Lrlk Wahlberg

ChapLer 4 8lrLh and hyslcal uevelopmenL uurlng Lhe llrsL 1hree ?ears
l ChlldblrLh and CulLure Pow blrLhlng Pas Changed
a 8educLlon ln rlsk due Lo anLlbloLlcs blood Lransfuslons safe anesLhesla lmproved
hyglene and drugs for lnduclng labor
b 1he 8lrLh rocess
l arLurlLlon rocess of uLerlne cervlcal and oLher changes usually lasLlng abouL
2 weeks precedlng chlldblrLh
1 8eglns 2 weeks before dellvery
ll SLages of ChlldblrLh
1 llrsL sLage longesL regular and lncreaslngly frequenL uLerlne
conLracLlons cause cervlx Lo dllaLe ln preparaLlon for dellvery
2 Second sLage conLracLlons become sLronger and closer LogeLher 8eglns
when baby head beglns Lo move Lhrough Lhe cervlx lnLo vaglnal canal
3 1hlrd sLage placenLa and remalnder of umblllcal cord expelled from
moLher
lll LlecLronlc leLal MonlLorlng Mechanlcal monlLorlng of feLal hearLbeaL durlng
labor and dellvery
1 lndlcaLes how Lhe feLal hearL ls respondlng Lo Lhe sLress of uLerlne
conLracLlons
2 MonlLorlng can have drawbacks of used rouLlnely
a CosLly resLrlcLs moLhers movemenL durlng labor exLremely
hlgh falseposlLlve raLe
lv vaglnal versus Cesarean uellvery
1 Cesarean uellvery surglcally removlng Lhe baby from Lhe uLerus
Lhrough an lnclslon ln Lhe moLher's abdomen
a used when labor progresses Loo slowly when feLus ls ln
Lrouble or when moLher ls bleedlng vaglnallly Also needed
when feLus ls ln breech poslLlon
b ueprlves chlld of surge of hormones LhaL clear Lhe lung of
excess fluld moblllze sLored fuel Lo nourlsh cells and send
blood Lo Lhe hearL and braln
v MedlcaLed versus nonmedlcaLed uellvery
1 naLural ChlldblrLh Seeks Lo ellmlnaLe paln by ellmlnaLlng moLhers fear
Lhrough educaLlon abouL physlology of reproducLlon and Lralnlng ln
breaLhlng and relaxaLlon durlng dellvery
2 repared ChlldblrLh uses lnsLrucLlon breaLhlng exerclses and soclal
supporL Lo lnduce conLrolled physlcal responses Lo uLerlne conLracLlons
and reduce fear and paln
3 aln ln chlldblrLh ls mosLly by fear of Lhe unknown and Lhe resulLlng
muscular Lenslon
4 Lamaze meLhod
a 1eaches expecLanL moLhers Lo work acLlvely wlLh Lhelr bodles
Lhrough conLrolled breaLhlng
3 Le8oyer MeLhod
a Women glves blrLh ln quleL room under low llghLs Lo reduce
sLress and Lhe newborn ls genLly massaged Lo ease crylng
6 Mlchael CdenL
a Submerslon of Lhe laborlng moLher ln a sooLhlng pool of waLer
7 Ceneral anesLhesla
a 8enders women compleLely unconsclous and greaLly lncreases
rlsks Lo moLhers baby rarely used even ln cesarean blrLhs
8 8eglonal anesLhesla
a ln[ecLed lnLo a space ln Lhe splnal cord beLween verLebrae ln
Lhe lumbar reglon blocks nerve paLhways LhaL would carry
sensaLlon of paln Lo Lhe braln
9 uoula Lxperlenced menLor coach or helper LhaL glves emoLlonal
supporL Lo women ln labor
ll 1he newborn 8aby
a neonaLal perlod llrsL 4 weeks of llfe a Llme of LranslLlon from lnLrauLerlne dependency
Lo lndependenL exlsLence
b Slze and Appearance
l neonaLe averages
1 7 Z pounds
2 20 lnches long
3 8oys Lend Lo be blgger
4 llrsLborn chlld llkely Lo welgh less aL blrLh Lhan laLerborns
ll new bables have large head and recedlng chln
