New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

XM XN 9. (a) Let h cm be the height of the cylinder.

= π r2h = 108
YM PN
12 − y 108
12 i.e. h=
= x π r2
5
2 [ ]
C = 0.04 2(πr 2 ) + 0.02 (2π rh)
6  108 
∴ y = (10 − x) = 0.08πr2 + 0.04π r  2 
5
 r 
(b) A = xy
6 4.32π
= x [ (10 − x)] = 0.08πr2 +
5 r
6 dC 4 .32π
= x (10 − x) (b) = 0.16πr −
5 dr r2
6 d 2C 8.64π
(c) A = x (10 − x) = 0.16π +
5 dr 2 r3
dA 12 dC 4.32π
= (5 − x) = 0 when 0.16πr − =0
dx 5 dr r2
d 2A 12 i.e. r = 3
= − <0
dx 2
5 d 2C 8.64π
= 0.16π + >0
∴ A has a maximum value. dr 2 r = 3 33
dA
= 0 when x = 5. ∴ C obtains its minimum value
dx when r = 3.
6
Max. value of A = (5)(10 − 5) = 30
5 10. (a) The radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 4 is 2.
∴ The greatest area of the rectangle ∴ a = 2 cos θ, b = 2 sin θ
is 30 cm2.
∴ P = (2cos θ, 2sin θ)
8. (a) 500= x h
2 (b) Area of PQRS, A = (2a)(2b)
500 A = 4 (2 sin θ )(2 cos θ )
∴ h= 2 = 8 sin 2θ
x
(b) S = x2 + 4xh dA
= 16 cos 2θ
2 000 dθ
= x2 +
x d 2A
2 000 = −32 sin 2θ
dS dθ 2
(c) = 2x − 2
dx x dA π
2
4 000 = 0 when 2θ =
d S dθ 2
=2+ 3
dx 2
x d 2A
dS 1 = −32 < 0
Putting = 0, then x = 1 000 3 = 10. dθ 2 2θ =
π
dx 2

d 2S π
=6>0 The maximum value of A = 8 sin =8
dx 2 x = 10 2
i.e. The largest possible area of
∴ S has a minimum value when PQRS is 8.
x = 10.
500
∴ h= =5
10 2
∴ The dimensions of the box are
10 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm.

70
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

11.

Let 2x and y be the length and width of

the rectangle respectively.
Area of rectangle,
A = 2xy
= 2 x (2 2 ) 2 − x 2

= 2x 8 − x 2
dA 4(4 − x )
2

= (b) Area of PQRS, A = (2s)t

dx 8 − x2 = 2st
dA 4( 4 − x 2 ) P(s, t) is on the curve
= 0 when = 0 i.e. x = 2.
dx 8 − x2 ∴ t = 12 – s2
dA ∴ A = 2s(12 – s2)
When x < 2 slightly, > 0.
dx
dA
When x > 2 slightly, < 0.
dx
A obtains its maximum when x = 2 and
y= 8 − 2 2 = 2.
∴ The dimensions of the rectangle are
4 × 2.

12. (a) y = 12 − x2
dy
= –2x
dx
d2y
= −2 < 0
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = 0.
dx dA
(c) = 6(4 − s2)
∴ (0, 12) is a max. point. ds
When x = 0, y = 12. d 2A
= −12s
When y = 0, x = ± 12 . ds 2
dA
= 0 when s = 2 or −2 (rejected)
ds
d 2A
= −24 < 0
ds 2 s = 2
∴ A is maximum when s = 2.
Maximum value of A = 2(2)(12−22)
= 32

13. Let (x, x2) be a point on the curve y = x2

and  be the distance from (0, 1) to (x, x2).
L =  2 = (x – 0)2+ (x2 – 1)2
= x2 + x4 – 2x2 + 1

71
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

= x4 – x 2 + 1
dL
= 4x3 – 2x
dx
= 2x(2x2 – 1)
dL 1
= 0 when x = 0 or ± .
dx 2
dL
When x < 0 slightly, > 0.
dx
dL
When x > 0 slightly, < 0.
dx
∴ L has maximum at x = 0.

