NAME__________________________________ PEARL ACADEMY

Anjali Apartment
Near Sapna Hall
Makarpura road
Vadodara-390 009
Cell:-9825283326
9426765811

Cell Division
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Mitosis

 Characteristic way in which somatic (non-sex) cells divide

o A parent cell will copy of all its internal components, divide them equally,
and then split in half to form 2 daughter cells

o The daughter cells formed are identical to each other

 In single-celled, eukaryotic organisms this is the way that they form new
individuals

 In multi-cellular organisms, mitosis is used for growth and repair of damaged

tissue

o Ex.

 When an egg is fertilized, it undergoes mitosis to form a large

mass of cells that will eventually be known as the embryo

 When you cut your hand, dead cells are replaced by new ones that
come from the division of undamaged cells

 Mitosis is tightly controlled by the cell cycle to ensure that mitosis happens only
when it is needed

 A normal cell completes the cycle with-in 24 hours

Main steps during mitosis:

1. Interphase:

DNA is replicated along with organelles

and other cellular components and the cell
prepares for division. During the replication
process, the DNA changes from one double
helix (unreplicated) to two double helices
(replicated).

This change occurs with-in the nucleus

where the DNA is normally housed

The two helices in the replicated

chromosomes are joined to one another in the
special region of the chromosome called the
centromere – at this point, the two double
helices are called are sister chromatids

2. Prophase: (preparation phase)

The DNA recoils and the chromosomes

condense; the nuclear membrane disappears,
and the mitotic spindles begin to form.

3. Metaphase: (organizational phase).

The chromosomes line up the middle of

the cell with the help of spindle fibers attached
to the centromere of each replicated
chromosome.
 4. Anaphase: (separation phase).

The chromosomes split in the middle and

the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle
fibers to opposite poles of the cell.

5. Telophase:

The chromosomes, along with the

cytoplasm and its organelles and membranes
are divided into 2 portions.

6. Cytokinesis

The actual splitting of the daughter cells

into two separate cells is called cytokinesis
and occurs differently in both plant and animal
cells as is illustrated below.

Animal cells:

The cell pinches in on both sides to form

a cleavage furrow. This will gradually move
toward the center to split the parent cell into 2
daughter cells.

Plant cells:

The cell forms a cell plate, which starts in

the center and moves towards the outer edges
to split the parent cell into two daughter cells.

Meiosis:
 Meiosis is used in sexual reproduction for the formation of gametes (egg and
sperm cells). It creates genetic diversity.

The gametes that are produced as an end result of meiosis are haploid cells, they
contain half the genetic material of the parent cell. This will ensure that when gametes
combine during fertilization that the new zygote will contain the normal amount of
chromosomes instead of double the genetic material.

Meiosis I:

Just like in mitosis, during INTERPHASE, the DNA is replicated before the
cell undergoes the division process.

1. Prophase I:

The chromosomes coil up and

condense and the nuclear
membrane disappears. The cell
prepares for separation. During this
process, the chromosomes of each
homologous pair lie so close to one
another that the arms can get
tangled up. The lining up of
homologous chromosomes in pairs
is known as synapsis. This can lead
to exchange of genetic material
between the homologous pairs
known as crossing-over. This will
serve to create genetic diversity.
2. Metaphase I:

The homologous pairs line up

in the center of the cell. During
this time, the chromosomes obey
the law of independent assortment
– this says that each homologous
pair arranges itself independently of
the others.
3. Anaphase I:

The homologous pairs are

separated and pulled opposite poles
of the cell by the spindle fibers.
4. Telophase I:

The parent cell separates into 2

 daughter cells with the division of
the cytoplasm, organelles, and
membranes. The new daughter
cells now have the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell but
the chromosomes are still
replicated. The two daughter cells
are no longer identical to the parent
cell or each other.
Meiosis II:

This is essentially the same as mitosis – we have to split the replicated chromosomes
so they are no longer in a replicated state. Remember that this is taking place now in
both of the two new daughter cells we have just created!

Prophase II:

This stage resembles that of

mitotic prophase – the
chromosomes recoil and condense
and any nuclear membrane that has
formed will now disappear.
Metaphase II:

The chromosomes line up in

the middles attached to the spindle
fibers and prepare for separation –
again, remember this is happening
in two different cells
simultaneously.

Anaphase II:

The sister chromatids are

pulled apart to opposite ends of the
cells by the spindle fibers.

Telophase II:

The cells split into 2 daughter

cells, and cytokinesis occurs. The
end result is 4 haploid daughter
cells that are not identical to one
another.