GSM Optimization

Intro.
To CDMA2000
Wireless Facilities Inc.
Module 3
GSM
Radio Network Optimization
Prepared By: Advanced Technology Group in collaboration with RF Engineering
Contact: hedayat.azad@wfinet.com
Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc.
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Copy Right 2001, WFI
Intro. To CDMA2000
GSM_Module 3: Outline
Introduction Optimization Process Idle Mode Operation Radio Link Measurements Directed Retry & Intelligent Directed Retry Handover Power Control Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Frequency Hopping (FH) Intelligent Underlay & Overlay (IUO) Dynamic Hotspot New techniques to reduce interference Queuing
Radio Resource Management Intelligent Coverage Enhancement
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Introduction
Network optimization phase begins after sites
have been commissioned and integrated into the network.

The optimization process would involve
n n n
System performance measurements Analysis of measurement data Refining system parameters to achieve optimum performance
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Optimization Goals
Optimization is performed in order to:
n
Ensure that system operation is in accordance with design

to
move measured network performance closer toward predicted and desired performance objectives. the prediction is refined with measured network performance data collected during the optimization process.
n
Tune system parameters

Handoff
parameters, neighbor lists, switching system parameters, etc.
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Optimization Goals (cont.)

n
Control the introduction of users into the network

By
gradually introducing users to the network, performance under real-world conditions can be determined and then optimized. optimization progresses, these users are given access to larger sections of the network. the end of the optimization process, enough users should be utilizing the network to make the transition to commercial service virtually seamless.
As At
Quantify problems with the network and identify solutions to those problems
Engineers
enabled to quickly isolate problems, correctly determine and implement solutions to those problems and quickly test the solution.
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Optimization Steps
Sites pre-test
n
This is prior to site turn-on and includes checking design predictions, parameter settings, physical connections, antenna configurations, drive test route selections, etc.
Sites functional test

n
After the pre-test has been completed and the site has been turned on, the site is tested to verify that it is functioning properly. This includes checking transmitted power, basic call processing, test mobile performance, etc.
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Optimization Steps (cont.)

Cluster optimization
n
Optimization undertaken at this early stage is coarse and typically focuses on interference reduction, coverage verification, and handoff performance. Adjustments may not only be required to the switch parameters, but also to RF site configurations such as antenna orientations and downtilts. Optimization procedures can be performed on different clusters in parallel, as clusters become ready. Experience gained at this stage will be fed back into the design specification and RF engineering process in order to design more effective sites later in the process.
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Optimization Steps (cont.)

System optimization
n
Testing is performed on the adjacent clusters as a system, with new clusters being added after they have passed cluster optimization. In this manner, the whole network is built up piece-by-piece. Optimization undertaken at this stage is very detailed, and fine parameter adjustments are made to truly maximize network performance. As more clusters pass system optimization, more users can be added and given access to the new areas. Eventually, the complete network will be active and optimized with users placing calls throughout. The network is then ready for launch.
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Optimization Tools
Network optimization tools have been developed to
assist engineers in the complex optimization task.

Specialized hardware for performance data collection
facilitates rapid collection of large amounts of information upon which network diagnoses and corrections can be made.
Advanced software tools enable optimization engineers
to efficiently organize and process this vast amount of data in order to make the best and most accurate diagnosis in the shortest amount of time
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Optimization Guidelines
NETWORK OPTIMIZATION
Clusterization
I&C verifies hardware Site are grouped into cluster Cluster may consist of 10 to 20 sites
System Wide Parameters
Initial Verification
Failed
OMC-B verifies software
Data fill parameters including neigborlist and frequencies assignment
Drive test routes
-Call setup -Frequency verification -Time slot quality verification -Intra site handover verification (between sectors of same site)
Drive test are mutually agreed upon by all envolved parties
Passed
Optimization Drive test
Failed
Network Reconfigured
Specifications Ant tilt Ant Az. Ant Model System wide parameters (including Neighbor list and frequency retune)
passed Service quality parameters are mutually accepted by all envolved parties RF Optimization point of contact Point of contact on OMC-B Tower crew point of contact I&C (Instrument & control) point of contact System Acceptance Test
Organization
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Optimization Process
Radio Network Optimization Process
n n n n n n
Data Collection Problem Identification Problem Resolution Implementation of Changes Monitoring of Changes Documentation
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Data Collection
Data Collection Concept:
n n
Problem Identification Problem Solving
Methods of Data Collection:

n n n
Drive Test OSS / Equivalent Source Customer Care/ Trouble Reports
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Data Collection - Drive Test

Drive tests should be planed carefully ahead of time.
Drive-routes must meet the following conditions:

n n n
Follow normal traffic routes Cover the low signal areas Cover the high population areas
Drive tests should be performed on regular basis. Switch can also provide measurement data,
Uplink/Downlink, by setting up CTR (Cell Traffic Recording). CTR provides a record of events (handover, call setup, dropped call, etc.) and a complete set of measurements such as RXQUAL and RXLEV.
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Data Collection - OSS

In order to assess Service-Quality, certain parameters
should be collected from the BSC. Useful parameters are:

n n n n n n
Number of handover attempts per cell and per BSC Number of handover completion per cell and per BSC Number of call attempts per cell and per BSC Number of call completion per cell and per BSC Number of blocked calls per cell and per BSC Dropped call percentage per cell and per BSC
BSC counters are used for traffic-monitoring and event-
detection purposes.
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Data Collection - Trouble Reports

Although it is sometimes difficult to determine
the actual problem from the customer report, the problem area can be identified.
After identifying the problem, performance
engineers should investigate all possibilities of the root cause.
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Problem Identification and Resolution
General network issues include:

n n n n n n n n
Coverage Interference Capacity Multipath Functionality Handover Failure Call Dropping Call blocking
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Problem Identification and Resolution (cont.)

Coverage problem is usually due to power limitations,
obstructions, foliage and defective H/W. Interference is usually due to cell spacing, overshooting or improper frequency planning. Capacity analysis is the study of Erlang, utilization, GoS and feature-loading . Busy hour is the reference point for this study. Multipath interference occurs when delay-signal exceeds four to five symbol periods and the main-path to delaypath ratio is less than 15dB. Functionality problems are usually due to defective MS, RBS or Telco line(s).
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Problem Identification and Resolution (cont.)

Handover problems are usually due to:

Neighbor List Handover Parameters Interference / High Noise Level Path Imbalance / Power Measurement Module Missing Neighbors High Interference Low RSSI Equipment
Call dropping is usually due to:

n n n n
Call Blocking is usually due to resource availability, as
well as non-uniform distribution. Solutions are:

n n n
Channel-Add Off-Loading Underlay/Overlay

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Change-Orders / Implementation
Change-Orders should be released by RF to
Operations.
Change-Orders should be implemented properly
to correct / optimize the network.

RF should verify the effect of recent changes by
monitoring traffic performing drive tests.
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Documentation
Documentation:
n n n
Allows cross-referencing problems and solutions Allows back-tracking Facilitates performance reporting
Problems and solutions should always be
documented in detail with the following information:

n n n n n
Problem Type Date & Location Down-Time Duration Root Cause Problem Status
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Initial Site testing & Verification

Call Setup Check Intra Site Handover Check Coverage Check Frequency / BSIC / Time Slots Check Antenna Orientation Check
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Key Performance Factors (KPF)

Call Success Rate Handover Success Rate Signal Quality (FER, BER) TCH Availability Rate Non-Blocking TCH Rate (GoS < %2)
n n n
A Different weighting factors can be given to each of KPFs Totally Network/Client Dependent General Performance of the network rather than single factors
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Main features/parameters to check

Periodic Consistency Check
Frequency Planning Check Drive Test & Analyzing Layer 3 Messages Cell Access Parameters Handover Parameters Power Control Parameters Frequency Hopping Parameters (HSN, MAIO) Optional Features Site Configuration Recommendations (Antenna Type
Change, Antenna Height Change, BTS Equipment/Filter Change, Antenna Orientation Change, Downtilt)
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Idle Mode Operation

When?
n n
When the MS is switched ON When there is no dedicated connection
Why?
n
To camp on the best suitable cell
Why to camp on a specific cell?

n n n
For MS to receive system information from the NW on DL For MS to be able to initiate a call whenever needed For the NW to be able to locate the MS when there is a MT call/SMS
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Idle Mode Operation

Access/Mobility management PLMN selection Cell selection and reselection Location update
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Access/Mobility management
ACCESS/MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
n
notAllowedAccessClases (09, 1115) indicates which mobile classes cant have access to the cell. plmnPermitted (07) broadcast on the BCCH. MS will report measurement of permitted PLMN.
Location Information
n
LocationAreaId = MCC + MNC + LAC

Country
MCC is the Mobile Country Code Operator MNC is the Mobile Network Code Area in the PLMN LAC is the Location Area Code
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Access/Mobility management (cont.)

