Ethernet Principle

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transmission Distance of Fast Ethernet

Technical Standard 100BaseTX Types of Cable Transmission Distance 100m

2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair

100BaseT4 100BaseFX 1000BaseCX 1000BaseT 1000BaseSX

4 pairs EIA/TIA Type 3, 4 and 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable Copper shielded twisted-pair Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair, 4 pair Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use 850nm laser

100m 550m-2km 25m 100m 550m/275m

EIA: Electronics Industries Association TIA: Telecommunications Industries Association

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page18

Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation
If there is no auto-negotiation mechanism, the following problems will arise:
Cannot realize the auto dual-rate configuration function of the port (such as 10Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s) Cannot confirm the operation mode of duplex Cannot confirm whether it's in need of the flow-control function or not

If both of the equipment provide auto-negotiation then, it is the best choice.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Ethernet Technology---AutoNegotiation (Cont.)

The basic mechanism of the auto-negotiation function is to encapsulate the negotiation message into the link integration test pulse.
Fast link pulse

16ms

Every pulse includes 16 digital sequence

Fast link pulse includes a series of clock/digital sequence comprised of link integration test pulse.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page20

Auto-Negotiation
Half-Duplex 10M 100M 1000M 10G Support Support Full-Duplex Support Support Support Support

If one device can not support auto-negotiation, the other device that can support auto-negotiation will work at the default work method.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Auto-Negotiation on Optical Fiber

For the optical fiber Ethernet, the conclusion is:
The operation modes at two ends of the link must be manually configured (speed, duplex modes, flow-control and etc.)

The auto-negotiation of Gigabit Ethernet has been realized

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Flow Control
The function of flow control is to prevent frames from being lost in case of congestion Under half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved by backpressure technology Under full duplex mode, the flow control generally abides by standard IEEE 802.3x

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Half Duplex Flow Control

Pretend that there is collision, then you will not constantly transfer!

backpressure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Full Duplex Flow Control

IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method named PAUSE frame, to realize the flow control in the full duplex environment. PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address which wouldn't be repeated by bridge or switch
Stop
PAUSE Frame

Congestion

DATA Frame

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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VLAN Based on MAC or Port

Switch
Port 1 Port 7 Port 3

Switch
Port 10

MAC A

MAC B

MAC C

MAC D

PC A

PC B

PC C

PC D

MAC MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D

VLAN 5 10 5 10

Port Port 1 Port 3 Port 7 Port 10

VLAN 5 10 5 10

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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VLAN Based on Protocol or Subnet

Switch Switch

IPX

IP

UDP

IP

1.1.1.1/24

1.1.2.1/24

1.1.3.1/24 2.1.1.1/24

Protocol IPX UDP IP .

VLAN 5 10 2 11

IP 1.1.1.1/24 1.1.2.1/24 1.1.3.1/24 .

VLAN 5 10 2 11

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Frame Format of VLAN

DA SA Type Data CRC

Standard Ethernet Frame

DA

SA

tag

Type

Data TCI

CRC

TPID

Priority

CFI

VLAN ID

Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Frame Changes in Network Communication

Ethernet frame with VLAN tag 1

VLAN 2

VLAN 1

Ethernet frame without VLAN flag Ethernet frame with VLAN tag 2

VLAN 1

VLAN 2

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Ethernet Card Port Tag Mode

Packets Tag flag Port Tag aware (In) Tag aware (Out) Access (In) Access (Out) Hybrid (In) Transmit transparently Transmit transparently Drop Remove the Tag flag (default VLAN ID) Transmit transparently If VLAN ID is the same, remove Hybrid (Out) the Tag flag, otherwise transmit transparently Drop Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN ID) Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN ID) Untag flag

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Advantage and Disadvantage of VLAN

VLAN technology resolves the broadcast problem and enhances the communication security. Disadvantage of VLAN:
Improve the bandwidth utilization rate by dividing a physically interconnected network into several small logic networks. But what should we do if different VLANs need to communicate with each other?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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