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The Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls
1.. G. J A E G E R * A. A. M U F T I i J. C. M A M E T
An anah'tical theory fi)r the analysis o f tall three-~fimensional multiple shear wall buildings is developed. The basis o[" the theorl' is the continuum approach hi which the flom's o f the building are replaced b l' an equivalent continuous medium. The re.~ults are compared with data obtained by the finite eh,ment method and experiments comtucted on a seven storey multiph, shear wall model A good correlation is achieved.
NOMENCLATURE vertical co-ordinate horizontal co-ordinate clear span between shear walls h distance between neutral axes of shear walls I vertical shear force per unit depth in floor system q cumulative vertical shear force in floor system T axial force in shear walls and columns F horizontal shear force in a shear wall l" Young's Modulus E cross-sectional area A moment of inertia I sum of bending moments in shear walls M externally applied overturning moment at level x Mx flexural rigidity per unit depth of floor system B height of the building H 2~ a parameter having dimensions (length)- z relating floor stiffness to shear wall stiffness another parameter having dimensions (length)- t /~= ~H a non-dimensional parameter governing deflection panerns fraction of total shear wall El at the rth station II displacements in x direction
V
INTRODUCTION IN R E C E N T Y E A R S the p r o b l e m o f the interaction between shear walls and floor systems in tall buildings has attracted much attention. Frequently the basis o f a t t a c k on the analytical p r o b l e m has been to replace the many floors o f the building by a c o n t i n u o u s " m e d i u m " , i.e. by an infinity o f " f l o o r s " having the same total EI as the actual system. This concept, o f retaining discrete m e m b e r s in one direction o f an elastic structure whilst utilizing a conceptual c o n t i n u u m in a n o t h e r direction has been used in grillage analysis by Hetenyi[l], by * Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada. I Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. ,* Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. II
Hendry and Jaeger[2] and by many others, in its application to shear walls it appears to have been first used by Chitty[3], subsequently being used as the basis for modifications and extensions to the theory by a number o f researchers, for e x a m p l e Coull[4]. O f the theoretical treatments which use this concept there are two main types, which one might categorize as inextensional and extensional respectively, depending upon whether axial changes in length of the shear walls are ignored or taken into account. In the latter category the work o f Rosman[5] may be noted. On the basis of published work such as that cited above it may be said that a sufficiently accurate analysis can be made o f an elastic system comprising two or three shear walls connected by a large n u m b e r o f horizontal beams and subjected to transverse (horizontal) loading in a vertical plane which passes through the shear walls (figure I). Essentially this is a two dimensional treatment. Recent progress in the analysis of building structures by the finite element method has provided a completely different a p p r o a c h to the problem. These developments are d o c u m e n t e d in (7) and are used in this p a p e r for a c o m p a r i s o n o f the results.
"- I
0 ..:: m
."
t~'
m '. -- .
./2.
.!.'.IL
.,-..
~/
12
The object of the present paper is to develop a sufficiently accurate three dimensional treatment o f multiple shear wall buildings. Such a study gives as one of its end products a stiffness matrix which it is essential to have, for example, in finding the natural frequencies of vibration of the building. As a preliminary to the three dimensional approach, a generalization of the two dimensional problem is presented. Symbols are defined in the text as they occur and are listed in the appendix along with the more important formulae.
and the axial forces in the shear walls at the level .v are F~ = T~
F,
=
Tz-T I
Fo_., - - L , - , - L
/:',, = T._ i
2
(2)
The increase in length u,, of the nth shear wall from base to the level x is 'n F. d.v
lln ~x
EA,.
where E = modulus of elasticity and A, = cross sectional area o f nth shear wall.
)
?
,i
Ii
12
F, T
F2: ( '1"2-T, )
F~=(T3-T 2)
Fr , = ( T - T
_)
Fr=-T r
--Too
of buildinq
:X
Fldx EAj
_ _
I
, ,
7- IF, o,
Fig. 3. Typical geometry of horizontal medium.