Parameter: baseStationIdentityCode - BSIC:
- BSIC = NCC (07, fixed for every PLMN) + BCC (07, BTS color code)
n
In the same area, Cells with same BCCH frequencies should have different BSIC. BSIC is used to separate co-channels used in different BTS. In other word, if cells A and B have identical BCCH and BSIC, a NBR cell to A or B can confuse the two cells if A and B are not isolated from a propagation perspective. In order to identify NBR cells, MS decodes BSIC and includes the info together with the BCCH frequency in the measurement report.
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Access/Mobility management (cont.)
MCC - USA MNC - Operator LAC1

F1, BSIC3
LAC2
F1, BSIC2
F1, BSIC2
F1, BSIC1
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PLMN Selection
An operational network in GSM is called PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network).
A GSM customer has a subscription relationship with a single PLMN.
This specific PLMN is called home PLMN of the subscriber.
The home PLMN is set as the PLMN to try at the switch on. A change of PLMN can occur only when the user decides so, or
when the MS finds out that the serving PLMN can no longer provide normal service (because the MS is leaving the PLMN coverage area).
In those cases the MS will search for cells in the whole spectrum, to
find which PLMNs cover the location.
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PLMN Selection (cont.)

The PLMN selection is done in either manual
mode or automatic mode.

n
The automatic mode is based on the existence of preferred PLMN list which is stored in the SIM. The PLMNs are tried starting with:
Home Each
PLMN PLMN that has been stored in SIM in priority order Other PLMNs with received signal strength above 85dBm.
In manual mode the list of PLMNs the MS has found as potential candidates for providing normal service is presented to the user.
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Cell selection in Idle Mode

Two methods:
n n n
(a) Normal cell selection (b) Stored list cell selection (optional) If no suitable cell found with method (b) then (a) is tried
Suitable cell to camp on

n n n n n
Cell is in the selected PLMN Cell is not barred Cell is not in a forbidden location area for national roaming C1 >0 If there is no normal priority cell then low priority cell
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Cell selection in Idle Mode (cont.)

Radio Criteria
C1 = (A - Max(B,0))
Averaging 3-5 Sec.
s A = Received Level Average - p1 s B = p2 - Maximum RF Output Power of the Mobile
Station s p1 = rxLevelAccessMin: Min. received level at the MS required for access to the system s p2 = msTxPowerMaxCCH: Max. Tx power level which an MS may use when accessing the system
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Parameters
Parameter: RxLevAccessMin (-110-47 dBm)
n
Minimum signal strength required by the MS to get service from a specific cell in idle mode. A margin used in cell reselection when NBR cell is in a different LAC. It prevent ping pong location update which consumes SDCCH capacity: Rxlev_Cell_A > Rxlev_Cell_B + CellReselectHysteresis
Parameter: CellReselctHysteresis (014 dB)

n
Parameter: msTxPwrMaxCCH (1343 dBm)

n
MS maximum transmit power when accessing the system.
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Cell Reselect Hysteresis
cellReselectHysteresis (0 14 dB)
The real LA border The nominal LA border
cellReselectHys teresis
L2 L1
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Cell selection in Normal Operation

Search all RF CH and sort by RxLev Search for FCCH to verify if BCCH BCCH?
No
Tune to next Frequency in the List
Decode BCCH data Suitable Cell? -Correct PLMN -Cell not barred CELL_BAR_ACCESS=0 -C1 > 0 -Location not forbidden for national roaming
No
If no Normal Cell found? camp on lower priority cell

No
Camp On Cell
Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc. Page 37
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Cell Re-selection
MS will calculate the C1 and C2 for the serving cell,
every 5 s. MS will calculate the C1 and C2 for the six best neighbor cells, every 5 s.
Cell re-selection is needed if: n Path Loss criterion C1 < 0 for cell camped on , for more than 5 seconds. n Any of the NBR have a higher C1 after 5 sec. n There is a DL signaling failure. n Cell becomes Barred. n There is a better cell with C2 criterion. n Random access attempts is still unsuccessful after
maxNumberRetransmission repetitions.
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Cell Re-selection based on C2 Criteria

Used in GSM Phase 2 (for Dual band and layered systems)
Example: single band system with macro and micro layers. Fast moving MS can be for example kept on the macro layers and slow moving mobiles on the micro layer. Parameter: cellReselectParamInd(Yes/No) if C2 parameters are sent to MS. cellBarQualify (Yes/No) control if cell baring can be overridden. Parameter: PenaltyTime (20640 s) time delay before final comparison is done between 2 cells. Parameter: TemporaryOffset (070 dB) temporary offset in dB during PenaltyTime of received signal strength. Parameter: CellReselectOffset (0126 dB) offset in dB to cell reselection
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Cell Re-selection based on C2 Criteria (cont.)

C2 calculation:
C2 = C1 + cellRselectOffset - temporaryOffset x H(penaltyTime - T) when penaltyTime < 640. OR: n C2 = C1 - cellReselectOffset when penaltyTime = 640.
n
Where: n H(x) = 1 when x >= 0 n H(x) = 0 when x < 0 n A timer T is started for each cell in the list of the 6 strongest cells as soon as it is placed on the list. T is reset to 0 when removed from the list.
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Cell Re-selection based on C2 Criteria (cont.)
dB
C2 when penaltyTime = 640 C2 when penaltyTime < 640
C2 cellReselectOffset cellReselectOffset C2 time temporaryOffset C1
penaltyTime
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IMSI Attach/Detach
MS is indicated as inactive in the Network to avoid
useless paging. Parameter: IMSIAttachDetach (Yes/No)

n
IMSI detach procedure may be invoked by a MS if the MS is deactivated. No response is returned from the Network in this case.
IMSI attach procedure complements IMSI detach to
indicate that The MS is active in the network. The IMSI attach procedure is used only if the IMSI was deactivated while the MS was in "idle updated" state and the stored LAI is the same which is sent on the BCCH of the current serving cell. IMSI attach is performed by using the location updating procedure. The LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST message shall indicate IMSI attach.
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Location Update
MS initiates procedure by sending LOCATION UPDATING
REQUEST message to the network and starts a timer. The authentication procedure is initiated by the network upon receipt of the LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST message from the MS. The ciphering mode setting procedure is initiated by the network, if a new TMSI has to be allocated. If the location updating is accepted by the network a LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT message is transferred to the Mobile Station. MS stores the received location area identification (LAI), stop the timer, reset the attempt counter and set the update status to "updated".
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Location Update (cont.)

If the LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT message contains an IMSI, the
MS shall delete any TMSI. If it contains a TMSI, it should replace the old TMSI and send a TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETE to the Network. After that, the mobile station shall wait for the network to release the RR-connection. In normal cases, the mobile station will enter the "idle, updated" state after the release of the RR-connection. In this state it shall :
n n
n n n
Perform normal location updating when a new location area is entered Perform periodic updating controlled by timerPeriodicUpdateMS (0.025.5hours) Perform IMSI detach Perform IMSI attach if activated in the same location area Respond to paging
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Radio Link Measurements

In GSM, the MS uses the BS Identity Code (BSIC) to
distinguish between neighboring BSs.

The measured signal level value (RXLEV) and signal
quality level value (RXQUAL) parameters are used for the purpose of inter-cell and intra-cell Handovers.
Inter-cell Handover from the serving cell to a neighbor
cell occurs when RXLEV and/or RXQUAL is low in the serving cell and better in the neighbor cell.
Intra-cell Handover from one channel/time slot to
another channel/time slot in the same cell occurs when RXLEV is high but RXQUAL is low.
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Radio Link Measurements (cont.)