1 1emporary moldlng occurs because lnfanLs skull noL fully fused unLll 18
monLhs
2 lonLanels sofL spoLs covered by Lough membrane
lll Lanugo fuzzy prenaLal halr noL yeL fallen off
lv vernlx caseosa olly proLecLlon agalnsL lnfecLlon drles ouL ln flrsL few days
c 8ody SysLems
l Llfe funcLlons of lnfanL ln womb are accompllshed Lhrough moLhers body
ll leLus and moLher have separaLe clrculaLory sysLem and hearL beaLs
lll Anoxla Lack of oxygen
lv Pypoxla 8educed oxygen
v Meconlum wasLe maLLer formed ln Lhe feLal lnLesLlnal LracL
vl neonaLal !aundlce skln and eyes look yellow noL harmful goes away
vll 1he Apgar Scale
1 3 Sub[ecLs
a Appearance
b ulse
c Crlmace (8eflex lrrlLablllLy)
d AcLlvlLy (muscle Lone)
e 8esplraLlon
vlll Assesslng neurologlcal SLaLus 1he 8razelLon Scale neurologlcal and behavloral
LesL Lo measure neonaLe's responses Lo Lhe envlronmenL
1 ldenLlfy vulnerablllLy and sLrengLhs of lnfanL
lx neonaLal Screenlng for Medlcal CondlLlons
1 AdmlnlsLered soon afLer blrLh and can dlscover correcLable defecLs
d SLaLes of Arousal uegree of alerLness
l newborns alLernaLe beLween quleL and acLlve sleep
ll nlghLLlme sleep perlods gradually lengLhen as bables grow more wakeful ln
dayLlme and need less sleep overall
lll CompllcaLlons of ChlldblrLh
a Low 8lrLh WelghL
l reLerm (remaLure) lnfanLs lnfanL born before compleLlng Lhe 37
Lh
week of
gesLaLlon
ll SmallfordaLe (smallforgesLaLlonalage) lnfanLs lnfanLs whose blrLh welghL ls
less Lhan LhaL of 90 percenL of bables of Lhe same gesLaLlonal age as a resulL of
slow feLal growLh
1 8esulL of lnadequaLe prenaLal nuLrlLlon
lll Pow many 8ables are reLerm and Why?
1 lnvolved ln nearly Z neurologlcal blrLh defecLs
lv Pow many bables are low blrLh welghL and why?
1 Low blrLh raLe welghL of less Lhan 3 Z pounds aL blrLh
v Who ls llkely Lo have a lowblrLhwelghL baby?
1 uemographlc and socloeconomlc facLors play lmporLanL role
2 Medlcal facLors predaLlng Lhe pregnancy
3 renaLal behavlor and envlronmenLal facLors
a Lx noL eaLlng healLhy or use of alcohol
4 Medlcal condlLlons assoclaLed wlLh pregnancy
a lnfecLlons hlgh or low blood pressure
vl lmmedlaLe 1reaLmenL and CuLcomes
1 newborns exLremely vulnerable Lo lnfecLlon slnce lmmune sysLem noL
fully developed
2 8reasL mllk helps prevenL lnfecLlons
3 uo noL have enough faL Lo lnsulaLe Lhem and Lo generaLe heaL hard for
Lhem Lo sLay warm
4 lsoleLLe anLlsepLlc LemperaLureconLrolled crlb)
3 kangaroo care meLhod of sklnLoskln conLacL ln whlch a newborn ls
lald face down beLween moLher's breasLs for an hour or so aL a Llme
durlng blrLh
vll Long1erm CuLcomes
1 8lrLh welghL alone does noL necessarlly deLermlne ouLcome
envlronmenLal facLors make a dlfference
b osL maLurlLy A feLus noL yeL born as of 2 weeks afLer Lhe due daLe or 42 weeks afLer
Lhe moLher's lasL mensLrual perlod
l 8ables born Lend Lo be long and Lhln rlsk of braln damage
c SLlllblrLh ueaLh of a feLus aL or afLer Lhe 20
Lh
week of gesLaLlon
l noL clearly undersLood
ll 8educLlon may be due Lo elecLronlc feLal monlLorlng ulLrasound and oLher
measures Lo ldenLlfy rlsk for resLrlcLed growLh
d Can a SupporLlve LnvlronmenL Cvercome LffecLs of 8lrLh CompllcaLlons?