Let a vertical co-ordinate x be measured from the top downwards. For n shear walls there are n - 1 " g a p s " between them. Let the vertical shears, per unit depth, in the gaps be q~, q2 . . . . . q,-1. Then the shear forces at the level x are TI = i q l dx
O
T2 = i q2 dx
0
7-. , = .fq,_, dx
O
(1)
Let the flexurat rigidity per unit depth of the horizontal medium in the first gap be Bj, and similarly for the other gaps. If changes o f length o f the floor beams are neglected, the horizontal deflection (y) of all shear walls may be taken to be the same at any floor level. If also the flexural rigidity of each wall is large compared to that of a horizontal beam, it follows that, sufficiently closely, the deformation o f the horizontal medium may be taken to be skew symmetric in each gap, i.e. with a point of contraflexure halfway across the gap. The situation in a typical " g a p " is then as shown in figure 3 and application of the
The Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls
slope deflection equations gives
- -
13
where
q,b 3
12B~
-I~-~x-
d"v f ~ F ,
d x j ' " F , dx
~ EA2
+ EA+
M=E(~.I,)
/:1
~ +
-+W+ +
~ X2
d2y
let
= -/+
and / = ~ I i
(5)
I.
dy
IAr F. _ t dx
~U F. dx
+ EA, (3)
- ' a-V.,--O~ 0 . ~ ] - - 7
Pt d" T , ~
E1
Differentiating each of equations (3) with respect to x and using relationships (I) and (2) gives
b 3 d2Tt
,2e, -- - / ,
d2y
//
1)
T,
+r~ \ ~
I )
Ill 3
+ ... +r._,
1
- - - -
E1
EA 2
T 2
d2T2
P2 dx 2 -
I )
h~_
12B,,_,
d2T._
dx'
t =
_1._ 1
d2y
dx"
1
EA._ l
7.._2
+...
+T,_t~
/2In - I
E1
(6)
T._,
(4)
The variable y is readily eliminated from equations (4) by using moment/curvature relationships. Let M, = the statically determinate (externally
applied) overturning moment at level x. Then, referring to figure 4, the sum of the bending moments in the shear walls at this height is
Equations (6) are seen to be a bank of ( n - I ) simultaneous ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. For any given function M~, these can be solved for the unknown functions T1, 7"2 . . . T,_ 1. Once these functions are known, the bending moments and shears throughout the system are readily written down. For simplicity, in this paper, solutions of equations (6) are demonstrated for only the following cases: (i) a pair of shear walls with one "gap" between;
M = M.-
i= l
~. Tili
l[;"
;)"
EId d2y
d ~2
EI z aZ2
dx 2
El 3 d l y Z~
dxz
EI._~
d=y__
dx 2
EI.
amy
dx 2
TI
T2
T2
T3
Tn - z "In_,
Tn-i
14
(Jill a single shear wall, flanked by much weaker columns, with symmetry. The three cases are shown diagrammatically in figure 5 and the third case requires a slight modification of treatment, which is given below.
r
i-
-I
'
Referring to figure 5(b), there are two "'gaps" and there are two equations (6). Because of symmetry, however, these two equations are identical, so that a single differential equation characterizes the behaviour. This single equation may be expressed in terms of the sum of the bending moments in the shear walls, M, and is in fact the same as equation (8) but with different definitions of %, ),~. d2M d.v2 where in this case
Ae
A-,
A,
'
(a)
L
(b)
:~M-
d2M~ dx 2
yZ,.M,
{8)
,
. . . . . . As 12 < Iz
1 [212
I )
/ = 211+/2
d2T dx 2
IM~ E1
1/12 .
I \
17)
It is convenient to use the sum of the bending moments in the shear walls, M, as the unknown instead o f 7". Equation (7) may then be recast, using equation 5(a) as
d2 M__gt2 M
d.v 2
d2Mx
=
- 3:~ M.~
(8)
d 2 M _ : x ~ M _ d2M:, .,2 M dx 2 dx 2 - ) ~ .~
where in this case
(8t
wherein
2 2 1112 1 1 )
1 [212
I \
1
= p +
and
and
Equation (8) is readily solved for any given externally applied bending moment function Mx, so as to give the sum of the bending moments in the shear walls, M. The two shear walls then share M in proportion to their respective E1 values.
The Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls
functions as well as functions of x which depend upon the particular loading pattern. The general nature of the deflection depends mainly on the value of ~t,, which has dimensions (length)-1, or more particularly on the value of (~t,H) where H is the height of the building. Let fir = ~t,H, so that fl, is a dimensionless ratio which can be thought of as a measure of how stiff the floor system is in relation to the shear walls. For fl, = 0 one gets pure cantilever deflection of the shear walls, whilst for increasing values of ft, the deflections become (a) smaller; (b) with increasing amount of"backbend". This is shown qualitatively in figure 6. The literature contains several papers which give expressions for transverse deflection corresponding to the more common loading patterns such as uniformly distributed load, triangular load intensity, tip concentrated load, etc.
