SUMMARY NOTES FOR ATOMIC STRUCTURE & CHEMICAL BONDING

Name :

_____________________________

Class : Sec 3

TOPIC : ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element. The masses and charges of the subatomic particles in an atom: Relative Mass (relative to hydrogen atom) I 1 Negligible (1/1840) Relative Charge +1 0 +1

Proton Neutron Electron 3.

Proton number or atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Proton number is used for writing of electronic configuration

4.

Mass number or nucleon number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Mass number is used for the mole concept calculations

5.

Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. Eg.
3 5 1 7

C l

and

3 7 1 7

C l

6.

no. of proton same / same symbol as same element no. of neutrons different (top number minus bottom number)

In the Periodic Table , the elements are arranged according to their proton number. (a) The vertical column of elements is called group Each element in the same group has the same number of outermost electrons (valence electrons). The period indicates the number of shells. All the elements in the same periods have the same number of electron shells

(b) The horizontal row of elements is called period.

7.

Protons cannot be gained or lost; only electrons can be gained or lost Atoms lose electrons to become positive ions (Cations). Thus positive ions have more protons than electrons. Atoms gain electrons to become negative ions (Anions). Thus anions have more electrons than protons.
1

SSP_Science (Chemistry) Revision_2010

TOPIC: CHEMICAL BONDS 1. 2 types of bonds : (a) Sharing electrons between non-metals :- COVALENT BONDS (b) Electrons transfer from metals to non-metals : IONIC BONDS Ionic bonds : formed by transfer of electrons between METALS ( Group I, II & III) and NON-METALS (Group VI & VII) Metals lose electron form POSITIVE ions Non-metals gain electron form NEGATIVE ions The positive and negative ions are attracted together by strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. XX X X X
Na

2.

+
X X

X XX

Things to note for drawing of IONIC diagrams : (i) Must have BIG SQUARE BRACKETS (ii) Must put positive and negative charge outside the bracket 3. Covalent Bonds : Non-metals form chemical bonds by SHARING ELECTRONS As a result, groups of atoms with NO charge called MOLECULES are formed. H

XX

XX X

O
XX

O
XX

Make sure that most atoms/ ions have 8 4.

outermost shell electrons.

Differences between covalent compounds and ionic compounds Ionic compounds Structure Boiling point Electrical conductivity Solubility in water Solubility in organic solvents Giant ionic structure High Good in molten & aqueous states Soluble Insoluble Simple Covalent compounds Simple Molecular structure Low Poor in all states Insoluble Soluble

SSP_Science (Chemistry) Revision_2010

Summary on Structure and Bonding

Type of structure
1

High or low melting point and reason High melting point. They have giant ionic structures with strong electrostatic forces of attraction (strong ionic bonds) between the positive ions and the negative ions. Thus a lot of energy is required to overcome these strong forces of attraction. Low melting and boiling point. Reason: They are simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces of attraction. Only a small amount of energy is required to overcome the weak forces of attraction.

Type of bonding Ionic bonding (form by the transfer of electrons from the metal atom to the non- metal atom so that both achieve the noble gas stable structure )

Special property Conducts electricity in molten and aqueous state. The IONS are free to move about (mobile). (Solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as ions are unable to move because they are held in fixed positions by strong ionic bonds.) Generally, dissolves in water but not organic solvent Generally, simple covalent compounds i) do not conduct electricity in any state. ii)are soluble in organic solvent not soluble in water. (Exceptions eg NH3 ,HCl and SO2 gaess dissolve in water to produce ions that conducts electricity)

Giant ionic structure/ giant lattice structure Eg NaCl and MgO ( each +ve ion is surrounded by 6 ve ion and vice-versa) Simple molecules

Within each molecule, the atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds The strong covalent bonds are never broken in the physical change (change of state. They remain intact, joining the atoms together. Between the molecules are weak intermolecular forces.of attraction holding the molecules together

solid iodine

SSP_Science (Chemistry) Revision_2010

SSP_Science (Chemistry) Revision_2010