72
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

1 dL ∴ x = 2(600 − y)
When x < slightly, < 0. Area , A = xy
2 dx
= 2y(600 − y)
1 dL
When x > slightly, > 0. dA
2 dx = 4(300 − y)
dy
1
∴  has minimum at x = . d 2A
2 = −4<0
dy 2
1 dL
When x < − slightly, < 0. ∴ A has a maximum value.
2 dx
dA
1 dL = 0 when y = 300.
When x > − slightly, > 0. dy
2 dx
∴ The dimensions of the pen are
1
∴  has minimum at x = − . 600 m × 300 m.
2
∴ The points nearest to (0, 1) are Section B
 1 1  1 1
 ,  ,  − ,  . 16. (a) 2πr2 + 2πrh = 192π
 2 2  2 2
∴ 96 − r 2
h=
14. Distance from P(4, 3) to centre r
= (4 − 0) 2 + (3 − 0) 2 (b) V = π r 2h
=5 ∴ V = πr(96 − r2)
Longest distance dV
= distance from P to centre + radius (c) = π (96 − 3r2)
dr
=5+3
=8 d 2 V = − 6 πr
dr 2
dV
= 0 when r = 32
dr
d 2V
<0
dr 2 r = 32

∴ V is maximum at r = 32 .
i.e. The required base radius is
4 2 cm.

2
17.  h  + r2 = 3 2
(a)  
 2
∴ h = 2 9 − r2
(b) V = π r 2h
15. Let x m, y m be the lengths of the sides as ∴ V = 2πr 2 9 − r 2
shown in the figure.
dV  2 r3 
= 2π  2 r 9 − r − 
dr  9 − r 2 
dV
= 0 when r = 6 or 0
dr
∴ The largest volume
= 2π (6) 9 − 6 cm3
= 12 3 π cm3
Then 2y + x = 1 200
73
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

18. (a) R2 = r2 + (h − R)2 dy 4

= −
∴ r= 2hR − h 2 dx x=t t2
1 ∴ Equation of the tangent is
(b) V = πr2h
3 4 4
y− = − 2 (x − t)
1 t t
∴ V = π (2hR − h 2 )h
3 i.e. 4x + t2y − 8t = 0.
dV 1 (b) x-intercept = 2t
= π (4hR − 3h 2 )
dh 3 8
y-intercept =
dV 4R t
= 0 when h = or 0
dh 3 8 2
∴ AB2 = (2t)2 + ()
∴ The largest volume t
1  4R 4R  4R 64
= π 2( )R − ( ) 2  ( ) = 4t2 + 2
3  3 3  3 t
64
32 (c) Let z = 4t2 + 2 .
= π R3 t
81
dz 128
= 8t − 3
19. (a) (x + 6)(y + 8) = 1 728 dt t
8(210 − x) dz
∴ y= = 0 when t = ±2
x+6 dt
(b) Area, A= xy Thus min. z = 32.
8 x(210 − x) ∴ The shortest length of AB
∴ A=
x+6 = 32
dA − 8 x + 42)( x − 30)
( = 4 2
=
dx ( x + 6) 2
A is maximum when x = 30. 22. (a) Let y cm be the width of the base and
∴ The required dimensions are z cm be the width of the top.
2x + y = 36
36 cm × 48 cm.
∴ y = 36 – 2x
20. (a) Let h cm be the length of the page. z = 2x sin 30° + y
(h − 10)(x − 5) = 187.5 = x + (36 – 2x)
10 x + 137.5 ∴ z = 36 – x
h=
x−5 (b) Cross-sectional area is
(b) Page area, A = hx 1
A = (y + z)x cos 30°
A = 10 x + 137.5 x
2
∴ 2
x−5 = 3 3 x(24 – x)
dA 10 x − 100 x − 687.5
2
4
=
dx ( x − 5) 2 dA
(c) = 3 3 (24 – 2x)
dA dx 4
= 0 when x = 10 + 5 15
dx 2 dA
= 0 when x = 12
Hence, the minimum area dx
25 Thus the cross-sectional area is
= (19 + 4 15 ) cm 2 maximum when the length of a side
2
is 12 cm.
21. (a) xy = 4
dy 4 23. (a) The time taken is
= − 2
dx x

74
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

x 4 2 + (6 − x ) 2 1 2
T= + = rL− 2r2 − π r
8 2
3
x x − 12 x + 52
2
= +
8 3
dT 1 x−6
(b) = +
dx 8 3 x 2 − 12 x + 52
dT
= 0 when
dx
55x2 − 660 x + 1 836 = 0
Thus, T is min. when x = 4.382.
The min. time = 1.986 hours.