Station
I
15
Station
Station 3
1
t
T
P q
Loading
Direction
~~ ~h~
where
(a) (b)
are considered later in the paper) a system o f horizontal shears is set up in the floors along the "cut" lines, the effect of which is to compel all stations to deflect equally. The behaviour of the rth such station is then given by d2M(')
dx2 ~2,14(r) "% " = d2M(r) -- - - - x 2 Yr (r)
dx 2
Mx
(9)
d2y M (,) = (EI~')+EI~')+ . . . ) dx 2 In equation (9) M (') is the sum of the moments accepted into the shear walls of the station, whilst Mtr) is the moment applied to the station and is x derived from all loads which are applied to the station at its boundaries. Thus M~') is derived not only from externally applied loading (such as wind or seismic load) but also from the interaction shear forces referred to above. The sum of all the bending moments in all the shear walls of the building is
P
M =
~
r=l
M (').
M tr)
Let
P
2,~
r=l
r=
1,2. . . . . p;
then
2r = 1
Thus the p governing differential equations are obtained by substituting M (') = 2,M in equation
(9)
d2M 2 2M = d2Mxt') 2 (,) 2, --d-~-x2 ,~, ~x2 ~,M~ for r = 1,2. . . . . p (lO)
16
Adding up all p equations (~ 2,) dM _ __ \, { ~ ).,~2) 2 ~~x _ 2
M =
d2 { ~ M~")
Unit load
P __ ~ "
~, Mx
(r)
or
dx'-"2-ct2M='~x2
d2(
P r=l
r==l
r=l
~ M~")
)
Fig. 8. Unithorizontal load.
Let the unit load be applied at nH below the top; then the statically determinate externally applied bending moment pattern is as shown in figure 9. This pattern is
-Z
where and ~ 2r - l
r--l
~',ZM~t"(11)
~2=
~ 2r~2
r=l
Mx = x - n i l
= 0 or M~ = [ x - n i l ]
ct2 is the weighted mean of the ~, values from z which one defines "overall ~" for the entire building. As noted above, and dealing now with the terms on the right hand side of equation (11), M~') for the rth station arises from both external sources and internal interaction shears. On adding up across the set of stations, the interaction effects vanish identically so that the first term on the right hand side is dZMx simply ~ , where M~ is the overturning moment applied to the entire building (at a distance x below the top) by the external forces (wind or seismic). The second term of the right hand side cannot be expressed accurately in terms of statically determinate moments; however, noting that M~ may be written as (2,Mx+interaction moment) and that on summing over the set of stations the interaction moments will be at least partially self-cancelling (though not exactly so because of the weighting ~,2), and approximation to this last term is y2Mx
r--p
wherein the square bracket indicates the Heaviside unit step function. Such a term is often called "Macaulay type".
///
(I-n) H
......... J ....
Solving equation (8) with Mx defined by equation (12) one finds Mx = A sinh ~x + B cosh ~x for O< x <_nil and 72 Mx = A' sinh ~x+B' cosh ~x+-~ ( x - n i l ) for n i l < x < H (13)
the 7~ values in the same manner that is related d2M 2 d2Mx to the ~, values. Thus (l l) gives -~--x2- ~ M = d x 2 Hence the form of equation (8) is retrieved. with the ct and i, parameters now being representative of the entire building instead of one particular station.
)~2M x.
Boundary and junction conditions sufficient for the evaluation of the constants are as follows: At x = 0, we h a v e M = 0
At x = nil, M is continuous across the junction dM. At x = nil, --~-xjumps by a unit amount (because we cross the unit load) dM At x = H , - - ~ x = I
The Structural Analysis o f Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls dM (It may be noted at this point that ~ is NOT in
17
general equal to the total shear force, because of the effect of the axial forces in the shear walls; in dT fact ~ = v - ~ B x where V is total shear force. Hence care must be exercised in evaluating the constants.) Using the above conditions, one finds
y at all twenty places for each load position (i.e. twenty values of O). One obtains a 20 x 20 flexibility matrix which may be inverted to give the stiffness matrix.
