Cooking involves Science!!

PIZZA and BISCUITS are YUMMY, but always remember to eat the NUTRITIOUS foods FIRST, like FRUIT and VEGETABLES! Because they give you VITAMINS and MINERALS that you need to stay healthy and grow

PIZZA SCIENCE
Yeast is a Leavener used in making the Pizza Dough today. The purpose of any leavener is to produce the gas that makes bread rise. Yeast does this by feeding on the sugars in flour, and expelling carbon dioxide in the process. While there are about 160 known species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's yeast, is the one most often used in the kitchen. Yeast is tiny: Just one gram holds about 25 billion cells. That amount of fungi can churn out a significant amount of carbon dioxide, provided it has the simple sugars it uses as food. Fortunately, yeast can use its own enzymes to break down more complex sugarslike granulated sugar. WHAT DO I NEED?
1 packet of active dry yeast 1 cup very warm water (105 F115 F) 2 tablespoons sugar a large rubber balloon a small (1-pint to 1-liter) empty water bottle WHAT DO I DO?

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Stretch out the balloon by blowing it up repeatedly, and then lay it aside. Add the packet of yeast and the sugar to the cup of warm water and stir. Once the yeast and sugar have dissolved, pour the mixture into the bottle. Youll notice the water bubbling as the yeast produces carbon dioxide. Attach the balloon to the mouth of the bottle, and set both aside. After several minutes, youll notice the balloon standing upright. If you dont see anything happen, keep waiting. Eventually, the balloon will inflate

Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in very small amounts for normal metabolism, growth and physical well-being. Most vitamins are not made in the body, or only in insufficient amounts, and are mainly obtained through food. When their intake is inadequate, vitamin deficiency disorders are the consequence. Vitamins are present in food in minute quantities compared to the macronutrients protein, carbohydrates and fat. The average adult in industrialised countries eats about 600g of food per day on a dry-weight basis, of which less than 1 gram consists of vitamins. No single food contains all of the vitamins and, therefore, a balanced and varied diet is necessary for an adequate intake. Each of the 13 vitamins known today has specific functions in the body, which makes every one of them unique and irreplaceable. Vitamins are essential for life! Of the 13 vitamins, 4 are fat-soluble, namely vitamins A, D, E and K. The other vitamins are water-soluble: vitamin C and the Bcomplex, consisting of vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and niacin.

For more Science of Cooking visit www.exploratorium.edu/cooking