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( Roentgen ) Becquerel
( TNT )
600
131
(Atom)
( element )
( compound ) ( H2O )
(X
rays )
( Moseley ) Roentgen )
10-13
1.67 x 10- 24
(A
Z)
The Electron
1/1840
9.11 x 10-28
1837 12
( orbits )
L N M
(K
shell ) K
Z
1 1H 238
Z = 92
92U
A=1 92
238 92U
Z=1 238
146
94Pu
12
Isotopes
(A=1,Z=1)
3 1H
1H
(A=2,Z=1) (A=3,Z=1)
1H
( radioactive )
Z 64
(Radiochemistry)
( Nuclear Chemistry )
( photochemistry ) h ( Ultraviolet ) h
(Visible) 340 nm
( Monochromatic light )
( Radioactive isotopes )
( ( 42 He +2 ) ( Excitation ) ( Ionization )
( 1.4 x 109
(4
10 M eV )
p+ + e-
( Maximum Value )
Antineutrions
40 ( Monoenergetic ) 60
0.5 cm 137 60
Rays
630 500
Cyclotron
40
20
0.1kev
nm
peaks
( Bremsstrahlung )
( Characteristic X-rays )
Van de Graaffaccelerator ( Insulating column) ( Moving belt) ( High voltage terminal ) ( Accelerating tube )
300 1500
( Betatron ) ( Synchrotron )
0.025
( Radioactivity) decay
Decay
90
234 90 Th
146
92 144
238
92U
238 92U
-----
234 90
Th
+ 42He (
Types of
decay
Electron decay
0n
--------
1p
positron decay
1p
--------
0n+
Electron capture
1p
+ 0-1e --------
0n
( neutrino ) m =0
1 0n
--------
1p
+ +
1p
--------
0n+
1p
+ 0-1e --------
0n
( anti
neutrino )
64
32
60
32
24
51
1.2 Mev
Induced Radioactivity:
60
59
Co
60
59 Co
59
27Co
+ 10 n
60 27
Co +
31
15P
+d
32
15P
+P
32
31
k 103
1/2
Interaction of Gamma
photoelectric effect :
Compton effect
pair production
1.022
I = I 0 e-
E C P
Absorbed energy = Ia = I0 I a = I 0 ( 1 - e- x )
I = I0
I0 I
0.1 10 0.1 10
P+ +
12 min
0.025
( -rays )
100
2nm
( Spur ) nm
( Blobs )
A+ , e- , A* A+ eA*
h = quantum A*
A+h
( Homolysis )
A*
X. + Y.
( Heterolytic scission ) A* X+ + Y-
( Molecular elimination )
A*
B+C
( Ion
fragmentation )
A.+
X+ + Y .
X . + e-
X. + A
XH + R .
X. + X.
X2
X. + A
AX .
X.
M.+N ( Disproportionation )
X. + X.
I+J
( Blobs )
( Scavangers ) A. + S AS .
10-18 10-15 10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 ( Diffuson controlled reactions ) ( single state ) 10-5 ( Triplet state ) 10-3 1.0 ( Postirradiation ) 10-8
( Radiation dosimetry)
Hz
Ci
0.03 nm
1.0 ev = 0.16021 x 10-18J ( 1.0 x 6.61 x10-15)/ 0.16021x10-18 = 41300 ev kev = 0.16021 x 10-15 J ( 1.0 x 6.61 x 10-15) / 0.16021 x10-15 = 41.3 kev
Rad = 100 erg / gm = 10-5 J/gm = 6.24 x 1013 ev/gm = 2.4 x 10-6 cal / gm = 1.83 x 1012 ion-pair / gm air = 10-5 watt.sec / gm
= 96.49 kJ / mol
(Ion-
G M/N
G G 100 ev G
W = 30 ev
G = ( 100/W ) x ( M/N)
M N
( M/N)
( Radiation Dosimetry )
Fricke-Dosimeter
K6Fe(CN)6
HO2
Radiation detectors
( ( Initiator )
700
1100
( Initiation ) H2+ + e+ H 2*
H2
2H H 3+
3H
H2+ + e-
2H
( Chain propagation )
H + para-H2
ortho-H2
( Termination ) H 1/2 H2
M 2H + M H2 + M
253.7 nm
(Fused ring )
Ge
3 Ge 0.1 Ge 1
RH C6H5Br + e-
RH+ + eC6H5 + Br
C6H5 + RH
R + C6H6
I2
85%
C6H12
C6H11 . + H .
15%
C6H12
C6H10 + H2
H + C6H12 2C6H11 .
C6H11 . + H2
C12H22
2C6H11 .
C6H12 + C6H10
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanol
H + C6H12
C6H11 + H2
C6H11 + O2
C6H11OO
2 C6H11OO
C6H11OH + C6H10O + O2
HO2
e- + N2O
N2 + O-
5.17
H-OH 500
H2O
e- , H2O+ , H2O*
Hydrated electrons
H2 + 2OH-
H + OH
H+ + eaq-
O2-
200
240 nm
HO2. O2-
H. + RH.
H2 + R.
230nm
OH + H3O+ OH + H
OH.
O- + H+
OH- + OH.
H2O + OO-
O-
S- + OH.
S + OHS-
H2O + HO2
O2-
HO2.
O2 + H. O2 + eaqO2230 nm
5 0.5 5
50
60
20
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