24. (a) Let h be the height of the funnel and 

be the slant edge.
1
V = πr 2 h
3
3V
h=
π r2
 = r + h2
2 2

9V 2
= r2 +
π 2r 4
S = πr 
9V 2
=πr r2 +
π 2r 4
1
∴ S= π 2 r 6 + 9V 2
r
dS 2 π 2 r 6 − 9V 2
(b) = 2 2 6
dr r π r + 9V 2
dS 9V 2
= 0 when r = 6
dr 2π 2
On testing, S is minimum for such r.
1 1

h = 3V  2 π  3 =  6V  3
2
  
π  9V 2 
  π 
1 1
 2
6
∴ h : r =  6V  :  9V
3

 π   2π 2 
 
= 2 : 1

25. (a) L = π r + 2h + 2r
1
∴ h = ( L − π r − 2r )
2
(b) Area of the window is
π r2
A= + 2rh
2
π r2
= + r(L − π r − 2r)
2

75
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

dA x = −1 or 3..............................(2)
= L − 4r − π r Putting (2) into (1),
dr
2
d 2A when x = −1, y = = −1
=−4−π<0 −1−1
dr 2
2
∴ A is maximum when when x = 3, y = =1
3 −1
L ∴ The points of contact of the tangents
r=
4 +π are (−1, −1) and (3, 1).
L The equations of the tangent are
∴ h=
4 +π 1
y + 1 = − (x + 1)
∴ h:r=1:1 2
1
and y − 1 = − (x −3)
2
REVISION Revision exercise 15
(page 139)
i.e. x + 2y + 3 = 0 and x + 2y − 5 = 0.
EXERCISE 15
3. (a) x = 3 t 2 + 1 ....................................(1)
y = 2 t 3 + 1 ....................................(2)
Section A Putting y = 3 into (2),
3 = 2t 3 + 1
1. (a) y2 − 2y x = 3 t = 1.....................................(3)
Differentiating with respect to x, Putting (3) into (1),
1 x = 3(1)2 + 1
dy dy 1 − =4
2y −2 x ⋅ − 2y ( x 2 ) = 0
dx dx 2 ∴ A(4, 3) is on the curve.
dy y dx
2 (y − x ) = (b) From (1), = 6t
dx x dt
dy y dy
∴ = From (2), = 6t 2
dx 2 x(y − x) dt
dy 3 dy 6t 2
∴ = =t
= dx 6t
dx (1,3) 2 1(3 − 1)
dy
3 =1
= dx t = 1
4
4 ∴ The equation of the tangent at
(b) Gradient of the normal at A = − A(4, 3) is y − 3 = 1(x − 4)
3
∴ Equation of the normal is i.e. x − y − 1 = 0.
4
y − 3 = − (x − 1) 5π
3 4. The error made in calculating S is .
18
i.e. 4x + 3y − 13 = 0.
x = a cos3 t
dx
1 = −3a cos2 t sin t
2. Gradient of the line x + 2y − 7 = 0 is − . dt
2
y = a sin3 t
2
y= .............................................(1) dy
x −1 = 3a sin2 t cos t
dt
dy −2
= dy 3a sin 2 t cos t sin t
dx ( x − 1) 2 = =−
dt − 3a cos t sin t
2
cos t
When the tangent is parallel to the line,
The equation of tangent is
−2 1
=− y − a sin 3 t sin t
( x − 1) 2 2 = −
x − a cos t3
cos t
(x − 1) = 4
2
i.e. x sin t + y cos t = a sin t cos t
x − 1 = −2 or 2

76
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

5. By the first derivative test, (−3, 2.5) is a

maximum point and (2, −1.5) is a minimum
point.
The figure below shows the sketch of the
graph of y = f (x).

6. Let r m and A m2 be the radius and the area of

the ripple respectively after t seconds.
Then r = 0.8 t........................................(1)
and A = πr2..........................................(2)
Differentiating (2) with respect to t,
dA dr
= 2π r
dt dt
When t =5, r = 0.8 (5) = 4
dr
and = 0.8
dt
dA
∴ = 2π(4) × 0.8
dt
= 6.4π
i.e. The area enclosed by the ripple
is increasing at 6.4π m2/s.

7.

(a) Let z cm be the length of a diagonal.

Then z2 = x2 + y2..................(1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to
time t,
dz dx dy
2z = 2x + 2y
dt dt dt
dz dx dy
∴ z =x +y
dt dt dt

77
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

dx 1 dy 1 Let V cm3 be the volume of water at time t.

