm

. .
2 4 6

. .

. . . . .

4 3 2 1 0 2 4

Voids in total mix %

.
10

Aggregate voids filed with binder %

20

100

. . .

. . .
7

50

0 2 4 5

20 2 5 8

2300 Unit wt kg/m3

2250

2200

.
2

.
5

.
7

25

The next stage involves the determination of optimum binder content. From these curves, the individual binder content is determine d for the following conditions (a) (b) (c) max stability max unit wt median limit or percent air void

The numerical average binder content from these three is taken as the optimum binder contended is used in design, provided it gives a mixture that satisfies the established criteria. The marshall criteria normally adopted for design are given in Table 11.2. For the illustrative data, the optimum binder content is found as: Property Binder content % Unit weight 5.0 Stability 5.0 V.T.M 4.9

The optimum binder content is taken as the average of these three binder. i.e. 5 + 5 + 49 3 = 4.97

4.97% is the optimum binder content for the mix.

Table 11.2 Design criteria for Marshall method of design.

Traffic category Pavement use Heavy (Tyre pressure 1.4MN/m2) Airport pavement and heavily trafficked highways 75 650 16max 35 75 82 Medium (Tyre pressure 0.75MN/m2) Highways with low traffic 50 200 20max 35 72 85

No of blows at each end of specimen Stability Flow 10.25mm % air voids % voids in aggregate filed with bitumen

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WEEK 12 EXPERIMENT NO.12: CLASS ACTIVITY:

DESIGN OF TRIAL MIX OF PLASTIC CONCRETE

A specimen of asphaltic concrete has a height of 6.20cm and a diameter of 10.16cm, the weight of the compacted specimen (uncoated) in air is 1174.4gms and in water, the weight is 668.4gms. When coated with paraffin, its weight in air is 1220.9gms and its weight when immersed in water is 664.4gms. The specific gravity of paraffin is 0.90. The analysis of the specimen yielded the following:
S/No Material Specific gravity Mix composition (% by weight of total mix) 6.0 52.0 34.6 7.4 100.0 55.3 36.8 7.9 100.0 Aggregate composition (% by weight of total aggregates)

1. 2 3 4

Asphaltic cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregates Mineral filler

1.02 2.58 2.72 2.70

Calculate (i) Bulk density of specimen by uncoated specimen procedure and immersion test. (ii) (iii) Bulk density of specimen from specimen dimensions. Bulk density of specimen by paraffin coated sample procedure. (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Average specific gravity of the aggregates Maximum theoretical density Bulk density as percent of maximum density Percent voids in compacted mix

(viii) Percent volume occupied by asphaltic cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregates, mineral filler. (ix) Percentage volume of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA). (x) Percent aggregate voids filled with asphalt.

27

Solution: (i) Bulk density of specimen by uncoated specimen immersed in water W W - Wsw

1174.74 1174.4 668.4

1174.4 506.3 = 2.320gm/cc (ii) Bulk density from dimensions of specimen = 1174.4

x 10.16 x 10.16 x 6.20

4 = 2.337

(iii)

Bulk density from paraffin coated specimen WSA WSA1 WSW1 = ( WSA1 WSA) GP

1174.4 1220.9 664.4 (1220.9 1174.4) 0.9 1174.4/505.2 2.325

= = (iv)

Average specific gravity Gag = Wag Wca + Wfa + Wmf Gca Gfa Gmf = 100 55.3 + 36.8 + 7.9 2.58 2.72 2.70

(v)

Maximum Theoretical density W

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Wac + Wag Gac Gag = 1174.4 0.06 x 1174.4 + 0.94 x 1174.4 1.02 2.64 = 2.41gm/cc

(vi)

Bulk density as percent of max theoretical density = 2.32 x 100 2.41 = 96.3%

(vii)

Percentage voids in compacted mix % V = V Vac - Vca - Vfa - Vfm x 100 V = 1174.4 - 1174.4 x 0.06 - 1174.4 x 0.052 2.32 1.02 2.58

1174.4 x 0.346 - 1174.4 x 0.074 2.72 2.70 _____________________________ x 100 1174.4 2.32 3.7%

This is also given by 100 - m x 100 m1 100 2.32 x 100 2.41 100 96.3 (viii) = 3.7%

Percent volume occupied by constituents % Vac = 6.00 x 2.32 1.02 = 13.7%

% Vca = 52.0 x 2.32 x 100 = 46.8% 2.58 % Vfa = 34.6 x 2.32 = 29.5% 2.72 % Vmf = 7.4 x 2.32 = 6.3% 2.70 % Vmf = 94.0 x 2.32 = 82.6% 2.64 29

(ix)