l LnvlronmenLs make a huge dlfference ln Lhe developmenL of chlldren even able
Lo overcome blrLh compllcaLlons
ll roLecLlve lacLors lnfluences LhaL reduce lmpacL of poLenLlally negaLlve
lnfluences and Lend Lo predlcL poslLlve ouLcomes
1 lndlvldual aLLrlbuLes
a Lnergy soclablllLy lnLelllgence
2 AffecLlonaLe Lles wlLh aL leasL 2 famlly member
3 8ewards aL school work or place of worshlp
lll 8lologlcal and envlronmenLal lnfluences lnLeracL maklng reslllency posslble even
ln bables born wlLh serlous compllcaLlons
lv Survlval and PealLh
a ueaLh durlng lnfancy
l rlmary cause of neonaLal deaLh are preLerm dellver
ll Many deaLh prevenLable
lll lnfanL morLallLy raLe proporLlon of bables born allve who dle wlLhln Lhe flrsL
year
lv 8lrLh defecLs also leadlng cause of lnfanL deaLhs
v 8acal/LLhnlc ulsparlLles ln lnfanL MorallLy
1 Large dlsparlLles remaln beLween eLhnlc groups
2 CfLen due Lo culLure/socloeconomlc sLaLus
vl Sudden lnfanL ueaLh Syndrome (SluS) Sudden and unexplalned deaLh of an
apparenLly healLhy lnfanL
1 Leadlng cause of posL neonaLal lnfanL deaLh
2 MosL llkely Lhe resulL of a comblnaLlon of facLors
a AL leasL 6 gene muLaLlons llnked Lo SluS cases
3 SLrong relaLlonshlp beLween SluS and sleeplng on sLomach
a no sofL surfaces because baby may overheaL or suffocaLe lL's
self
4 ueaLh from ln[urles
a 90 all ln[ury deaLhs ln lnfancy due Lo 4 causes
l SuffocaLlon
ll MoLor vehlcle Lrafflc
lll urownlng
lv 8esldenLlal flres or burns
b lmmunlzaLlon for 8eLLer PealLh
l uevelopmenL of vacclnes help survlvablllLy of chlldren
v Larly hyslcal uevelopmenL
a rlnclples of uevelopmenL
l Cephalocaudal rlnclple uevelopmenL proceeds ln a headLoLall dlrecLlon
1 upper parLs of Lhe body develop before lower parLs of Lhe Lrunk
2 lnfanLs learn Lo use upper parLs of body before lower parLs
ll roxlmodlsLal rlnclple uevelopmenL proceeds from cenLer ouLwards
1 Llmbs conLlnue Lo grow fasLer Lhan hands or feeL
2 Chlldren flrsL develop ablllLy Lo use upper arms and upper legs Lhen
forearms and forelegs Lhen hands and feeL Lhen flnally flngers and
Loes
b aLLerns of CrowLh
l Chlldren grow fasLer durlng flrsL 3 years
ll As a baby grows body shape and proporLlon change Loo
lll Cenes lnfanL lnherlLs has sLrong lnfluence on wheLher Lhe chlld wlll be
Lall/shorL Lhln/sLocky or lnbeLween
c nuLrlLlon
l 8reasL or 8oLLle
1 8reasLfeedlng almosL always besL
a Should conLlnue aL leasL for one year
2 Cnly alLernaLlve ls lronforLlfled formula based on elLher cow's mllk soy
proLeln and conLalns supplemenLal vlLamlns and mlnerals
3 nurslng moLhers need Lo waLch whaL Lhey puL ln Lhelr bodles
ll CLher nuLrlLlonal Concerns
1 lronenrlched solld foods
2 Lowlncome communlLles sub[ecL Lo malnuLrlLlon
3 8elng overwelghL lncreased ln lnfancy ln all age groups ln uSA
4 2 facLors lnfluence overwelghL chlld/adulL
a WheLher chlld has an obese parenL
b Age of Chlld
d 1he 8raln and 8eflex 8ehavlor
l CenLral nervous SysLem 8raln and Splnal cord