The MS monitors the signal strength of neighbor BSs and
maintains a list of six strongest non-serving BSs. A new BS is selected from the list if:
n
n n n
The path loss criterion for the serving BS is not met for 5 seconds. The signaling link with the serving BS fails. The serving BS becomes barred. Non-serving cell access signal is greater than that of the serving BS for 5 seconds, and by at least the CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERSIS value in dB.
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Measurement Processing
MS downlink measurements of serving and
neighboring (NBR) cells

n
Idle Mode Measurement

MS
decodes BCCH of serving cell, every 30 sec., and BCCH of NBR cells every 5min (pre synchronize and decode the BSIC). The list of 6 best NBR cells is updated every 60 sec, and if a new NBR cell appears on the list, MS has to decode its BCCH within 30 sec.
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n
Dedicated Mode Measurement

MS
has limited time to conduct measurements since MS is transmitting and receiving data from serving cell. MS measures NBR cells after transmitting and before receiving the next frame. MS gets a list of NBR cells on BCCH (System Info 5). During Idle slot (slot #25 of traffic multi-frame), MS has more time to decode and measure NBR cells signals. MS presynchronize with the frequency of NBR cell and decode BSIC. MS has to pre-synchronize and decode BSIC of NBR cells once every 10 sec. MS needs to decode New NBR on the list within 5sec.
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MS
sends the measurements of the 6 NBR cells to the BTS every SACCH period (480 msec). BTS pre-process the data and forwards it to the BSC. Final processing is done at the BSC. BTS averages UL&DL measurement over 1, 2, 3 or 4 SACCH period set by parameter btsMeasAver(14 SACCH). Averaging and sampling of measurements in the BSC is controlled by parameters ho/pcAveragingLev/QualDL/UL. The parameters have windowSize(132 SACCH) and weighting(13) as arguments. These parameters determine how samples are averaged and weighted due to DTX. msDistanceAveragingParam(132 SACCH) is the averaging parameter used to trigger HO due to distance. Averaging is done every SACCH period by using a sliding averaging window.
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Averaging and Sampling
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
480 ms
AVERAGE=40 AVERAGE=35
P=0 P=0 P=1 P=2
Handover trigger HoThresholdLevDL = 33 (-77 dBm) WindowSize = 5, Weighting = 1 Px = 3, Nx = 4 btsMeasAver = 1 (no pre-processing in BTS)
AVERAGE=30 AVERAGE=25
AVERAGE=20
P=3
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Fast Handover Averaging Method
n
Suitable for micro cells where fast HO decision is required. Can be used in call setup phase (SDCCH) by enabling enaFastAveCallSetup (y/n) Can be used after power control by enabling enaFastAvePC (y/n) Can be used in the beginning of a new TCH by enabling enaFastAveHO (y/n) The method is always used in NBR cells measurements
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n
After PC command, PC comparison is started again but HO comparison is continued and only measurement before PC are initialized.
PC 0 New Ave. 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nx 6 1 1 1 0 HO Px 4
PC 0 Old Ave. Nx 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 HO Px 4
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n
BSC capacity is related to number of adjacent NBR cells processed simultaneously in the BSC. Parameter allAdjacentCellsAveraged (Yes/No), is used to specify if all NBR should be averaged or just the 6 best ones. No means 6 best NBRs.
BTS sends to the BSC 6 best NBR measurements, the rest is being given a zero result. Good adjacent cells without measurement results zero value can still be taken into account (up to 7 zeros) with the parameter numberOfZeroResults (07). numberOfZeroResults zero samples can be omitted when averaging measurement results in choosing NBR cells.
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Averaging with DTX and weighting

DTX is allowed just on TCH (only for speech call, not for
data call) SUB- measurement results are reported when DTX is used
Example pcAveragingLevUL windowSize= 8 weighting= 2 Sample: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DTX used: 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 uplink level: 35 42 33 36 39 40 39 35
2x35 + 1x42 + ... + 2x35 = 36 2+1+2+2+1+1+1+2 Value 0 1 2 BTS MS may use DTX MS shall use DTX MS shall not use DTX
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AV_RXLEV_UL_PC = Parameter
DTXMode
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RXLEV and RXQUAL parameters

The RXLEV and RXQUAL values used in GSM are listed below:
RXLEV 0 1 2 3 . 62 63 dBm
< <
RXQUAL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BER (%)
< 0.2
-110
-110 to -109 -109 to -108 -108 to -107 . -49 to -48

> >
0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.6 1.6 to 3.2 3.2 to 6.4 6.4 to 12.8
> 12.8
-48
Signal level values
Quality level values
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Traffic Channel Allocation

After a request including the preferred TCH rate
is received, the BSC determines the type of TCH resource to be allocated. This is based on the following:
n
n n n n
the A interface circuit that the MSC has allocated for the call the given list of preferred speech codecs by MS the speech codecs support of the BTS the TCH configuration on the BTS the resource situation in the BTS
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Idle Channel Interference

The BTS measures and reports on the uplink
interference of the radio channels which have been idle during the whole measurement period. Idle TCHs are classified into five interference classes RR Management algorithm assigns a channel from the lowest possible interference class
Parameters Value
interferenceAveragingProcess 1 ... 32 (SACCH Period) boundary 1-5 -110 ... -47 (dBm) (boundary0/5 fixed)
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Idle Channel Interference
Interference Level ( dBm) -47 Boundary5 -90 Boundary4 -95 Boundary3 -100 Boundary2 Boundary1 -105 -110 0 4 7
=> TS4 will be selected!
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TRX Prioritization in TCH Allocation

The advantages of using the BCCH carrier for
call set up:

n n
It would not increase interference in the network. BCCH channels are planned to be the least interfered ones.
The advantage of using the TCH TRX for call
set up:
n
The hopping gain.
It is possible to set priority between the TCH
TRXs and BCCH TRX.
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TRX Prioritization in TCH Allocation

Parameters TrxPriorityInTCHAllocation Value 02 where: 0 = no preference 1 =BCCH preferred 2 =Beyond BCCH preference
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FACCH Call Setup

When an idle SDCCH is not available for the
request
n
BSC tries to allocate a TCH for signaling instead of an SDCCH. After the signaling is finished the channel mode is modified as TCH and the call continues on the same channel.
Parameters pagingAnsOnFACCH restablishOnFACCH emerCallOnFACCH ordinaryCallOnFACCH Value Y/N Y/N Y/N Y/N
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Directed Retry (DR) Algorithm

n
When no TCH is available in the serving cell, TCH can be allocated in an adjacent cell
Mobile
Originated and Mobile Terminated Calls
It is actually handover from SDCCH to TCH.

Imperative
Handover (equation 1 only) Candidates ranked based on radio properties.

n
Queuing can take place in source cell, not in target cell.

Traffic (TCH) Call Setup (SDCCH)
BTS B
BTS A
rxLevAccessMin
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DR Algorithm (cont.)
minTimeLimitDR
Assignment Request
maxTimeLimitDR
Time
DR not allowed : improves the reliability of the measurements of adjacent cells and gives the queuing process time DR allowed
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DR Parameters
Parameters drInUse MinTimeLimitDR MaxTimeLimitDR
Value Yes/No 0 14 (sec.) 1 15 (sec.)
BTS
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DR Improvement
n
DR helps network to avoid the loss of a call in callsetup if the accessed cell is congested DR improvement: introduces new criterion in candidate cell selection
drThreshold
> RxLEV_MIN
TCH SDCCH congested
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DR Improvement (cont.)
Parameters
Parameters drMethod drThreshold
Value 0: Improvement not in use 1: Threshold evaluation method -47 -110 dBm
BTS ADJC
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Intelligent Directed Retry (IDR)

Based on Directed Retry : Target Cell selection depends
upon
n n n
MS Classmark MS Priority Adjacent Cell Type
Subscribers Classified in GSM

n
Based on Classmark (bitmap in BSC associates classmarks to GSM subscriber) Based on Priority (bitmap in BSC associates MS Priorities to GSM subscriber)
DR and IDR enabled/disabled independently on a per
cell basis.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Intelligent Directed Retry (cont.)
macro cell (GSM cell)

DR congestion GSM subscriber micro cells (MCN cells) congestion MCN subscriber
macro cell (GSM cell)

IDR micro cells (MCN cells)
No TCH Available on Accessed Cell No TCH Available on Accessed Cell
GSM or MCN subscriber ? GSM or MCN subscriber ?
MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ? MCN => IDR in Use in the Cell ? Yes => Directed Retry Only to MCN Cells Yes => Directed Retry Only to MCN Cells No => Reject Call No => Reject Call GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ? GSM => DR in Use in the Cell ? Yes => Directed Retry (any Cell) Yes => Directed Retry (any Cell) No => Reject Call No => Reject Call
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IDR Parameters
Parameters
Parameters
Value
IdrUsed CellType adjCellType
Yes/No GSM/MCN GSM/MCN
BTS
ADJC
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover in GSM
There are two types of Handover in GSM
n n
Internal handover External handover
The handover is internal if the serving and target BTSs
are located within the same BSS. In this case the BSC can perform handover without the MSC involvement. This is also called intra-BSS handover.
n
Handover decisions are made by the Radio Resource Management (RRM) in the BSC.
The handover is external if the serving and target BTSs
do not reside in the same BSS. In this case the MSC performs the switching task between two BTSs.
n
External handover can be classified as intra-MSC or inter-MSC handovers.