Percent volume of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) = 100 - % weight of aggregate x W Gag x V

100 0.94 x 1174.4 x 2.32 2.64 x 1174.4 = 100 82.6 = 17.4% (x) Percent of aggregate voids filled with Asphaltic concrete = Percent of asphaltic cement in mix x 100 Percent of voids in mineral aggregate = 13.7 x 100 = 78.7% 17.4

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WEEK 13 EXPERIMENT NO.12: CLASS ACTIVITY:

DESIGN OF TRIAL MIX OF PLASTIC CONCRETE

A specimen of asphaltic concrete has a height of 6.20cm and a diameter of 10.16cm, the weight of the compacted specimen (uncoated) in air is 1174.4gms and in water, the weight is 668.4gms. When coated with paraffin, its weight in air is 1220.9gms and its weight when immersed in water is 664.4gms. The specific gravity of paraffin is 0.90. The analysis of the specimen yielded the following:
S/No Material Specific gravity Mix composition (% by weight of total mix) 6.0 52.0 34.6 7.4 100.0 55.3 36.8 7.9 100.0 Aggregate composition (% by weight of total aggregates)

1. 2 3 4

Asphaltic cement Coarse aggregate Fine aggregates Mineral filler

1.02 2.58 2.72 2.70

Calculate (xi) Bulk density of specimen by uncoated specimen procedure and immersion test. (xii) Bulk density of specimen from specimen dimensions.

(xiii) Bulk density of specimen by paraffin coated sample procedure. (xiv) (xv) (xvi) Average specific gravity of the aggregates Maximum theoretical density Bulk density as percent of maximum density

(xvii) Percent voids in compacted mix (xviii) Percent volume occupied by asphaltic cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregates, mineral filler. (xix) Percentage volume of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA). (xx) Percent aggregate voids filled with asphalt.

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Solution: (i) Bulk density of specimen by uncoated specimen immersed in water W W - Wsw

1174.74 1174.4 668.4

1174.4 506.3 = 2.320gm/cc (ii) Bulk density from dimensions of specimen = 1174.4

x 10.16 x 10.16 x 6.20

4 = 2.337

(iii)

Bulk density from paraffin coated specimen WSA WSA1 WSW1 = ( WSA1 WSA) GP

1174.4 1220.9 664.4 (1220.9 1174.4) 0.9 1174.4/505.2 2.325

= = (iv)

Average specific gravity Gag = Wag Wca + Wfa + Wmf Gca Gfa Gmf = 100 55.3 + 36.8 + 7.9 2.58 2.72 2.70

(v)

Maximum Theoretical density W

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Wac + Wag Gac Gag = 1174.4 0.06 x 1174.4 + 0.94 x 1174.4 1.02 2.64 = 2.41gm/cc

(vi)

Bulk density as percent of max theoretical density = 2.32 x 100 2.41 = 96.3%

(vii)

Percentage voids in compacted mix % V = V Vac - Vca - Vfa - Vfm x 100 V = 1174.4 - 1174.4 x 0.06 - 1174.4 x 0.052 2.32 1.02 2.58

1174.4 x 0.346 - 1174.4 x 0.074 2.72 2.70 _____________________________ x 100 1174.4 2.32 3.7%

This is also given by 100 - m x 100 m1 100 2.32 x 100 2.41 100 96.3 (viii) = 3.7%

Percent volume occupied by constituents % Vac = 6.00 x 2.32 1.02 = 13.7%

% Vca = 52.0 x 2.32 x 100 = 46.8% 2.58 % Vfa = 34.6 x 2.32 = 29.5% 2.72 % Vmf = 7.4 x 2.32 = 6.3% 2.70 % Vmf = 94.0 x 2.32 = 82.6% 2.64 33

(ix)

Percent volume of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) = 100 - % weight of aggregate x W Gag x V

100 0.94 x 1174.4 x 2.32 2.64 x 1174.4 = 100 82.6 = 17.4% (x) Percent of aggregate voids filled with Asphaltic concrete = Percent of asphaltic cement in mix x 100 Percent of voids in mineral aggregate = 13.7 x 100 = 78.7% 17.4

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WEEK 14 TO 15 EXPERIMENT NO.14: STUDENTS TO BE TAKEN TO ROAD

CONSTRUCTION SITE AIM: To identify different types of construction equipment and to see the organization of site works. OBJECTIVE: Know the uses of the equipment and to be aware of the organizations of a site, together with the responsibility of the staff. REPORT: Students will be expected to write reports on different types of construction equipment including diagrams and sketches seen on site. RESULT: a comprehensive report to be written, not less than 1000 words and to be submitted 2 weeks after site visitation. CONCLUSION: To be assessed by the lecturer.

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