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crown/cap
ocean side
crest bay/harbor side
armor layer, W
R hc first underlayer
DHW
SWL
hb α αb
h
second underlayer
t
toe
core/base
Design Wave
1. Usually H1/3, but may be H1/10 to reduce repair costs (Pacific NW) (USACE
recommends H1/10)
2. The depth limited breaking wave should be calculated and compared with the
unbroken storm wave height, and the lesser of the two chosen as the design wave.
(Breaking occurs in water in front of structure)
3. Use Hb/hb ~ 0.6 to 1.1
4. For variable water depth, design in segments
2. Run-up (CEM VI-5, pp. 3-19) based on surf zone parameter at the structure
tan α
ξm = ,
Hs Lm
α ≡ breakwater face slope,
Hs ≡ significant wave height at toe of structure
Lm ≡ corresponding wave length at toe of structure
R sm
3. Relative Freeboard R *m =
Hs 2π
γ a H3
W=
K D (SG − 1) cot α
3
1/ 3
W
6. Armor thickness t = nk ∆ , n = number of layers (at least 2)
γa
1/ 3
W
7. Crest width (minimum n = 3): B = 3k ∆
γa
2/3
Na P γ a
8. Number of armor units per surface area = nk ∆ 1 −
A 100 W
1/ 3
W
9. Underlayer thickness t = nk ∆
γa
c = h 2 + (h cot α )
2
α c
= h 1 + cot 2 α
h H
t b = B − 2 T sin α
T
= A + 2(H cot α − T sin α )
b a = b − 2h cot α
B
= A + 2(H − h ) cot α − 2 T sin α
= A + 2T(cot α − csc α )
1− K h
maximum of N s = 1.3 1 / 3 b + 1.8 exp − 1.5
(1 − K )2 h t
K Hs K1 / 3 H s
or Ns = 1.8,
2kh b
where K = sin 2 kBb
sinh 2kh b
c. Toe Berm Width (Bt) should be the maximum of Bt = 2H or Bt = 0.4h, and at least 3
stones wide.
d. Toe height should be at least 2 stones.
ds
15. Scour Depth = f (ξ ) = 0.5 to 1.0 , with 1.0 at ξ ~ 2.7
H
qc, qq, qγ = load contributions from cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors for cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
obtain from equations or tables (see notes) based on friction angle
c = cohesion strength of soil
q = soil weight, q = γ′D
G −1
γ ' = effective bulk density of soil ( γ′ = γ − γ w = γw )
1+ e
B = width of the foundation
D = the depth of penetration of the foundation
qu
qa =
FS
n
Ι
Settlement in Sand: ρ = C1C 2 ∆σ ∑ z ∆zi
i =1 E i
Settlement in Clay
ρ = ρ/i + ρc + ρs
Cc H σ '+ ∆σ v
Normally consolidated: ρc = log 0
1 + e0 σ0 '
− ∆e
Cc =
log[(σ0 '+ ∆σ v ') σ0 ']
CR H σ '+ ∆σ v
Over-consolidated: ρc = − log 0
1 + e0 σ0 '
typically CR is 10-20% of Cc
• For thick clay, divide into n multiple layers & use appropriate equation for each layer
(shear stress is computed at center of sub-layers)
n
ρc = ∑ ρci
i =1
• Consider depth to 2B for square foundation (BxB) or 4B for strip foundations (BxL),
B is the width (below this depth, the load has dissipated and is zero)
• most marine soils are overconsolidated - sedimentation increases the surcharge on the
soil, but subsequent erosion removes much of the load