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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover categories
There are three main categories of Handover:
n n n
Radio Resource Handover Imperative Handover Traffic Handover The Level, where the signal level is below the Handover threshold level The Quality, where the signal quality is below the Handover threshold quality The Interference, where the interference level is above the Handover threshold interference level The Power Budget Handover The Umbrella Handover
Page 75
Handover is considered Radio Resource if it relates to:

n
n n
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover categories Handover categories

Handover threshold level, Handover threshold quality
and Handover threshold interference are three defined parameters for both uplink and downlink.
Power Budget Handover:

n
Ensures that the MS is always handed over to the cell with the minimum path loss. BSC evaluates neighboring cells radio link properties, in regular time intervals, to find a target cell. Is only performed between cells of the same category, e.g., Micro to Micro.
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Intro. To CDMA2000

Umbrella Handover:
n n n
Can be enabled/disabled Is executed in regular time intervals Considers MSs power class, and some other defined parameters, in choosing the neighboring cells as Handover target cells, e.g., Macro cells for vehicular and portable MSs and Micro cells for handheld MSs. Fast moving MSs are handled by Umbrella Handover within Macro cells. If MS is moving slowly, a Handover to lower layers, i.e. Micro cell, is triggered.
Umbrella Handover has priority over Power Budget
Handover.
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Intro. To CDMA2000

Handover is considered Imperative if it relates to:
n n n n n
MS-BTS distance O&M order to empty cell Directed-Retry Rapid-Field-Drop Turn-Around-Corner
In Traffic Handover, in order to share load among cells,
MSC request BSC to perform Handover.

In both Imperative and Traffic Handovers, target cells
are ranked based on their link quality. Priorities are not considered.
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Review: Handover Algorithm

First condition in all Handover cases: 1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A) Where: A = msTxPwrMax(n) - P P = depending on MS Classmark Except for Umbrella Handover: 1a. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n) The additional condition: 2. PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n) where: PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) - (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)) 2a. PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n) where: PBGT = (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO) (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
If enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
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Target Cell Selection

BTS sends the measurements and list of best candidates to the BSC. BSC selects cells which meet radio link requirements. BSC can handle up to 16 (Intra-BSC) to 32 NBR target cell evaluation. BSC verifies candidates load with parameter btsLoadThreshold
(0100%) BSC decrease priority of overloaded cells, specified by parameter hoLevPriority(07), by another paramater hoLoadFactor(07). After load check, priority comparison between candidates is made. Candidate with highest priority is selected as target cell. For equal priority cells, selection is based on best signal strength. Minimum interval between HO requests related to the same connection is set by parameter MinIntBetweenHoReq (031s) Minimum time MS must wait after HO failure before new attempt to the same connection is set by parameter MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (031s)
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Handover due to Level

Parameter hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (Px, Nx) is used for
triggering Level HO. Candidate selection by BSC: n Equation-1 is used. n If enableHoMarginLevQual = N, Use Equation-2 Else, Use Equation-2a with hoMarginLev. n Priority and Load are both considered.
Parameter
hoThresholdLevUL/DL px nx rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginLev(n)
Value
-110 -47 dBm 1 32 1 32 -110 -47 dBm 5 43 dBm -24 24 dB
HOC
ADJC
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Handover due to Level
Equations 1 and 2a are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes
hoMarginLev = 4 dB Trigger for Handover due to Level Threshold (Lev) -95 dBm A 2 dB B => Since 2dB < 4 dB, cell B is not selected as candidate for HO due to level
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Handover due to Quality

Parameter hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (Px, Nx) is used for
triggering Quality HO. Candidate selection by BSC: n Equation-1 is used. n If enableHoMarginLevQual = N, Use Equation-2 Else, Use Equation-2a with hoMarginLev. n Priority and Load are both considered.
Parameter
hoThresholdQualUL/DL px nx rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginQual(n)
Value
0..7 1 32 1 32 -110 -47 dBm 5 ..... 43 dBm -24 24 dB
HOC
ADJC
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Handover due to Quality
Equations 1 and 2a are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes
hoMarginQual = 0 dB Trigger for Handover due to Quality A 2 dB B
=> Cell B is selected as potential candidate for HO due to Quality since 2 dB > 0 dB
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover due to Interference

Parameters hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (Px, Nx) and
hoThresholdsInterferenceUL /DL (Px, Nx) are used for triggering Interference HO. Candidate selection by BSC:
n
n n n
Priority for InterCell/Intracell HO selected at BSC independently for UL/DL Priority InterCell HO Quality HO if any candidate, If not IntraCell HO Priority IntraCell HO Parameter Value
-110..-47 dBm 1 32 1 32
hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL px nx enableIntraHoInterfUL/DL hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL
Y/N
HOC BSC
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INTER / INTRA
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover due to Interference

Equations 1 and 2a are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set Yes
hoThresholdQual =4 hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -85 dBm hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = intra Trigger for Handover due to Interference
A B
Threshold (Interf Lev) -85 dBm
- Field strength higher than threshold - Bad quality => interference => intra cell Handover
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Power Budget Handover

Periodic Check (hoPeriodPBGT) is used for triggering Candidate selection: n Equation 1 & 2 are used n Priority and Load Considered Multi-Layered Network Typically used between cells of the same "Layer" Parameter hoPeriodPBGT enablePwrBudgetHandover rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginPBGT(n) Value 1 ... 63 (SACCH Period) Y/N HOC -110 -47 dBm 5 43 dBm -24 24 dB
ADJC
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Review: Power Budget Handover

Equations 1 and 2 are used
Serving Cell: AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W) btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W) BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W) hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB Best Adjacent Cell: AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W) btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max [0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax] -80 dBm > [-99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm)] First condition: -80 dBm > -99 dBm
2. PBGT = [(msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) - (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)] PBGT = [(33dBm-33dBm)-(-90 - -80)-(42dBm-42dBm)] = 10 dB Second condition: 10 dB > 6 dB Handover!
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Umbrella Handover
Periodic Check (hoPeriodUmbrella) is used for triggering
Candidate selection: n Equation 1a is used n Priority and Load Considered Multi-Layered Network
Example GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm) gsmMacrocellThreshold = 35 dBm gsmMicrocellThreshold = 33 dBm msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm hoLevUmbrella = -85 dBm hoThresholdLevDL = -90 dBm
Macro cell Umbrella Handover A -85 dBm -90 dBm B Umbrella Handover Handover due to Level 6 dB Handover due to Level
Micro cell
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Combined Umbrella and PBGT Handover

If enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes n Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer n Umbrella Handover to cells of different layer Parameters to be used: n gsmMacrocellThreshold, gsmMicrocellThreshold n msTxPwrMax, msTxPwrMax(n) UMB umbrella HO n MS classmark
RR PBGT radio reason HO power budget HO
macrocells
PBGT,RR UMB,RR PBGT,RR microcells UMB,RR
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IHO - Rapid Field Drop
Parameter hoThresholdRapidLevUl is used for triggering RFD HO.

n
Rx_Lev_UL (Not averaged/only UL)

Serving Cell MS Chained Cell
Candidate Selection n Only Chained adjacent cell n Equation 1 only/no priority Multi-Layered Network
Example
hoThresholdRapidLevUl = - 93 dBm hoThresholdRapidLevUlN (px) = 2 chainedAdjacentCell = Yes
Serving Cell -93 dBm 1st Rapid Field Drop Handover . . 2nd
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IHO - Enhanced Rapid Field Drop

In case of DDE (Deep Dropping Edge), the averaging window sizes
and power budget period are reduced:

n n n n
Level downlink window size Level uplink window size Adjacent cells averaging window size Handover period power budget
Signal Level
A MS moves away from cell site, the signal is dropping gradually
Signal Level
MS moves away from cell site, the signal is dropping gradually MS turns a corner, the signal drops faster than moving in straight line
A MS turns a corner, the signal drops rapidly
Figure 7 Signal Strength of a Fast Moving MS
Time
Figure 8 Signal Strength of a Slow Moving MS
Time
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IHO - Enhanced Rapid Field Drop

Example ddeWindow = 3 SACCH (n = 3) ddeThresholdLev = 10
the BSC compares the most recent measurement of sample 8 (multiframe k) with the measurement of sample 5 (multiframe k-n).
Sample Signal level 1 -71 dBm 2 -68 dBm 3 -70 dBm 4 -71 dBm 5 -69 dBm 6 -70 dBm 7 -75 dBm 8 -83 dBm
DDE_LEVEL = RXLEV(k- ddeWindow) RXLEV(k) = -69 dBm (-83 dBm) = 14 dB
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Intro. To CDMA2000
BSC Initiated TRHO

Networks load can be more efficiently distributed by reducing
power budget margins between heavy loaded and less loaded cells => more trunking efficiency => more capacity Capacity of the regular layer can be released and performance of IUO is increased => Quality + capacity
Ping-pong handovers are avoided due to AMH penalty system
=> quality
Handover
+0 dB
+4dB
+6 dB
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Review: BSC Initiated TRHO

New algorithm: 1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > TRHO_TARGET_LEVEL(n) + Max(0, (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL(n)-P)) 2. PBGT (n) > AmhTrhoPbgtMArgin & PBGT(n) < HOMArginPBGT
Parameters AmhTrhoPbgtMargin AmhUpperLoadThreshold AmhMaxLoadOfTgtCell amhTrhoGuardTime
Values -24dBm .. +24dBm

HOC
0100% 0100% 0120 sec
BSC
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO Load control

During a very light load, only regular frequencies are used. Thus
additional handovers are avoided => increases quality
super-reuse TRX
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Multi-layer Load control

In the night time, when the load is very small, and the speed of the
MSs can be very fast, the MSs can be kept in the macro cell layer, avoiding additional handovers between different layers => quality
GSM/macro
DCS/micro
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Timers
MinIntBetweenHoReq is the minimum time between consecutive
handovers related to the same connections.

MinIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt is the minimum time between
handover attempts after a failure n Is applied differently in Intercell / Intracell handovers
Parameter minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt minIntBetweenHoReq
Value 0 ... 30 (seconds) 0 ... 30 (seconds) HOC
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Objectives
Power Control reduces the overall system
interference and increases spectral efficiency. It also prolongs MS battery life.

Uplink/Downlink PC
n
The BTS can independently control the power level of each uplink and downlink time slots. Power Control for downlink and uplink are performed independently. Measurements are performed by MS and BTS respectively. Power Control can be performed on all downlink channels except BCCH (MS continuously measures serving and NBR cells BCCH). Power Control is performed on all uplink channels.
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PC scheme is controlled by BSC

The PC scheme is controlled by the BSC which,
compares MS and BTS measurements with relevant PC thresholds and calculates the power level increase or decrease and communicates it to both MS and BTS.
Power level can be changed on a variable or fixed steps
of 2, 4 or 6 dB increments every 60 ms. If two fixed steps were not enough to reach the target level, the variable step size is used.
Power control can be enabled/disabled on a cell by cell
basis by parameter PowerCtrlEnabled (Y/N).
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Transmission powers (Parameters)

Max and Min MS transmission powers are defined on a cell by
cell basis (serving cell) and are determined by parameters msTxPwrMax and msTxPwrMin (33dBm, step sizes of 2dB). MS typical range for GSM1900 is 0 ~ 30dBm. Maximum and Minimum transmission power of the BTS are determined by BsTxPwrMax and BxTxPwrMin. The BTS attenuation factor is 0 to 30 dB from maximum transmitter power with step sizes of 2dB. BTS PC is enabled with PowreCtrlEnabled(Y/N) Timer PowerControlInterval(031s) defines the minimum interval between the changes in the RF power level. It is used to prevent unnecessary repetitive PC changes in the BTS/MS.
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PC and HO
The Power Control algorithm is closely coupled with the
Handover algorithm.
The BSC will try to increase the power level of the MS as
it moves farther away from the BTS. After it makes a determination that the quality of the communication link can no longer be improved by increasing MSs transmit power, it starts the Handover process.
Handover has always priority over Power Control.
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PC: Signals Level and Quality

RXQUAL
RxQual = 7 Power Increase (Bad Quality) pcLowerThreshold Qual UL/DL Power Decrease (Good Level) pcUpperThreshold Qual UL/DL
Power Increase (Bad Level) Power Decrease (Good Quality)
RxQual = 0 pcLowerThresholdLevUL/DL pcUpperThresholdLevUL/DL RXLEV
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PC Algorithm
MS/BTS Increase due to LEVEL
n
PC increase can be based on a fixed or variable power step size. powIncStepSize (2, 4 or 6 dB) determines fixed step increase of MS/BTS power. pcLowerThresholdsLevUL/DL (-110-47dBm, Px, Nx) determines the lower threshold value for triggering power control. Trigger PC if: AV_RXLEV_UL/DL_PC <= pcLowerThresholdsLevUL/DL for Px(132) out of Nx (132). If: RXLEV_UL/DL + 2 PowIncrStepSize* <= pcLowerThresholdsLevUL /DL then go to variable power increase step size:
PWR_INCR_STEP
= pcLowerThersholdsLevUL/DL RXLEV_UL/DL (The actual RxLEV not the averaged value). (2, 4 or 6 dB)
else:
powIncrStepSize
* If 2 fixed steps are not enough to reach target, use variable step size. Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc.
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PC Algorithm
MS/BTS Increase due to QUALITY
n
pcLowerThresholdsQualUL/DL (07, Px, Nx) is compared with AV_RXQUAL_UL/DL_PC. Trigger PC If: AV_RXQUAL_UL/DL_PC >= pcLowerThresholdsQualUL/DL for Px (132) out of Nx (132).
Calculation of MS/BTS power increase due to Quality?

n
Insufficient Quality can be due to low signal or interference. BSC calculates one step size due to low signal and one due to interference and selects the larger step. 1) Interference Step Size:
PWR_INCR_STEP Where
= [1+Max(0,Qa)] PowIncrStepSize Qa = RXQUAL_UL/DL - pcLowerThresholdsQualUL/DL RXQUAL_UL/DL is the current actual value (not the averaged value)
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PC Algorithm
n
2) Low signal Level Step Size:

If:
AV_RXLEV_UL/DL_PC + 2 PowIncrStepSize >= pcLowerThresholdsLevUL/DL Then: PWR_INCR_STEP = pcLowerThersholdsLevUL/DL RXLEV_UL/DL The actual RXLEV is used and not the averaged value.
n
For quality PC, the BSC always applies a variable step size.
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PC Algorithm
BTS Decrease due to LEVEL
n
Trigger PC if: AV_RXLEV_DL_PC >= pcUpperThresholdsLevDL for Px(132) out of Nx (132). Parameter VariableDLStepUse (Yes/No) indicates if variable step size is used for DL power decrease. Parameter OptimumRxLevDL(-109-47 dBm) indicate optimum DL signal level which ensures adequate speech/data quality with minimum DL interference. Parameter is controlled on a transceiver by transceiver basis. If: RxLev_DL - 2 PowDecrStepSize* >= pcUpperThresholdsLevDL then use variable power decrease step size:
PWR_DECR_STEP = MIN[(RXLEV_DL - PcUpperThersholdsLevDL), 10]
else:
powDecrStepSize
(2, 4 or 6 dB)
* If 2 fixed steps are not enough to reach target, use variable step size.
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PC Algorithm
BTS Decrease due to QUALITY
n
Trigger PC if: AV_QUAL_DL_PC =< pcUpperThresholdsQualDL for Px(132) out of Nx (132)
The BSC will determine DL power decrease based on two
alternative algorithms:
n
1) Based on Non defined optimum downlink RF Signal Level If: RxLev_DL - 2 PowDecrStepSize* >= pcUpperThresholdsLevDL then variable power decrease step size.
PWR_DECR_STEP
= MIN[(RXLEV_DL PcUpperThersholdsLevDL),10] (2, 4 or 6 dB)
else:
powDecrStepSize
* If 2 fixed steps are not enough to reach target, use variable step size .
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PC Algorithm
n
2) Based on Defined optimum downlink RF Signal Level.

DL
BTS power decrease is based on:

AV_RXQUAL_DL Quality Threshold for BTS decrease: pcUpperThresholdsQualDL Optimum DL RF signal level: OptimumRxLevDL(-109-47 dBm) Current DL signal level: RXLEV_DL
PWR_DECR_STEP
= MIN[PwrDecrLimit, MAX(A, B)] PwrDecrLimit, A and B are some parameters defined in the system. A margin of 6dB is used in the formulas to prevent a power decrease due to quality to trigger a power increase due to level (pwrLowerThresholdLevDL).
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Review: PC Algorithm
Formula
for reference:
PWR_DECR_STEP = MIN[PwrDecrLimit, MAX(A, B)] PowDecrLimit/Band0-2 is the maximum size of the variable power decrease step:
PwrDecrLimitBand0 (038dB) indicates max size of power decrease step when
BTS power is decreased due to quality and the average BER is better than 0.2%.
PwrDecrLimitBand1 (038dB) indicates max size of power decrease step when PwrDecrLimitBand2 (038dB) indicates max size of power decrease step when
BTS power is decreased due to quality and the average BER is worst than 0.4% (quality band from 2 to 7).
BTS power is decreased due to quality and the average BER is between 0.2 - 0.4%
A = MAX(0, RXLEV_DL - OptimumRxLevDL) reduces the BTS power to the Optimum level defined by parameter OptimumRxLevDL (-109-47dBm).
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PC Algorithm
B = [PwrDecrQualFactor + MAX(0,Qa)] PowRedStepSize
PwrDecrQualFactor indicates whether power decrease takes place when:
RXLEV_DL < OptimumRxLevDL && AV_RXQUAL_DL_PC = PcUpperThresholdsQualDL. PwrDecrQualFactor (24) ensures that B is always > 0.
Qa = pcUpperThresholdsQualDL - AV_RXQUAL_DL_PC takes into

account the distance between the pcUpperThreholdsQualDL and the average quality that triggered the PC. The distance is multiplied by the power reduction step size PowDecrStepSize (24).
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PC Algorithm
MS Decrease due to Signal Level
n
Trigger PC if: AV_RXLEV_UL_PC >= pcUpperThresholdsLevDL for Px(132) out of Nx (132) If: RXLEV_UL - 2 PowDecrStepSize* >= pcUpperThresholdsLevUL then go to variable power increase step size:
PWR_DECR_STEP
= RXLEV_UL - PcUpperThersholdsLevUL (2, 4 or 6 dB)
else:
powDecrStepSize
* If 2 fixed steps are not enough to reach target, use variable step size.
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PC Algorithm
MS Decrease due to QUALITY
n
Trigger PC if: AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC =< pcUpperThresholdsQualUL for Px(132) out of Nx (132)
The BSC will determine DL power decrease based on two
alternative algorithms:
n
1) Based on OptimumRxLevUL = not used

