Therearefourdifferenttypesofpublicspeeches:

1. Theinformativespeech:Thiskindofspeechaimstoincreaseyourlistenersknowledge, understandingorabilitiespertainingtoaparticularissue,topicorskill. 2. Thepersuasivespeech:aimstoinfluencelistenersattitudes,behavior,beliefsorevenvalues. 3. Thenegotiationspeech:Thistypeofspeechisusedinsituationswhereyouhavetoresolve conflict,negotiate,mediate,orbethethirdpartyforinterventioninacrisissituation. 4. Theargumentativespeech:Argumentisoftenusedtodealwithconflictingopinionsorbeliefs. Theargumentativespeechisconcernedmainlywithreachingconclusionsthroughlogical reasoningbasedonevidence.

Therearesevendifferentformsofcommunication:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Intrapersonalcommunication Interpersonalcommunication Smallgroupcommunication Publiccommunication Masscommunication Corporatecommunication Interculturalcommunication

AccordingtoCamp&Satterwhite(2002),therearefourmainpurposesincommunication:
1. ToinquireThisinvolvesobtaininginformationinvariousways,forinstance,byasking questionsorthroughformulatingquestionnaires. 2. ToinformThisentailsthedisseminationofinformationusingdifferentchannelsof communication. 3. TopersuadeThisaimstoinfluencepeopleandbringthemroundtoyourwayofthinking. 4. TodevelopgoodwillThisinvolvesmaintainingandformingcordialandharmonious relationshipswithpeopleyouarecommunicating.

AccordingtoDevito(2009),effectivelisteningcomprisesfivecomponents.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Receiving Understanding Remembering Evaluating Responding

AbrahamMaslowcategorizedhumanneedsintofivelevels.
1. PhysicalNeeds:Thesearebasicneedslikefood,clothing,andshelter.Thesebasicneedsmust besatisfiedbeforereceiverscanthinkofotherthings.

2. Se ecurityNeeds s:Theseinclu udethedesire eforasafean ndsecureenv vironmenttha atisfreefrom m physicalharmandemotionalormentalabuse. 3. So ocialNeeds:E Everyonewan ntstohaveasenseofbelo ongingandbe epartofagro oup.Thesene eeds ar resatisfiedby ybeingparto ofafamily,so ocialcircleor workforce. 4. Es steemNeeds:Theseneedsareactualizedthroughfe eelingsofself fworth,selfrespect,pres stige, powerandrec cognition. elfActualizationNeeds:Th hesearehigh herlevelneed dswhicharem metthroughasenseof 5. Se ac chievementa andhelpingotherpeopler realizetheirg goals.

Processo ofCommuni ication

According gtoJuliaT.W Wood(2009), Communicat tionisasyste emicprocessinwhichpeopleinteractw with andthrou ughsymbolst tocreateandinterpretme eanings Thekeyte ermsinthisd definitionare: : 1. 2. 3. 4. Process ystemic Sy Sy ymbols Meanings M

Stressan ndIntonations
Stressand dintonationa areimportant tinspeech.T Theysignalme udeandgram mmar.Therea are eaning,attitu twokinds sofstress: 1. Wordstress:In W nwordstress s,stressingce ertainsyllable essignaltheir rmeaning.

2. Sentencestress:Inasentencestress,stresspicksoutthemostimportantwords.Theypointto newandunknowninformationinthesentence.

DifferentWaysofAskingQuestions
1. WhQuestions ItiscommontoaskWhquestionswhenyouwishtogetmoreinformationorseekclarificationaboutan issue.BelowaresomeexamplesofWhquestions: a) Whoarethepoorpupils? b) Whatisthecutoffpointforpoverty? c) Howcanwehelpthepoorpupils? d) Whyhavethesepupilsnotbeengivenaidearlier? e) Whenarewegoingtoextendaidtothem? 2. Yes/NoQuestions Forexample: a) Arethesepupilspoor?Yes/No b) Areyougoingtohelpthem?Yes/No c) WastheamountgivenRM1,000?Yes/No 3. UsingPoliteForms Theformsbelowhelpyoutogetinformationinapoliteway. a) Couldyoupleasetell? b) MayIknow?Whatsum... c) Doyouknow?Howmany...

Reasonsforuseofvisualaids
1. Enhancetheaudiencescomprehensionofthesubjectmatter. 2. Helpslistenerstobemorefocused 3. Canaddauthenticity,beauty,credibilityandvarietytotheentirepresentation.