When x = 4, y = 3, = and =− By similar triangles,
dt 4 dt 2
z2 = 4 2 + 3 2 r h
=
∴ z=5 5 12
dz 1 1 5h
Hence, 5 = 4 ( ) + 3 (− ) ∴ r =
dt 4 2 12
1
dz 1 V = πr 2 h
=− 3
dt 10
1 5h 2
i.e. The length of a diagonal decreases = π( ) h
1 3 12
at m/s. 25
10 ∴ V= π h 3 .................................(1)
(b) Let θ be the angle between the diagonal 432
and the length. (a) Differentiating (1) with respect to time
y t,
Then tan θ = ……………(2) dV 25 dh
x = π (3h 2 )
Differentiating (2) with respect to time dt 432 dt
t, dV 25 2 dh
∴ = πh
dθ d −1 dt 144 dt
sec2 θ = ( x y)
dt dt dV
When h = 8 and = 10, we have
dy dx dt
= x −1 ⋅ + y (− x −2 ⋅ )
dt dt 25 dh
10 = π (8) 2 ⋅
d θ 1 dy y dx 144 dt
∴ sec2 θ = ⋅ − ⋅
dt x dt x 2 dt dh 9
=
When x = 4 and y = 3, dt 10π
z i.e. The depth of water is increasing
sec θ = at
x
5 9
= cm/min.
4 10π
5 2 dθ 1 1 3 1
∴ ( ) = (− ) − 2 ( ) (b) Let A cm2 be the area of the water
4 dt 4 2 4 4 surface at time t.
dθ 11 Then A = πr2
=−
dt 100 5h
= π( ) 2
i.e. The angle θ decreases at 12
11 25
rad/s. i.e. A = π h2
100 144
Differentiating with respect to time t,
8. dA 25 dh
= π ( 2h )
dt 144 dt
25 dh
= πh
72 dt
When the depth is 8 cm,
dA 25 9
= π (8)( )
dt 72 10 π
= 2.5
i.e. The area of the water surface is
increasing at 2.5 cm2/min.

Let r cm and h cm be the radius of the water

surface and the depth of the water at time t
respectively.
78
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

9. y = x4 + 2x3 + 1 10.
dy
= 4x3 + 6x2
dx
= 2x2 (2x + 3)
2
d y
= 12x2 + 12x
dx 2
dy 3
= 0 when x = 0 or x = −
dx 2
d2y dy
= 0 and does not change sign
dx 2 x = 0 dx
as x increasing through x = 0.
∴ (0, 1) is neither a maximum point nor a (a) AB = AC = 2R cos θ
minimum point. Area of ∆ABC
3 1
When x = − , = (AB)(AC) sin ∠ BAC
2 2
3 3 11 1
y = (− )4 + 2 (− )3 + 1 = − = (2R cos θ)(2R cos θ) ⋅ sin 2θ
2 2 16 2
d2y = 2R2 cos2 θ (2 sin θ cos θ)
3 2 3
dx 2 x = − 3 = 12(− 2 ) + 12(− 2 ) = 9 > 0 = 4R2 sin θ cos3θ
2 (b) Let A = 4R2 sin θ cos3θ.
∴ The graph has a minimum point dA
3 11 = 4R2 (cos4θ − 3 cos2θ sin2 θ)
(− , − ). dθ
2 16 d 2A
y = x4 + 2x3 + 1 = 4R2 (−4 cos3θ sin θ − 6 cos3θ sinθ
= (x + 1)(x3 + x2 − x + 1 ) dθ 2
+ 6 cos θ sin3 θ)
∴ The graph meets the x-axis at x = −1.
Some points on the graphs are: = 8R2 cosθ sinθ (−5 cos2θ + 3sin2θ)
dA
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 Putting = 0, then
4 3
dθ
y = x + 2x + 1 28 1 0 1 4 33
4R2 (cos4θ − 3 cos2θ sin2 θ) = 0
The graph of y = x + 2x + 1 is shown in the
4 3 1
cos θ = 0 or sin θ = ±
following figure. 2
π π
θ= ( 0<θ< )
6 2
d 2A π π
dθ 2 θ = π = 8R cos 6 sin 6
2

π π
× (−5 cos2 + 3 sin2 )
6 6
<0
π
A is maximum when θ = .
6

Note: The graph also cuts the x-axis at

x = −1.839 3.

79
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

11. x = 6t2 − t3 19. (a)

dx
v= = 12t − 3t2
dt
d 2x
a= = 12 − 6t
dt 2
Putting v = 0, then 12t − 3t2 = 0
i.e. t = 4 or 0 (rejected)
d 2x
= −12
dt 2 t = 4
Its acceleration when it is momentarily at
rest is −12 m/s2.