Load acceptance, moments and shears, at each station
Recalling that
2r
I(
M =
y2"~{l-cosh(l-n)ff~... ~ ,] sinh,x
y2 (I4)
total shear wall E1 at the rth station total shear wall E1 for the whole building
In equation (14) the square bracketed terms are "Macaulay type". At this stage it is convenient to express all distances in non-dimensional terms. The "nondimensional distances"are shown in figure 10 and
Unit load
one first finds the sum of the bending moments in all of the shear walls of the building, M, from equation (15) and thence obtains the sum of the bending moments in all of the shear walls of the rth station, which is 2,M. It is then possible to return to equation (10) and solve this for M~'), which is the total moment accepted at the rth station and comprises not only the moments in the shear walls but also the contributions arising from axial forces in the shear walls and columns. The total horizontal load acceptance at the station is then found to be composed of the following parts: 1. A concentrated load 2, at the level of the applied unit load. 2. A distributed load of intensity- A,(y2 - 7,~)Mx. (It will be recalled from equation (12) that Mx is zero at points above the load level and is ( x - n i l ) at points below.) 3. A distributed load 2,(~t2 - ~t,2)M. On evaluating the above terms, and integrating up, the total horizontal shear force accepted by all of the shear walls at the rth station is
/Z/Z/Y//
are ~ times the physical distances. Thus we have x = ~p, emil = nfl = O, ~p-0 = Q, etc. Defining
1 C = ~-~ I - ~ - ~
and K =
total bending moment accepted by all the shear walls is M = a 2 C [ I - c s h N1 cosh fl J sinh ~b+~2C [sinh Q] in which + 6~2K [Q] (15)
1 e, _ Y
On integrating equation (15) twice and inserting boundary conditions, the deflection of the building is obtained in the form
Ely = C
a= W
This is divided up between the shear wails of the rth station in a manner described in the appendix. Consideration of the overall equilibrium of the station next gives the station moment M~ as (o 2, ~ I'(1 M(, ) = 2, [Q] + A,(~2 _ ~, )t. < - c o s h N) sinh
(16)
Equation (16) yields the flexibilities of the building; for example, taking (say) twenty positions for the unit load (i.e. twenty values of N) and evaluating
B
18
The
vertical shear force per unit depth of the transverse medium is similarly found to be
L I
Mt')- 2~M
x
Iyy ~
v/Orgin
x
CT~)_
(20)
I,~
_[
Fig.
12.
approximately proportional to its moment of inertia (in the bending direction concerned) and to the amount of deflection which occurs. Taking an arbitrary origin and co-o.rdinate system (e.g. at one corner of the building, figure 12) the position of the centre of twist is readily found to be
= ~xlxx
Ixx V= E Y6v
l~y
(21)
Transferring the origin to the centre of twist and quoting co-ordinates Xo Y~ for the shear walls referred to this origin, the shear force in the rth shear wall in the x direction due to a twisting moment L is
L ytr)pr) --c "xx
v,j, = y (xc)21,x+~
and similarly for v ~r) --y
(rc)21.
cz 1
Fig. 11. Shear forces due to twisting.
Figure 13 shows a model structure, made of steel, which was used to check this (elastic) theory along with the finite element solution. Provision was made for loading the structure by centrally situated horizontal point loads at seven different heights and deflections were read at these same heights for each load position. The loads could be applied in either a N-S or E-W direction.
Thp Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls
1.51aI 0'1251A
19
Level 7 6 5 4 3 2 Level I
"
Elevation
(a)
Elevation
Plan (b}
It will be noted that the two-way symmetric nature of the structure means that no torsional effects were introduced. Four theoretical calculations were performed using the formulae presented in this paper, the four cases are: (i) Load in N-S direction, load at tip. (ii) Load in N-S direction, load at level 4. (iii) Load in E-W direction, load at tip. (iv) Load in E-W direction, load at level 2.
The theoretical deflection curves are plotted in figures 14 and 15 whilst the circles indicate experimental points. The agreement is very good. Details of the calculations are given in the Appendix.
