PROKARYOTES

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell Classification of Prokaryotes Identifying Prokaryotes Bacterial Nutrition: Obtaining Energy Bacterial Metabolism: Using Energy Bacterial Growth & Reproduction

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Size
Size range: 1-10mM (much smaller than most eukaryotes
Why must cells be small anyway?

http://summerhillbiology10.blogspot.com/ 2012/04/la-bacteria-mas-grande.html

Small size, big impact!

Black Death (bubonic plague) HW! Prokaryotes as decomposers
If prokaryotic decomposers were to disappear, the chemical cycles that sustain life would halt, and all forms of eukaryotic life would also be doomed. In contrast, prokaryotic life would undoubtedly persist in the absence of eukaryotes, as it once did [for about 1.5 B years when they first appeared 3.5 B years ago.]

http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/black-death.jpg http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/slides/06plague/rats.jpg http://mph.uea.ac.uk/learning-zone/death-and-surgery/plague-2/causes/ http://www.cbv.ns.ca/mchs/manyfacesofterrorism/The%20Future/Plague/PG.html

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Structures
Cell wall
Contributes to pathogenicity Site of antibiotic action

Cell membrane
May contain pigments & enzymes for photosynthesis
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Structures
Cytoplasm
W/o cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic streaming

Nucleoid region
Ribosomes

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Structures
Flagellum
Lacks microtubules

Pili (sing. Pilus)

Shorter, thinner than flagella

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
W/ CWs consisting mainly of peptidoglycan Has more members than D. Archaea Ex. Streptococcus, E. coli, cyanobacteria
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com/2011/04/ microbes-and-biotechnology.html http://www.earthpm.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/cyanobacteria.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Lack peptidoglycan in CWs W/ some DNA sequences that are more similar to those of eukaryotes than those of bacteria Many are extremophiles

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Acidophiles

Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/e/e7/M.j.gif

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Acidophiles

Dead Sea salt pillars

Halobacterium sp.
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~pvan/research.html

http://unitywimberley.blogspot.com/ 2010_08_01_archive.html

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Acidophiles

Thermus aquaticus
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thermus_aquaticus*

Classification of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Examples
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Acidophiles

Sulfolobus sulfataricus
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Sulfolobus_solfataricus

Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Three basic shapes:
Bacilli (sing. bacillus) Cocci (sing. coccus) Spirilla (sing. spirillum)

Cell arrangement:
diplo staphylo strepto-

http://www.chs.helena.k12.mt.us/faculty/hbosch/...files/.../Chapter19.htm

Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Wall
Gram staining
two dyes
crystal violet (purple) Safranin (red)

two results
Gram-positive (purple) Gram-negative (red or pink)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/e/jel5/ biofilms/gramstain.html

Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Wall
Gram staining
two dyes
crystal violet (purple) Safranin (red)

two results
Gram-positive (purple) Gram-negative (red or pink)

http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu/hicksdr/gram.htm

Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Wall
Gram staining
two dyes
crystal violet (purple) Safranin (red)

two results
Gram-positive (purple) Gram-negative (red or pink)

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/ Bacterial_Derived_Plastics

Identifying Prokaryotes
Movement
Flagella Gliding on layer of slimelike material w/c they produce Nonmotile

Bacterial Nutrition:
Obtaining Energy
Autotroph (self-feeder): can produce own food Heterotroph (other feeder): obtains energy from food (organic compounds) it consumes Phototroph: obtains energy from sun Chemotroph: obtains energy from inorganic compounds

Diverse adaptations allow prokaryotes to live in nearly every environment imaginable!

Bacterial Metabolism:
Using Energy
Cellular respiration vs. fermentation

http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/ cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml

Strict/obligate aerobes Facultative anaerobes Strict/obligate anaerobes

Bacterial Growth & Reproduction

Asexual reproduction through binary fission
No exchange or recombination of genetic information

http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Lecture-syllabus.html

Bacterial Growth & Reproduction

Means of genetic recombination:
Conjugation Transduction Transformation
HW!

Bacterial Growth & Reproduction

Spore formation
HW!

e.g., Bacillus anthracis

http://www.bionewsonline.com/r/e/hongbin_liu_2004_164.htm

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/culture.htm