Section B
2x
18. (a) y=
x2 +1
C1 : x2 + y2 +2tx = 0.......................(1)
dy 2(1 − x 2 )
= 2 2
dx ( x + 1) 2 C2 : x2 + y2 + y = 0......................(2)
t
dy Centre of C1 is (−t, 0).
=0
dx x =1 1
Centre of C2 is (0, − ).
The tangent is horizontal, t
∴ the normal is the vertical line (1) − (2), y = t2x.............................(3)
x − 1 = 0. Solving (1) and (3), we get the
dy intersection of the circles (0, 0) and
(b) =2 2t 2t 3
dx x = 0 (− 4 ,− ).
Equation of the required tangent is 1+ t 1+ t4
y − 0 = 2(x − 0) ∴ The coordinates of the vertices of the
i.e. y = 2x. quadrilateral are (0, 0), (−t, 0),
dy 2t 2t 3 1
(c) = 0 when x = ±1 (− ,− ), (0, − ).
dx 1+ t 4
1+ t 4 t
Hence, the curve has (b) Area of OPQR
maximum point (1, 1), = 2 × Area of ∆OPR
minimum point (−1, −1).
1 1
(d) = 2 × (−t )(− )
2 t
= 1, which is a constant.
− 2t 2 − 2t 3 2
(c) L2 = ( ) +( )
1+ t 4
1+ t 4
2 t
∴ L=
1+ t 4
4t 3
dL 2 1 + t 4 − 2t ⋅
(d) = 2 1+ t 4
dt
1+ t 4

2(1 − t ) 4

= 3
(1 + t 4 ) 2
dL
= 0 when t = ±1
dt

80
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

When t = ±1, the radii of C1 and C2 are Volume of water in the tank is
equal to 1. 1
V = πr 2 h
i.e. L has a stationary value when the 3
circles are of equal radii. 1
∴ V= πh 3
12
20.
dV 1 2 dh
= πh
dt 4 dt
At the height h,
dV
= 5− h
dt
dh 4(5 − h )
∴ =
dt πh 2
dh 4(5 − 16 )
=
dt h = 16 π (16) 2
1
= cm/s
R 64 π
(a) h=R+
sin θ (b) When the rate of water pouring is equal
R (1 + sin θ ) to the rate of water draining, the depth
= is maximum.
sin θ
dh 4(5 − h )
r = h tan θ ∴ = =0
R (1 + sin θ ) dt πh 2
= h = 25
cosθ
∴ max. depth = 25 cm
1 2
(b) V = πr h
3 22. (a) (i) When AS = 3.6 m,
1 (1 + sin θ ) 3 AT = 3.6 2 + 2.7 2 m = 4.5 m
= π R3 ⋅
3 sin θ cos 2 θ By similar triangles,
3  (1 + sin θ ) (3 sin θ − 1) 
3
dV 1 AB AC
= πR   =
dθ 3  sin 2 θ cos 3 θ  AT AS
3.6 + 0.8
dV 1 ∴ AB = 4.5 × m
= 0 when θ = sin−1( ) 3.6
dθ 3
= 5.5 m
By the sign test, V is minimum at 2.7
1 (ii) tan θ =
θ = sin−1( ). 3.6
3
θ = 0.643 5 rad
∴ The least volume = 0.64 rad (cor. to 0.01 radian)
1
(1 + ) 3
1 3 3 (iii) Consider AS is a variable distance
= πR ⋅
3 1 1  and AS = x m at time t.
1 − ( )2 
3 3  x
cot θ =
8 2.7
= π R3 Differentiating with respect to the
3 time t,
dθ 1 dx
21. (a) Let r cm be the radius of the water −csc2 θ ⋅ = ⋅
surface. dt 2.7 dt
By similar triangles,
r 20
=
h 40
∴ h = 2r

81
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

dx z = 2.7 csc θ + 0.8 sec θ

∴ When x = 3.6 and = 0.2,
dt 13 13
dθ 1 = 2.7 ( ) + 0.8 ( )
−csc2 (0.643 5) ⋅ = (0.2) 3 2
dt 2.7 = 1.3( 13 )
5 dθ 1
−( )2 ⋅ = (0.2) = 4.687 2
3 dt 2.7 which is at the minimum (using
dθ 2 the first derivative test).
=−
dt 75 i.e. The length of the shortest
2 ladder is 4.687 2 m.
i.e. θ is decreasing at rad/s.
75
(b) (i) Draw a perpendicular TN from T
to BC.
Then ∠ BTN = θ.
AB = AT + TB
∴ z = 2.7 csc θ + 0.8 sec θ
dz
(ii) = −2.7 csc θ cot θ
dθ
+ 0.8 sec θ tan θ
dz
If = 0,
dθ
0.8 sec tan θ = 2.7 csc θ cot θ

1 sin θ 1 cosθ
0.8 ⋅ ⋅ = 2.7 ⋅ ⋅
cosθ cosθ sin θ sin θ

sin 3 θ 2.7
=
cos 3 θ 0.8
27
tan3 θ =
8
3
tan θ =
2
θ = 0.982 8
rad
At this angle,

82