If:
RxLev_UL - 2 PowRedStepSize* >= pcUpperThresholdsLevUL then go to variable power increase step size:
PWR_DECR_STEP = RXLEV_UL - PcUpperThersholdsLevUL
else:
powDecrStepSize
(2, 4 or 6 dB) * If 2 fixed steps are not enough to reach target, use variable step size.
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PC Algorithm
n
2) Based on OptimumRxLevUL = used (on TRX by TRX
basis)
UL
MS power decrease is based on:

UL signal quality: AV_RXQUAL_UL Quality Threshold for MS decrease: pcUpperThresholdsQualUL Optimum UL RF signal level: OptimumRxLevUL (-109-47 dBm) Current UL signal level: RXLEV_UL
Formula
for reference:
PWR_DECR_STEP = MIN[( MIN(PwrDecrLimit, MAX(MAX(0, RXLEV_UL - OptimumRxLevUL) , (PwrDecrQualFactor + MAX(0,Qa)) PowRedStepSize))), 10] Qa = PcUpperThresholdsQualUL - AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC PowDecrLimit/Band0-2 is the maximum size of the variable power decrease step, as described earlier.
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Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

The DTX aims at increasing the system efficiency through a
decrease of the interference level, by inhibiting the transmission of the radio signal when not required.
If the transmitter is silent during the speech pauses, the power
consumption in the MS is decreased as well as the amount of emitted radio power.
When DTX uplink and downlink is used, there is an improvement of
the C/I in the system. This improvement can be utilized for a tighter cell planning, especially when frequency hopping is used. It will also save battery life in the MS.
DTX is not used on a BCCH carrier.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DTX (cont.)
In a speech connection, the Voice Activity Detector in the
transcoder or MS detects whether a traffic frame consists of speech or of background noise. If a frame consists of only noise, the transmitter sends one Silence Descriptor (SID) frame, and then the transmission is stopped. After that, one new SID frame is sent each SACCH period, until speech is detected again. The active speech flow is of one frame of 260 bits each 20 ms, while the inactive speech flow is of one such frame each 480 ms.
SF SF SF SF SF SF SF SID
20 ms SF = Speech Frame SID = Silence Indicator
No TX
SID
No TX
480 ms
SID
SACCH period
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Intro. To CDMA2000
DTX (cont.)
DTX mode may slightly deteriorate the quality of
transmission, in particular when used twice along a path, mobile to mobile call. So it can be activated on a call per call basis by the network. Used in conjunction with frequency hopping, DTX can give an improvement of approximately 3dB in the C/I for the TCH channels. The recommended setting for DTXU and DTXD are as follows:
Parameter DTXU DTXD Default value 2 OFF Recommended Value 1 ON
DTXU is the uplink parameter and states whether the MS shall (DTXU=1) or shall not (DTXU=2) use DTX. With DTXU=0 the MS may use DTX which means that MSs in battery saving mode shall use DTX.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Page 120
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Frequency Hopping
FH is used in GSM to improve the systems performance
and quality in the multipath fading environment and to reduce the required S/N ratio.
GSM uses Slow FH in which the hopping rate is less than
the message bit rate.

n
In GSM the operating frequency is changed only with every TDMA frame. The hopping rate is 216.7 hops per second which corresponds to a frame duration of 4.615 sec.
The mobile transmits at different frequencies for
different time slots. A frequency synthesizer is used to change and settle on a new frequency within a fraction of one time slot (577 s).
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Frequency Hopping (cont.)

FH provides frequency diversity to overcome Rayleigh
fading which may cause fades of 40 to 50 dB deep on the received signal.

FH also provides interference diversity (interference
averaged over multiple users).

FH reduces the S/N ratio required for an acceptable QoS,
from 12 dB for a non-hopping radio link to 9 dB (approx.), improving the overall networks capacity.
Different hopping algorithms can be assigned to the MS
n n
Cyclic Hopping Random Hopping
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Frequency Hopping (cont.)

In the Mobile Station, in FH mode, only three time slots
are available to transmit, receive and monitor while in the BTS all eight time slots are capable of transmitting and receiving to support eight MSs in one frame.
The Broadcast Channels (BCH) comprising of FCCH, SCH
and BCCH are not allowed to hop. All dedicated channel types can hop (TCH/SDCCH/FACCH/SACCH).
Two different implementation schemes of SFH are used in
BSs which are base-band hopping and RF hopping.

Hybrid hopping is a combination and compromise of the
two implementation schemes.

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Intro. To CDMA2000
Base-band Hopping
Each transmitter is assigned with a fixed frequency. At
transmission, all bursts, irrespective of which connection, are routed to the appropriate transmitter of the proper frequency. The mobile is hopped around the transmitters and receivers. The advantage with this mode is that narrow-band low loss filter combiners can be used.
TRX 1 TS handler TRX 2 TS handler TRX 3 TS handler TRX 4 TS handler Bus for routing of bursts
transmitter f0 transmitter f1 transmitter f2 transmitter f3

filter combiner
ANT
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Base-band Hopping (cont.)
B= BCCH TSL 0 (f1). It does not hop.
TSL 1.7 of all TRXs hop over (f1,f2,f3,f4)
BB hopping on 4 TRXs. Also the BCCH TRX is hopping except on RTSL-0. The call is hopping over TRXs (TRXs keep the same frequency as planned)
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Intro. To CDMA2000
RF Hopping
One transmitter handles all bursts that belong to a specific
connection. In contrast to base-band hopping, the transmitter tunes to the correct frequency at the transmission of each burst. The advantage of this mode is that the number of frequencies that can be used for hopping is not dependent on the number of transmitters. It is possible to hop over a lot of frequencies. The disadvantage with synthesizer hopping is that wide-band hybrid combiners have to be used. This type of combiner has approximately 3dB loss making more than two combiners in cascade impractical.
TRX 1 TS handler TRX 2 TS handler TRX 3 TS handler TRX 4 TS handler transmitter f0 . . . f n transmitter f0 . . . f n
transmitter f 0 . . . fn hybrid combiner
ANT
hybrid combiner
ANT
transmitter f0 . . . f n
Page 126
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Intro. To CDMA2000
RF Hopping (cont.)
B= BCCH TSL. TRX does not hop.
Non BCCH TRXs are hopping over the MA-list (f1,f2,f3).
RF hopping in 2-TRX cell. The BCCH TRX cannot hop because the BCCH frequency must be continuously transmitted in a cell. Other TRXs will physically change frequency along a specified MAL.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Hopping Algorithms
Cyclic frequency hopping: the frequencies are changed,
once every TDMA frame, in a consecutive order (e.g. ,f1,f2,f3,f 4,f 1,f 2,f 3,f4,).
Random frequency hopping: a random hopping sequence
is implemented as a pseudo-random sequence. 63 independent sequences are defined. Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) will specify which of the 63 sequences to be used (e.g. ,f 1,f 4,f 4,f 3,f1,f2,f4,f 1,).
n
The random hopping mode is superior for averaging the cochannel interference. Random hopping is the hopping mode of choice for high capacity networks.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Hopping Algorithms (cont.)