ll 8ulldlng Lhe 8raln
1 CrowLh of braln llfelong
2 AL blrLh braln only x1/3 of lLs evenLual adulL volume
3 8? age 6 almosL adulL slze buL speclflc parLs conLlnue Lo grow and
develop
4 CrowLh occurs ln flLs and dlfferenL parLs of braln grow more rapldly aL
dlfferenL Llmes
3 Ma[or arLs of Lhe 8raln
a uevelops from a long hollow Lube lnLo a spherlcal mass of cells
b 8y blrLh growLh spurL of Lhe splnal cord and braln sLem almosL
flnlshed
c Cerebellum LargesL parL of braln dlvlded lnLo rlghL and lefL half
l SpeclallzaLlon of Lhe hemlspheres called laLerallzaLlon
1 LaLerallzaLlon 1endency of each of braln's
hemlspheres Lo have speclallzed funcLlons
d Corpus Callosum Lough band of Llssue connecLlng Lhe rlghL and
lefL hemlspheres of Lhe braln
l Crows dramaLlcally durlng chlldhood
6 8raln Cells
a 8raln composed of neurons and gllal cells
b neurons (nerve Cells) Send and recelve lnformaLlon
c Clla nourlsh and proLecL Lhe neurons
d neurons grow Lremendously durlng gesLaLlon and Lhe flrsL few
monLhs afLer blrLh
e lnLegraLlon rocess by whlch neurons coordlnaLe Lhe acLlvlLles
of muscle groups
f ulfferenLlaLlon rocess by whlch cells acqulre speclallzed
sLrucLures and funcLlons
g Cell ueaLh ln braln developmenL normal ellmlnaLlon of excess
braln cells Lo achleve more efflclenL funcLlonlng
h AL flrsL braln produces more neurons and synapses Lhan lL
needs Lhose LhaL are noL used or do noL funcLlon dle ouL
l 8eglns durlng Lhe prenaLal perlod and conLlnues afLer
blrLh
ll Cnly abouL Z neurons orlglnally produced survlve and
funcLlon ln adulLhood
7 MyellnaLlon rocess of coaLlng neural paLhways wlLh a faLLy subsLance
myelln LhaL enables fasLer communlcaLlon beLween cells
a Lnables slgnals Lo Lravel fasLer and smooLher
b MyellnaLlon of Lhe hlppocampus plays a key role ln memory
8 Larly 8eflexes
a 8eflex 8ehavlor AuLomaLlc lnvolunLary lnnaLe responses Lo
sLlmulaLlon
b rlmlLlve reflexes are relaLed Lo survlval
c osLural reflexes reacLlons Lo changes ln poslLlon or balance
d MosL early reflexes dlsappear ln flrsL 6 Lo 12 monLhs
l ulsappearance ls slgn LhaL moLor paLhways ln corLex
have been parLlally myellnaLed enabllng a shlfL Lo
volunLary behavlor
9 Moldlng Lhe 8raln 1he 8ole of Lxperlence
a ConLlnually modlfled boLh poslLlvely and negaLlvely by
envlronmenLal experlences
b lasLlclLy ModlflablllLy or moldlng" of Lhe braln Lhrough
experlence
c Larly experlences can have lasLlng effecLs on capaclLy of cenLral
nervous sysLem
d lasLlclLy enables learnlng
e Larly experlence can have lasLlng effecL on capaclLy of cenLral
nervous sysLem
f uurlng formaLlve perlod braln ls vulnerable
g lf cerLaln corLlcal connecLlons are noL made early ln llfe Lhose
clrculLs may shuL down forever
e Larly Sensory CapaclLles
l 1ouch and aln
1 Sense of smell and LasLe begln Lo develop ln Lhe womb
2 ALLracLlon Lo fragrance of moLher's mllk may be anoLher evoluLlonary
survlval mechanlsm
3 newborn re[ecLlon of blLLer LasLes ls anoLher survlval mechanlsm
