IAET Mechanical Power Department

Fourth Year, 2011-2012 Sheet 3 Binary and Combined Cycles

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 1- List the characteristics of a working fluid most suitable for vapor power cycles. 2A- What is a binary power cycle? What is its purpose? 2B- By writing an energy balance on the heat exchanger of a binary vapor power cycle, obtain a relation for the ratio of mass flow rates of two fluids in terms of their enthalpies. 2C- Why is steam not an ideal working fluid for vapor power cycles? 2D- Why is mercury a suitable working fluid for the topping portion of a binary vapor cycle but not for the bottoming cycle? 2E- What is the difference between the binary vapor power cycle and the combined gassteam power cycle? 3- A binary vapor cycle operates with mercury and steam. Mercury is used in a simple Rankine cycle in which the mercury enters the turbine as saturated vapor at 13 bar, and condenses at 0.07 bar. Steam is used in a Rankine cycle operating between 30 and 0.12 bar where it enters the turbine at 350C. Take both turbines isentropic efficiencies to be 0.9. Draw the flow and T-s diagrams and then calculate the efficiency for each cycle separately and the efficiency of the combined cycle. Saturated mercury table: P(bar) T(C) 0.07 236.8 13 541.7 vf (m3/kg) 0.000074 0.000074 vg(m3/kg) 3.053 0.02605

hf (kJ/kg) 32.51 72.69

hg (kJ/kg) 327.31 361.75

sf(kJ/kg.K) 0.08565 0.14665

sg(kJ/kg.K) 0.6638 0.5014

Triple point of mercury is at (234.28 K, 2.3X10-6 mm Hg). For water, these values are (273.16 K, 4.587 mm Hg). The critical point of mercury is at (1733K and 1077 bar). For water it is at (647.3 K, 220.9 bar).

4- Consider a combined gassteam power cycle. The topping cycle is a simple Brayton cycle that has a pressure ratio of 7. Air enters the compressor at 15C at a rate of 10 kg/s and the gas turbine at 950C. The bottoming cycle is a reheat Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 6 MPa and 10 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger at a rate of 1.15 kg/s by the exhaust gases leaving the gas turbine and the exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 200C. Steam leaves the high-pressure turbine at 1.0 MPa and is reheated to 400C in the heat exchanger before it expands in the low pressure turbine. Assuming 80 percent isentropic efficiency for all pumps and turbine, determine (a) the moisture content at the exit of the low-pressure turbine, (b) the steam temperature at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine, (c) the net power output and the thermal efficiency of the combined plant. Answers:1.6%, 468C, 2897 kW, 38.8%.

5- The gas-turbine cycle of a combined gassteam power plant has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 290 K and the turbine at 1400 K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam at 15 MPa to 450C in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 247C. Steam expands in a high pressure turbine to a pressure of 3 MPa and is reheated in the combustion chamber to 500C before it expands in a low pressure turbine to 10 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam is 30 kg/s. Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a) the mass flow rate of air in the gas-turbine cycle, (b) the rate of total heat input, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. Answers: (a) 263 kg/s, (b) 2.80 * 105 kW, (c) 55.6 %. 6- Repeat Prob. 5 assuming isentropic efficiencies of 100 percent for the pump, 80 percent for the compressor, and 85 percent for the gas and steam turbines. Answers: 203.62 kg/s, 2.08* 105 kW, 44.3% 7- A combined gas turbine steam power plant has a net power output of 100 MW. Air enters the compressor of the gas turbine at 100 kPa, 300 K, and is compressed to1200 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 84%.The conditions at the inlet to the turbine are 1200 kPa and 1400 K. Air expands through the gas turbine, which has an isentropic efficiency of 88%, to a pressure of 100 kPa. The air then passes through the waste heat boiler, and is finally discharged at 480 K. Steam is generated in the waste heat boiler and then enters the steam turbine at 8 MPa, 400C, and expands to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa. Water enters the pump as saturated liquid at 8 kPa. The steam turbine isentropic efficiency is 90%. Determine: (a) The mass flow rates of air and steam, each in kg/s. (b) The thermal efficiency of the steam cycle, the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine cycle and the combined cycle overall efficiency. Answers: 276.826kg/s,27.5kg/s, 34.78%,35.2% and 49.2%. 8- A gas turbine unit has an electric output of 15 MW. The compressor pressure ratio is 10. Air enters the single stage compressor at 101.3 kPa and 288K. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 1100 K. The isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor are 88% and 82%, respectively. The pressure loss through the combustion chamber is 200 kPa. The fuel used is natural gas with a calorific value of 36500 kJ/m3.The fuel cost is 0.3 LE/ m3. To improve the efficiency of the gas turbine unit, it is proposed to install a waste heat boiler utilizing the energy of the exhaust gases of the gas turbine cycle. The exhaust gases leave the waste heat boiler at a temperature of 200C. The steam is generated in the boiler at 16 bar and 400C. It expands in a steam turbine having an isentropic efficiency of 88% to a pressure of 0.075 bar before entering the condenser. Neglecting the work of the feed water pump and assuming the efficiency of the generators to be 0.97. Sketch the flow diagram and then calculate: i. The mass flow rate through the gas turbine. ii. The mass flow rate of steam. iii. The total electric power produced iv. The overall thermal efficiency of the combined plant. v. If the cost of the steam cycle is LE 6000/kW installed of the turbine power, calculate the simple pay back period. Answers: 143.7kg/s, 9kg/s, 22.65 MW, 33.4% and 5 years. 9- Show that the thermal efficiency of a combined gassteam power plant, c, can be expressed as c = g + s - gs where g = Wg /Qin and s = Ws /Qg,out are the thermal efficiencies of the gas and steam cycles, respectively. Using this relation, determine the thermal efficiency of a combined power cycle that consists of a topping gas-turbine cycle with an efficiency of 40 percent and a bottoming steam-turbine cycle with an efficiency of 30 percent. Answer:0.58. 10- Prove that the value of c is greater than either of g or s. That is, the combined cycle is more efficient than either one.