Orthogonal hopping sequence: for each transceiver, in
the same channel group, in the same cell, they will be assigned with the same HSN, i.e. they hop in the same way.
n
In order not to interfere with each other, they must not use the same frequency at the same time. The problem is solved by using an offset in the hopping sequence, referred to as Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO). Two transceivers bearing the same HSN but different MAIO will never use the same frequency in the same TDMA frame (e.g., ,f1,f4 ,f4,f3,f1,f2,f4,f1 , ,f 2,f1,f1,f4,f2,f3,f1 ,f2, ,f 3,f2,f2,f1,f3,f4,f2 ,f3, ,f 4,f3,f3,f2,f4,f1,f3 ,f4,).
Page 129
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Intro. To CDMA2000
FH Parameters
General Parameters btsIsHopping BB (BaseBand Hopping) RF (Radio Freq. Hoping) N (No Hopping) BTS
CA MA MAIO HSN = = = = Cell Allocation Mobile Allocation Mobile Allocation Index Offset Hopping Sequence Number
Base-band Hopping
hoppingSequenceNumber1 (TS 0) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom) hoppingSequenceNumber2 (TS 1 ... 7) 0 ... 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom) BTS
0 1 2 TRX 1 B TRX 2 TRX 3 TRX 4
7 TS f1 f2 f3 f4
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Intro. To CDMA2000
FH Parameters (cont.)
General Parameters mobileAllocationList mobileAllocationId 1 ... 124 (GSM) 1 128 BSC 0 1 2 TRX 1 B TRX 2 TRX 3 BTS TRX 4 MAL MAL MAL
MAL(f3,f4..fn)
RF Hopping usedMobileAllocation 1 128 hoppingSequenceNumber1 0 63 (0 = cyclic, 1 ... 63 = pseudorandom)
7 TS f1
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Flexible MAIO Management

Allows More Flexible RF Hopping
n
n n
Enables Frequency Sharing, i.e. sharing an MA list between the sectors at the same site. Longer MA lists possible. Minimised interference.
New MAIO Step Parameter

n
When used together with MAIO offset, no successive MAIOs will be allocated for TCHs sharing the same MA list.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
MAIO Step
HSN same for all sectors
Sector
1 1
HSN
MAIO Offset MAIO step
TRX
TRX-1
MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

BCCH, not hopping
MA list can include adjacent frequencies

MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....
TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
0
2 4 BCCH, not hopping
2 2 N
TRX-5
TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8
6
8 10 BCCH, not hopping
Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's
3 3 N
TRX-9
12
TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
12
14 16
Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells
Operator can also set the MAIO step size
Nor co-channels neither adj. channels used simultaneously if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs
Page 133
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Intro. To CDMA2000
MAIO Step (cont.)
MAIO Offset Band allocation: BCCH
Hopping frequencies Hopping frequencies
MAIO Offset + Step Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's
MA list
MA list
MA list and BCCH need planning MA list and BCCH need planning MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain MA list possibly shorter -> reduced gain
No need for MA list planning No need for MA list planning BCCH frequencies planned as usual BCCH frequencies planned as usual
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Flexible MAIO benefits

One MA list per site One MA list can contain a continuous band No risk of co-channel nor adjacent channel being used
simultaneously within a site

Single MA/HSN possible -> only BCCH frequency
planning
More tighter reuse possible and thus more capacity can
be achieved
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Intro. To CDMA2000
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO
f3 f3 f2 f1 f2

f1
f3 f2
f3 f2 f1
f1
Regular BCCH-TRX Super-reuse TRX Different frequency reuse patterns Super reuse frequencies form the underlay network where frequencies are reused very intensively to produce the extended capacity Selection between regular/superreuse TRXs based on C/I ratio

Call setup always to regular TRX Inter cell HO always to regular TRX
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO (cont.)
f3 f3 f2 f1 f1 f2
Microcells to hot spots (microcells using only super frequencies are called child cells) Microcell interference is estimated by using closest regular TRX as a reference (compare C/I based handover candidate evaluation)
f1
f1 f3 f2 f1 f2
f3
f1
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO (cont.)
f1
f1
f1 f1 f1
f1
In order to avoid interference caused by tight frequency reuse, the super reuse frequencies are intended to serve MS which are close to the BTS.
Regular frequency is used when the mobile is further away from the BTS where RxLev would be low and co channel interference high.
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO (cont.)
Regular layer (reuse = 12)
Regular layer (reuse = e.g. 12)
Regular layer (reuse = e.g. 12)
Regular layer (reuse = 12)
Service region of super layer controlled by interference

(superReuseGoodCIThreshold)
Call handed over from super layer to regular layer when
interference becomes excessive (superReuseBadCIThreshold)

<-------- Interference region -----> Super layer (reuse = e.g. 7) Super layer (reuse = e.g. 7)
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Intro. To CDMA2000
TCH Assignment to Super-TRX
When Regular Layer is Congested, TCH Can Be Allocated in the Super Reuse
Directed Retry EnaTchAssignSuper > 0
EnaTchAssignSuper Defines a Time for BSIC Decoding of Interfering Cells Directed Retry to Other Cells ( ? ) Increased Probability of Congestion on the SDCCH ! --- > Feature to Be Used with Care
Super Reuse Layer 8Super Reuse Layer 8TSL TSL 16 TSL 16 TSL 24 TSL 24 TSL .. .. Regular Layer Regular Layer MinBsicDecodeTime MinBsicDecodeTime
Super Reuse Layer Super Reuse Layer 88TSL TSL 16 TSL 16 TSL 24 TSL 24 TSL .. .. Regular Layer Regular Layer 6-7 TSL 6-7 TSL 14 TSL 14 TSL 22 TSL 22 TSL .. .. SDCCH SDCCH 44Channels Channels 7-8 Channels 7-8 Channels 12 Channels 12 Channels .. ..
Call Set-Up
SDCCH 4SDCCH 4Channels Channels 7-8 Channels 7-8 Channels 12 Channels 12 Channels .. ..
Set-Up
EnaTchAssignSuper DR To Other Cells
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Handover causes
Traffic control between regular and super-reuse
frequencies
Conventional radio criteria Other reasons than radio criteria (e.g., traffic handover,
umbrella handover)
Regular HO Caused by Radio Criteria(or other reasons)
n n
Intra-cell HO within a regular frequency group Inter-cell HO from a regular cell to another regular cell
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO Handover Types

Intra-cell HO from a regular TRX to a super-reuse TRX
n
DL C/I ratio of the super-reuse TRX is good enough to sustain a good radio link Both UL and DL signal quality on the regular TRX are good MS-BS distance has not reached the HO threshold
n n
Intra-cell HO from a super-reuse TRX to a regular TRX

n n n n
DL interference DL signal quality Bad C/I ratio MS-BS distance has reached the HO threshold
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IUO Handover Types (cont.)

Intra-cell HO within a super-reuse frequency group
n
UL interference
NOTE: the parameter EnableIntraHoInterfUL must be enabled. Inter-cell HO from a parent cell to a child cell
n n
Same as Intra-cell HO from a regular TRX to a super-reuse TRX As a Power Budget HO
Inter-cell HO from a child cell to a parent cell

n n
Same as Intra-cell HO from a super-reuse TRX to a regular TRX As an imperative handover
HO from a dedicated control channel to a super-reuse TRX

n n n
intra-cell and inter-cell (child-cell) set EnaTchAssSuperIUO to yes Directed Retry is essential
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Improvements
Inter Super-reused Layer Handover
n
In order to minimize the number of imperative handovers without degradation of service quality, a handover between super reused layers (an intra-cell handover) is performed when the regular TRX is congested Other super reuse TRX has to fulfill the C/I requirement
SDCCH REG TRX SUPER 1
Two options: 1) Handover between the super reused layers if Regular TRX is congested 2) Handover between the super reused layers if C/I of the target super is good
SUPER 2
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Intelligent Frequency hopping (IFH)

Improved radio spectrum efficiency Adds the benefits of interference averaging by frequency
hopping to the capacity gains of IUO to further boost performance Frequency hopping combined with IUO means capacity increase by controlled C/I and decreased reuse pattern Applicable for both Radio Frequency and Base Band Hopping
RF Hopping BB Hopping
Regular layer
TRX-1 BCCH BCCH TRX-2 TCH TCH TRX-3 TRX-4 TCH TCH TCH TCH
f1 f1 f2 f2 f3 f3 f4 f4 f5 f5 f6 f6
TRX-1 BCCH BCCH TRX-2 TCH TCH TRX-3 TRX-4 TCH TCH TCH TCH
f1 f1 f2 f2
Super-reused layer
f4 f4 f5 f5
Page 146
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Intro. To CDMA2000
IFH (cont.)
Intelligent Frequency Hopping is an optional feature. Both layers of a sector can be set hopping separately by
using regular hopping mode and super hopping mode.