ll Pearlng
1 Pearlng funcLlons before blrLh
2 AudlLory dlscrlmlnaLlon develops rapldly afLer blrLh
lll SlghL
1 vlslon ls leasL developed sense aL blrLh
2 newborns bllnk aL brlghL llghLs fleld of perlpheral vlslon very narrow
3 AblllLy Lo follow a LargeL develops rapldly ln flrsL monLhs
vl MoLor uevelopmenL
a uC noL need Lo be LaughL baslc moLor skllls [usL need room Lo move and freedom Lo
see whaL Lhey can do
b MllesLones of MoLor uevelopmenL
l SysLem of AcLlon lncreaslngly complex comblnaLlons of moLor skllls whlch
permlL a wlder and more preclse range of movemenL and conLrol of Lhe
envlronmenL
ll uenver uevelopmenLal Screenlng 1esL Screenlng LesL glven Lo chlldren 1 monLh
Lo 6 years old Lo deLermlne wheLher Lhey are developlng normally
1 used Lo charL progress and ldenLlfy lf chlldren are noL developlng
normally
2 Measures gross moLor skllls and flne moLor skllls
a hyslcal skllls LhaL lnvolve large muscles
b hyslcal skllls LhaL lnvolve small muscles and handeye
coordlnaLlon
3 WhaL an average" baby can do ls Lhe 30 percenL uenver norms
4 uenver norms developed wlLh reference Lo wesLern populaLlon and noL
necessarlly valld ln assesslng chlldren from oLher culLures
lll Pead ConLrol
1 AL blrLh mosL lnfanLs can move head from slde Lo slde on Lhelr back
2 8y 4 monLhs almosL all lnfanLs can keep Lhelr heads erecL whlle belng
held or supporLed ln a slLLlng poslLlon
lv Pand ConLrol
1 8ables born wlLh grasplng reflex
2 nexL Lhe begln Lo grasp ob[ecLs and Lransferrlng beLween Lhem
beLween hands
v LocomoLlon
1 AfLer 3 monLhs average lnfanLs begln Lo roll over
2 Average baby can slL wlLhouL supporL by 6 monLhs and can assume a
slLLlng poslLlon wlLhouL help by 8 Z monLhs
3 new achlevemenL of selflocomoLlon has sLrlklng cognlLlve and
psychosoclal ramlflcaLlons
4 Crawllng lnfanLs become more senslLlve Lo where ob[ecLs are wheLher
Lhey can be moved and how Lhey look
3 Crawllng helps bables Lo learn Lo [udge dlsLance and percelve depLh
a Sklll known as soclal referenclng
6 Pumans begln Lo walk laLer Lhan oLher specles posslbly because bables
have heavy heads and shorL legs whlch makes balanclng dlfflculL
c MoLor uevelopmenL and ercepLlon
l Sensory percepLlon enables lnfanLs Lo learn abouL Lhemselves and Lhelr
envlronmenL so Lhey can make beLLer [udgmenLs abouL how Lo navlgaLe ln lL
ll Sensory and moLor acLlvlLy seems falrly well coordlnaLed aL blrLh
lll Chlld reachlng depends on vlsual guldance
1 vlsual Culdance use of Lhe eyes Lo gulde movemenL of Lhe hands or
oLher parLs of Lhe body
lv now researchers have found LhaL lnfanLs can use oLher sensory cues Lo reach
for an ob[ecL such as sound ln reachlng for an unseen raLLle
1 1hey can even reach for an ob[ecL based only on Lhelr memory of lLs
locaLlon
v uepLh percepLlon ablllLy Lo percelve ob[ecLs and surfaces Lhreedlmenslonally
vl klneLlc cues are produced by movemenL of Lhe ob[ecL or Lhe observer or boLh
vll PapLlc percepLlon