Reasonsandphrasesfornegotiating
1. Resolvingconflictamongpeople 2. Helptogetagrouptoreachacompromiseorgetothertoagreetowhatwewant 3. Alternativesuggestionsandargumentssupportedbyreasons Thesearesomephrasesthatwecanusetonegotiate a) Canwedothisanotherway? b) Whatabout?/Howabout?

c) Allrightthen? d) Okay,then? e) Areyousure?

HOWTOBUILDCONFIDENCEINPUBLICSPEAKING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ChangetheWayYouThink SystemicDesensitization SkillsTraining PrepareandPracticeYourSpeech RelaxationTechniques GainExperience

GIVINGTHECONCLUSION
1. Summarizethemainpoints.Thishelpstheaudiencetograspwhathasbeensaid. 2. Thanktheaudienceforbeinggoodlisteners.Andsmileasyouleave.

Principlesofcrossculturalcommunication
1. Thedifferentsocialandculturalpractices 2. Thedifferentsignificantreligiousholidays 3. Languageandexpressionswhichmaybedifficultforpeopleofadifferentcountryto understand.

WaystoSupportandJustifyyourOpinions
1. 2. 3. 4. Facts Statistics Examples Personalstories

HelpfulPhrasestoShowSupport
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Forexample Forinstance Letmegiveyouanexample Isaythisbecause Thereasonformyopinionis

4typesofnoisethatmightinterferewiththecommunicationprocess
1. Physicalinterference 2. Physiologicalinterference 3. Psychologicalinterference

4. Semanticinterference

Typesoflecturesdeliveredbylecturers
ReadingStyle:Thelecturerreadsfromhislecturenotes;thespeechischaracterizedbyshorttone groups,fewchangesinintonationanduseofafallingtone. ConversationalStyle:Thelecturerspeaksinformally,withorwithoutnotes,usinglongertonegroups andkeysequencesthatrangefromhightolow. RhetoricalStyle:Thelecturerisinhiselementasaperformer;thepresentationischaracterizedbywide intonationrange,withthelectureroftenusingthehighkeyandfrequentlymakingdigressionsand asides.

Differencebetweenhearingandlistening
Hearingisdifferentfromlisteninginthathearingisthephysicalabilitytohearsoundandoccurs unconsciously,whilelisteningistohearsomethingwiththoughtfulandcloseattention.

Subcontextsthatgivemeaningtooralinteraction
Physical:Therealenvironmentinwhichcommunicationtakesplace,e.g.aclassroom,lecturehall, office,apublicplace. Socialpsychological:Forexample,thestatus/relationshipamongthesendersandreceivers,theroles andcommunicationgamesthatpeopleplay,culturalrulesandthefriendliness/unfriendlinessor formality/informalityofthesituation. Temporal:Thetimecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplacelikethetimeofdayornight,aswellas historicaltime,e.g.20thor21stcentury. Cultural:Thevalues,behaviorandbeliefsofthesociety.

Sixelementswhicharepresentinallcommunicationacts
Context:Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinacontextthatincludesatleastfoursubcontexts Sourcereceiver:Thereisasource(speaker)andareceiver(listener) Message/s:Maybeverbalornonverbal Channels:Thisreferstothemediumthroughwhichthecommunicationpassesvocal(speech),visual (gestures,words,andpictures),olfactory(smells),andtactile(touch) Noise:Anythingthatinterfereswithyoureceivingamessage Effect/s:Communicationaffectspeopleinmanywaysintellectualeffects(changesinthinking), affectiveeffects(changesinattitudes)andpsychomotoreffects(changesinbehavior)

Activelisteninghasseveralbenefits:
1. Itenablespeopletolistenattentivelytoothers 2. Itpreventsmisunderstandingsaspeoplehavetoconfirmthattheyreallyunderstandwhatthe speakerhassaid 3. Itencouragesthespeakertoexplainmorebecausehe/shefeelsthatyouarereallyattunedto his/herconcernsandwantstolisten

Tipsforactivelistening
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. FocusontheMessage AnticipateWhattheSpeakerWantstoSay IdentifyMainandSupportingPoints CheckforBias ListenbetweentheLines MinimizeDistractions

Twochannelsinlisteningbetweenlines
Tolisteneffectively,onehastolistentotwochannelsatthesametime. Thefirstchannelisthecontentofthespeech,thewordsthespeakerissayingandthetopicitself. Thesecondchannelreferstoallthenonverbalsignalsthespeakerissendingwhiletalking,suchasthe toneofvoice,gesturesandfacialexpressions.