--
//
//7
"Load at tip
___
/f
/~ /~;e~
Theoretical
Experimental
0 05
[iI
iI
025
ill
0.45
II
Ill,
065
I,
0.85
1,1,1
1.05
[IJl
1.25
ItlO -3,
in
0
J )
Load a,
level 2 J//-'~
~,~;~'II
/ . . . i
!Oin
Load at tip
.~_/~"
_. Finite element
~//"
//
Experirnental
L
[ t 1 L l
I,
I'
n I I I
I I I I ~1
n 1 t I+
J~l
.fY
)0,.5
0.95
0.45
0.6.5
0-85
1.05
17'5
x 10 -3,
in
20
L. G. Jaeger, A. A. Mufti and J. C. M a m e t nodes 4 and 7 to ensure their co-linearity; other beams with appropriate non-zero rigidities are located along the axes of symmetry of the floor in order to enforce the boundary conditions, i.e. the conditions of symmetry of the floor. The correlation between the results is found to be quite good. Acknowledgement--One of the authors (L. G. Jaeger) is professionally associated with the firm of Adjeleian and Associates, Consulting Structural Engineers, Ottawa. The co-operation of Mr. John Adjeleian and Mr. Michael Allen of that firm in developing some aspects of the analytical method described in the paper is gratefully acknowledged. y
to define the geometry and properties of the vertical columns. Figure 17 shows the idealization of one quarter of a typical floor subjected to N-S loading. It may be noted that the boundary nodes indicated correspond to the nodes of the vertical system of figure 16. Some of them correspond to real columns, others are added in order to satisfy boundary conditions. Figure 18 shows a similar idealization of the typical floor subjected to E - W loading. The only difference is that the mesh size has been reduced in the main direction of bending. In both cases, a beam has been added between
Beam
,/ ///"
5 0~5m I
ooi.
i i
2 25in
"11
i
!
2 25
in
275,r
O0 ~
1. M. HETENVl. A method of calculating drillage beams. Timoshenko 60th Anniversary Volume, New York. 2. A. W. HENDRY,and L. G. JA~6ER. A general method for the analysis of grid frameworks. Proe. Inst. Cir. Engrs. (London) Part lIl, December (1955). 3. L. CHITIV. On the cantilever composed of a number of parallel beams interconnected by cross-bars. Phil. Mag. (London) 38, Series 7, (1947). 4. A. COULLand J. R. CHAUDHURV.Stresses and deflections in coupled shear walls. J. Am. Concr. Inst., February (1967). 5. R. ROSMAN.Approximate analysis of shear walls subject to lateral loads. J. Am. Concr. Inst., June (1964). 6. A. QUADEERand B. STAFFORDSMITH. The bending stiffness of slabs connecting shear walls. J. Am. Concr. Inst., June (1969). 7. J. C. MAMET,A. A. MUFTIand L. G. JAEGER.New developments in the analysis of shear wall buildings. Proc. 1st Canadian Conf. on Earthquake Engineering Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, May (1971).
The Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Having Irregularly Positioned Shear Walls
APPENDIX A APPENDIX B
21
In equation (17) of the paper there is given an expression for the total shear force V, accepted by all of the shear walls at the r~y station. This total shear force is divided between the shear walls in a manner which depends upon the type of station involved (i.e. whether case 1, 2 or 3 as defined in the body of the paper). 2 f / 1 - cosh N \ DefiningJ= :~,ctC~ co-'~ )cosh~b
[QI2}
in. -~
72 = 0"023 in.- 1 1064 Then for each end station 21 = 2(1064) + 34,400 = 0.029 whilst 22 = 1 - 221 = 0.042
eI:,,
( EI:,, )
2, = sum of El,,] 2,
2~ 2) = \ e i ; ~ / ; ~ ) )
whence giving
\-g, j
v~2' \2, i v ' +
/2,
,,
)J
-2~ 2~ J
Case 2. Three shear walls, with symmetry, say El(, ~), EP, 2) and Eli, 1) for the three walls.
Again defining
(1) =
EP, 1~
(Total E1 at station)
etc.
?2 K = ~ -- 0.387 in. 3
one finds
The E1 for the entire building is 1.095 x 106 lb. in. 2 in the E - W direction so that the deflection equation (16) for a 1 lb. load at the tip becomes 1.095x 106y = 139-5 . sinh ~b'~ 7.05-~b+~)
v;', \2,)
v:,, _-_? ; %
\4
\T)
\2
+ 0.387(8.05 - ~b)2(16.1 + ~b) The above equation gives the curve shown in figure 15(a) and the other curves are obtained similarly.
Case 3. A single shear wall, flanked by weak columns. Here there is no dividing up to be done; the entire shear force It, at the station is taken by the shear wall.
22