1 ueveloped beLween 3 and 7 monLhs
2 PapLlc ercepLlon 1he ablllLy Lo acqulre lnformaLlon by handllng
ob[ecLs raLher Lhan by slmply looklng aL Lhem
a Acqulrlng lnformaLlon abouL Lhe properLles of ob[ecLs such as
slze welghL and LexLure by handllng Lhem
3 Lnables bables Lo respond Lo cues such as relaLlve slze and dlfferences
ln LexLure and shadlng
d Lleanor and !ames Clbson's Lcologlcal 1heory of ercepLlon
l Lcologlcal Lheory of percepLlon uescrles developlng moLor and percepLual
ablllLles as lnLerdependenL parLs of a funcLlon sysLem LhaL guldes behavlor ln
varylng conLexLs
ll vlsual cllff ApparaLus deslgned Lo glve an llluslon of depLh and used Lo assess
depLh percepLlon ln lnfanLs
lll LocormoLor developmenL depends on lncreaslng senslLlvlLy Lo physlcal
aLLrlbuLes of Lhe surroundlng envlronmenL and lLs ouLcome of boLh percepLlon
and aLLracLlon
lv WlLh experlence bables become more able Lo gauge Lhe envlronmenL ln whlch
Lhey move and acL accordlngly
v lnfanLs who have been crawllng for some Llme are more llkely Lhan novlces Lo
avold Lhe cllff ln Lhe vlsual cllff experlmenL
vl Chlldren learn from experlence how far Lhey can push Lhelr llmlLs wlLhouL loslng
Lhelr balance
e Pow MoLor uevelopmenL Cccurs 1helen's uynamlc SysLems 1heory
l MoLor developmenL ls a conLlnuous process of lnLeracLlon beLween baby and
Lhe envlronmenL
ll Clder baby's dellberaLe walklng ls a new sklll masLermlnded by Lhe developlng
braln
lll Why does sLepplng sLop only Lo reappear monLhs laLer whereas klcklng
conLlnues?
1 8ables legs become Lhlcker and heavler durlng early monLhs buL noL yeL
sLrong enough Lo carry baby's lncreaslng welghL
a When lnfanLs who sLopped sLepplng were held ln warm waLer
whlch helps supporL Lhelr legs sLepplng reappeared
lv lnfanL and envlronmenL form an lnLerconnecLed dynamlc sysLem
1 lncludes lnfanLs moLlvaLlon as well as muscular sLrengLh and poslLlon ln
Lhe envlronmenL aL a parLlcular momenL ln Llme
v 1helen's uynamlc SysLems 1heory (uS1) holds LhaL moLor developmenL ls a
dynamlc process of acLlve coordlnaLlon of mulLlple sysLems wlLhln an lnfanL ln
relaLlon Lo Lhe envlronmenL
1 Lmphaslzed 4 prlnclples
a LlemenL of Llme
b lnLeracLlon of mulLlple causes or subsysLems
c lnLegraLlon of percepLlon and cognlLlon wlLh acLlon
d 1he dlfferlng developmenLal paLhways of lndlvldual chlldren
2 normal bables develop Lhe same skllls ln same order because Lhey are
bullL approxlmaLely Lhe same way and have slmllar physlcal challenges
and needs
a 1hus Lhey evenLually dlscover walklng ls more efflclenL Lhan
crawllng ln mosL slLuaLlons
3 8elleved LhaL prlnclples of uS1 apply ln all realms ln developmenL
f CulLural lnfluences on MoLor uevelopmenL
l uynamlc sysLem Lheory lncludes emphasls on Lhe conLexL ln whlch developmenL
occurs
1 ace does respond Lo cerLaln culLural facLors
ll Some culLures acLlvely encourage early developmenL of moLor skllls some
culLures dlscourage early moLor developmenL