In RF hopping both layers, overlay (regular) and
underlay (super), shall have their own mobile allocation (MA) attached.
The parameters for this feature can be modified only
when the frequency hopping for intelligent underlay overlay is on.
Page 147
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Page 148
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Intro. To CDMA2000
ICE
HIGH POWER TRX
PWR_INCR_STEP = ( The call is always
started from
high power TRX

where When the signal level exceeds
the Upper_threshold, the call is Qa = RXQUAL_DL - PcLo handedover to low power TRX
LOW POWER TRX

When the signal level goes PWR_INCR_STEP = ( below the Lower_threshold, or bad DL quality exists the call where is handed over to high power TRX
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Intro. To CDMA2000
ICE Handover Support

Handovers between layers are based on DL RxLevel or
DL RxQuality The transceivers are divided into regular (high power) and super-reuse (low power) TRXs as in IUO Frequency Hopping can be used. Both layers have their own Mobile Allocation (IUO + FH is needed) BCCH recovery can be handled by using feature "Preferred BCCH TRX" "TCH assignment to super-reuse TRX" and "Direct access to Super-reuse TRX" can be used together with this feature The performance of the handovers, absorption of the layers, etc. can be measured by using IUO measurement
Page 150
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Parameters
Parameter superReuseEstMethod
Value AVE / MAX / ICE /NONE
superReuseGoodRxLevelThreshold Rxlevel superReuseBadRxLevelThreshold Rxlevel
-47 -110 (dBm)
-47 -110 (dBm)
Page 151
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Page 152
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Dynamic Hotspot
n
Controls the traffic load of a frequency hopping radio network on the basis of interference Achieves a higher radio network capacity in a network in which frequencies are reused tightly Makes it possible to reuse hopping TRX frequencies effectively without quality degradation
Result:
The quality of frequency hopping network is kept good and the number of dropped calls is kept low
Page 153
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Benefits
Enables the usage of very tight frequency reuse of hopping
TRXs without quality degradation and dropped calls BSC limits traffic intensity in those areas where the interference intends to increase above acceptable level With unequal traffic distribution some cells can dynamically handle more traffic than the others when the traffic intensity in the other cells is relatively lower BSC monitors the level of quality from the neighboring cells and the load of the accessed cell
Traffic
Maximum traffic load when traffic is evenly divided and interference limited
Cell
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154
Intro. To CDMA2000
Dynamic Hotspot
BTS4
If load of accessed cell < Limit If load of accessed cell < Limit reserve TCH reserve TCH otherwise verify Soft Blocking otherwise verify Soft Blocking Probability of getting a channel Probability of getting a channel depends on: depends on: prob(BTS1), prob(BTS2), prob(BTS1), prob(BTS2), prob(BTS3) and prob(BTS4) prob(BTS3) and prob(BTS4)
BTS1
BTS3 BTS2
Quality
Good Quality Sufficient Quality Q1 Q2 Q3 Probability 1 P1 P2 P3
Bad Quality 0
Page 155
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Dynamic Hotspot
o
BadQual Limit
P1
SignalQual Limit1
TCH PROBABILITY 1 TCH PROBABILITY 2 TCH PROBABILITY 3
P2
SignalQual Limit2
P3
GoodQual Limit
Page 156
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156
Intro. To CDMA2000
Dynamic Hotspot
Dynamic HotSpot is applied in following situations:
n n n n
During a call During an internal inter-cell handover During an external handover During an underlay-overlay handover
Dynamic HotSpot is not applied in the following
situations:
n n n
Intra-cell handover (except underlay-overlay handover) TCH is allocated from a non-hopping TRX Internal inter-cell handover is performed because of bad signal quality
Dynamic HotSpot is an optional feature
Page 157
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Parameters
Parameter softBlockingStartReg softBlockingStartSup interferedCell Value 0255 0255
BTS
0 (no interference) 1 (interference on regular frequencies) 2 (interference on super-reuse frequencies) 3 (interference on regular and super-reuse frequencies) ADJC 0100 (%) 0100 (%) 0100 (%) 0100 (%)
BSC
badQualityLimit goodQualityLimit signalQualityLimit1, 2 tchProbability1, 2, 3
Page 158
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Page 159
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159
Intro. To CDMA2000
New techniques to reduce interference

The efficient use of spectrum and therefore
techniques to reduce the interference and enhance the system capacity are of prime interest.
There are some approaches in GSM that can be
used for this purpose:

n n
Channel borrowing or effective channel management. Advanced antenna technology
Page 160
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160
Intro. To CDMA2000
Channel Borrowing Techniques

Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA)
n
In DCA a central pool of channels is used. A channel is borrowed from the pool by a BS for use on a call and returned to the pool when the call is completed. All BSs have access to the whole channel set. The basic DCA has a self-organizing channel assignment algorithm based on dynamic real-time measurements of interference levels. These measurements are usually performed at the MS in order to reduce the computational load and the complexity of the system. Several variation of DCA have been proposed and some of them have been implemented. Adaptive Channel Allocation (ACA) significantly increases the capacity of a TDMA system as compared to the traditional Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA).
Page 161
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Intro. To CDMA2000

Hybrid Channel Assignment (HCA)
n
In HCA, some channels are permanently assigned to each BS, as in FCA, and others are kept in a central pool for borrowing as in DCA. Channel Locking is used to prevent an increase in cochannel interference. It means that BSs within the required minimum channel reuse distance from a BS that borrows a channel can not use the same channel. Channel locking has some disadvantages including the limit on the number of available channels to borrow and system complexity. Another disadvantage is the difficulty in maintaining cochannel reuse distance at the minimum required value everywhere in the system.
Page 162
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Intro. To CDMA2000

Channel Borrowing Without Locking (CBWL)
n
In CBWL, each BS is allocated channels as in FCA. If all channels of the BS are occupied and a new call arrives, channel borrowing is used. The borrowed channel cannot be used by the original lending BS but can still be used in any nearby co-channel BSs. In CBWL, only a fraction of the total channels of the system need to be accessible to each BS. The CBWL can be employed in existing cellular systems without additional infrastructure cost. Unlike cell splitting, CBWL does not require new BSs and additional antenna towers to increase system capacity. Simulations show that CBWL provides better channel utilization than a conventional system with FCA, DCA or HCA.
Page 163
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Smart Antennas
Another way to reduce interference is to use a smart or
intelligent antenna. A smart or intelligent antenna refers to a group of core RF technologies that control directional antenna arrays by means of sophisticated Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms. Smart antennas belong to two basic classes:
n
Switched beam in which the antenna combines signals according to a fixed number of beam patterns. Adaptive in which the antenna picks out the desired signal amid a field of interfering signal/thermal noise and self-regulates its performance to satisfy some pre-assigned criteria.
In TDMA based systems, the use of adaptive antennas
would be considerably beneficial to coverage, capacity, signal quality and the portable terminal transmit power.
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164
Intro. To CDMA2000
Page 165
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Queuing and Radio Resources

Purpose
n
To avoid rejecting call set-up or handover attempt by waiting for the release of a suitable traffic channel
Queuing Environment
n n n
Queuing is a BTS specific procedure (controlled by the BSC) Each BTS has a queue of its own Individual queue parameters and queue management for each BTS Only traffic channels are queued Call attempts and Handovers are in the same queue The maximum queue length is relative to the number of traffic channels
n n n
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Queuing and Radio Resources

n
The maximum queuing time can be set individually for both queue types Different priorities according to queue type (Call/Ho) and/or MS priority
Prioritization: The placement in the queue is determined
by:
n n n n n
Queue Type (Priority) Call Setup Handover attempt (non-urgent) Urgent Handover Attempt MS Priority Level
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Queuing Management
A Queuer is removed from the queue when:
n
No suitable channel is released within queuing time limit => timer expires Higher priority subscriber (queue type and/or MS priority replaces a queuer when the queue is full The queuing TRX/TSL is blocked (call release) Queue size is reduced due to removing TRXs
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Intro. To CDMA2000
Queuing and Handover

Internal inter-cell Handover
n
n n n
Ranked list is produced by the Handover algorithm and passed to RR management Maximum sixteen cells as alternative target cells The best candidate with free traffic channel is selected If all BTSs in the list are congested queuing possibility is checked in the candidates according to ranking The BTS identified by the MSC in a HANDOVER_REQUEST message is used as queuing target
External inter-cell Handover

n
- Averaging and processing for HO continues during queuing - The timers for hoPeriodPBGT or for hoPeriodUmbrella are stopped during queuing
-Notes:..
... . . ..
169

GSM Optimization

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GSM Optimization

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Intro.

Wireless Facilities Inc.

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Copy Right 2001, WFI

Wireless Facilities Inc.

Radio Resource Management Intelligent Coverage Enhancement

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have been commissioned and integrated into the network.

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

Ensure that system operation is in accordance with design

Tune system parameters

parameters, neighbor lists, switching system parameters, etc.

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

Optimization Goals (cont.)

Control the introduction of users into the network

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

Sites functional test

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Optimization Steps (cont.)

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Optimization Steps (cont.)

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

assist engineers in the complex optimization task.

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

Radio Resource Management Intelligent Coverage Enhancement

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Wireless Facilities Inc.

System Wide Parameters

OMC-B verifies software

Data fill parameters including neigborlist and frequencies assignment

Drive test routes

Drive test are mutually agreed upon by all envolved parties

Optimization Drive test

Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc.

Copy Right 2001, WFI

Wireless Facilities Inc.

Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc.

Copy Right 2001, WFI

Wireless Facilities Inc.

Problem Identification Problem Solving

Methods of Data Collection:

Drive Test OSS / Equivalent Source Customer Care/ Trouble Reports

Copyright 2002, Wireless Facilities Inc.

Copy Right 2001, WFI

Wireless Facilities Inc.

Data Collection - Drive Test