MAKINGSMALLTALK
Sometimes,westartconversationswithpeoplewedonotknow.Thiscanhappenatthebusstop,ina queue,atthecafeteria,etc.Smalltalkisconversationabouteverydaytopicssuchastheweatheror sports.Suchconversationisusuallybrief.

Howcanyoudetermineifwhatapersonissayingisafactoranopinion?
Therearecueswhichcanhelpyoudeterminethedifference.Thesecuescomprisecertainwordsor phrasesthatsignalwhetherwhatthespeakerissayingisactuallyafactorjusthis/heropinion.

3typesofcommunication
1. Oralcommunication:Inoralcommunication,information,thoughtsandideasareconveyedvia aspokenlanguage.Basically,thistakesplaceinthefollowingways: a) Facetofaceconversations b) Meetings c) Voicemailmessages

d) Teleconferencing e) Oralpresentation f) Publicspeaking 2. Writtencommunication:Inwrittencommunication,weexchangeinformationusingthewritten language,thatis,wordsandsentences.Thiscantakeplacevia: 3. Nonverbalcommunication:Innonverbalcommunication,nowordsareused.Feelingsare expressedandconveyedthroughfacialexpressions,gesturesandbodymovements.Acertain lookorgesturecanspeakathousandwords.Nonverbalcommunication,alsoknownasbody language,canbeaverypowerfulformofcommunicationandoftenincludesthefollowing (Camp&Satterwhite,2002): a) Appearance b) Posture c) Eyecontact d) Nervousness e) Grooming f) Dressing

EmotiveLanguage
Emotivelanguagerevealsaspeakersattitudeandfeelingstowardsthesubjectandpersuadesthe listenertofeelthesameratherthanincreasesthelistenersknowledgeofthesubject.

NoisesandInterferences
Theseinterferencesornoisemaydistractandpreventthereceiverfrompayingfullattentiontothe message.Whenthishappens,themessagemaynotbeheardandinterpretedfullyorcorrectly. Similarly,interferencesmaycausethespeakertoloseconcentrationandthiscanleadtoincompleteor erroneouscommunicationonthepartofthesender.Asaresult,receiverswillinterpretthemessages wronglyandnotasintendedbythespeaker.

STRUCTURINGTHEORALPRESENTATION
Theoralpresentationmustbestructuredinsuchawaysoastoreflectclarityandsmoothness. Basically,youneedto: 1. Informtheaudiencewhattheyaregoingtolistento; 2. Presentthecontentofthepresentation;and 3. Summarizethemainpoints.

Whenmakingtheactualpresentation,bearinmindthefollowing:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Standstraight,dontslouch. Maintaineyecontactwiththeaudience. Greettheaudience,andthenstartyourpresentation. Giveanoverviewofwhatyouaregoingtotalkabout. Trynottoreadfromyournotes.Talktotheaudienceinstead. Useyournotesaspromptsonly.

DifferencebetweenMacromarkersandMicromarkers
Macromarkersarehigherorderdiscoursemarkerssignalingmajorchangesandemphasisinlectures. ExamplesofMacromarkers Segmentation Well OK Now AndForthe Temporal Atthattime And Afterthis moment Causal So Then Because InviewofthatOntheother Contrast Both But Only hand Emphasis Ofcourse Youcansee Yousee Actually

Micromarkersarelowerordermarkersofsegmentationandintersentenceconnections.Forexample: a) b) c) d) WhatImgoingtotalkabouttodayissomethingthatyouprobablyalreadyknow Wellseethat That/Thisiswhy Tobeginwith

TURNTAKING
AccordingtoThornbury(2005),thefundamentalruleofturntakingisthatspeakersshouldtaketurnsto holdthefloor.Thismeansthatnotwospeakersshouldspeakatthesametime.Therearealsotwoother rulestobeobserved,whicharethat: 1. Longsilencesaretobeavoided 2. Weshouldlistenwhenothersspeak

Theskillswecanemployinturntakinginclude
a) b) c) d) e) f) Recognizingtheappropriatemomenttogetaturn Signalingthefactthatyouwanttospeak Holdingthefloorwhileyouhaveyourturn Recognizingwhenotherspeakersaresignalingtospeak Yieldingtheturn Signalingtothefactthatyouarelistening