by Kathryn Franck

Any one who believes that any great enterprise of an industrial character can be started without labor must have little experience of life. --William Graham Sumner

Last summer I visited three cotton factories...and we could not remain ten minutes in the factory without gasping for breath. How it is possible for those who are doomed to remain there twelve or fifteen hours to endure it? If we take into account the heated temperature of the air, and the the work people can bear the confinement for so great a length of time."--Dr. Ward

Industrial Revolution

Population Growth
(in millions) 1750 Great Britain France Germany Belgium Russia Europe 7.4 21 18 2.2 28 132 1800 10.5 27.3 23 3.1 40 190 1850 20.8 35.8 34 4.3 68.5 260

contamination of the air, it is a matter of astonishment to my mind, how

1700-1900
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Inventions from the Industrial Revolution

Textiles Inventions:
The Flying Shuttle

John Kay Turned wool into cloth James Hargreaves Turned wool into thread Richard Arkwright Used water power to run spinning wheels

Spinning Jenny

Water Frame

Spinning Mule

Samuel Crompton Made stronger thread

The Setting
During the 1700, in England, the Agricultural Revolution was just starting. The Agricultural Revolution set the stage for the Industrial Revolution because of the increase in food and population. Other reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England were because of the natural resources they had, such as rivers, iron, and coal. Many different inventions were also created to improve

production. As inventions came bigger and were no longer able to be kept in a house and so factories were made. The increase in population gave factories cheap labor. Some major characters in the Industrial Revolution were the factory workers, the factory owners, and the inventors.

Sewing Machine

I.M Singer Increased speed of sewing

Communication Inventions:
Telephone

Telegraph

Alexander Graham Bell Improved communication Samuel F.B Morse Improved communication

The Problem
Some problems with the Industrial Revolution were the increase of pollution and the unfair treatment of factory workers. Also artisans and other skilled workers lost their jobs because factories could make what they could only cheaper. Factory workers worked long hours and in horrible conditions. Factory owners did not give many breaks, even for meals. The new inventions and machinery in factories,

Problem: were dangerous and many people were injured. Children worked in factories for long hours, in unsanitary environments, taking away their opportunity of a childhood or education. Many workers lost limbs and were then replaced by factories without proper compensation.
Long hours:
Children had no time to be children. Also, educational time was replaced with work time. Many families hardly saw each other because of the early starts and late ends.

Bad Work Conditions:

Large machinery and unsanitary factories made work dangerous.

No Job Security:
When workers got hurt, factory owners replaced them and the workers had to support themselves without an income.

The Goal
The goal of the factories workers was to gain more rights. They wanted to change the current situation at the factories. The factory owners wanted to make money and keep up the British economy. They wanted to raise their status by getting rich off of cheap labour. The inventors goal was to improve the technology

of the time and to benefit the whole economy. They also made money off of their inventions. The British government wanted to sustain the economic boom that had taken place. They needed to support the growing population of Britain.

Main Events of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure policy and crop rotation increased farm efficiency, increasing food supplies.

Industrialization

Philosophy

Large machines were kept in factories, which began to spring up all over England.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels came up with the idea of socialism and communism

New inventions were coming out, improving farming.

The Increase in production required more laborers, leading to the employment of women and children. Unions were formed to enforce

Adam Smith supported capitalism in the government and wrote The Wealth of Nations.

The increase of food in turn increased the population.

reforms and change how work conditions were.

The Events
Most inventions were made during the Agricultural revolution, right before the Industrial Revolution. The inventions made the way for the Industrial Revolution. During the Industrial Revolution, transportation improved, such as the finishing a railroad that connected the main citied of England. Industrialization also spread

to other European countries and the United States. People began to think about the best way to run a government due to the rapid changes. Philosophers like Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels came up with different structures, socialism and capitalism. Unions were formed to help the workers to become more represented in their needs.
Unions were first banned by the English government because the government did not want any riots or violent protests. However, because of their popularity among workers, the government could no longer stop unions from forming.
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The Factory Act of 1833

Children had to be older than 9 to work in factories. 9-12 year olds could work 8 hours. 13-17 year olds could work 12 hours.

Reform Acts in England

The Mine Acts of 1842

Women and children could not work underground.

The Ten Hours Act of 1847

Women and children in factories could only hour days.

The Ending

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wealth in a nation became more evenly distributed. Life was changed by the Industrial Revolution. Sanitation and housing were improved by the end of the Revolution. Overall the Industrial Revolution increased wealth around the world, however, unindustrialized countries fell far behind the industrialized nations.

The formation of Unions brought about many needed reforms. Working conditions were reformed, making things safer and with more reasonable hours. Along with work related reforms, slavery was abolished in England. The economy in England and all over the world had prospered greatly. Population increased everywhere as well. A middle class was formed and the

The ballot is stronger than the bullet. --Abraham Lincoln The best argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter. -- Winston Churchill

A democracy, that is, a government of all the people, by all the people,

for all the people; of course, a government after the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of God; for shortness sake, I will call it the idea of freedom.--Theodore Parker

Democratic Reform

Abraham Lincoln

1815-1914
Winston Churchill Theodore Parker

The Setting
The British Empire had conquered many different countries and was expanding rapidly. The British people wanted suffrage for all, women especially fought for suffrage. The beginning of democratic reform was during the Victorian Age, when Victoria was the queen of England. In France, democracy was also a rising form of government. Europe, as a

whole, was becoming very Anti-Semitic. As the British Empire grew, so did democracy. Conquered areas, like Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Ireland all experienced a turn towards a more democratic government. Meanwhile, in the United States, Civil War erupted. The Democratic reform cleared the way for more inventions and entertainment like sports.
Entertainment became a far more personal thing in the days of the democratic reform. Mass culture, or entertainment for the public, increased. New inventions helped with the spread of leisure activities.
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The Problem
The British Government did not want to give rights to everyone because then the influence would be gone from the educated and wealthy. At the time, people believed that women should not be involved in politics. In Canada, there were problems between the French and the English settlers and who had control over the other. In New Zealand and Australia, there were

conflicts with the native people of the countries and the settlers. During the Civil War, the southerners and the northerners held different views on slavery. American expansion lead to problems among the natives and other European countries that had colonized there.

The Goal
The goal was to gain suffrage and equality for
The Northern states did not approve of slavery however the Southerners were sure that it was necessary for their economy. When the Northern states said that slavery needed to be abolished, several Southern state seceded and formed the Confederate states. The Northern states formed the Union. After a shooting on a Union fort, the American Civil War started. The Emancipation Proclamation helped abolish slavery and reunite the states.

Northerners wanted slavery to be abolished but the Southerners thought that they needed slaves for their economy. When America wanted to expand, their goal was that they believed they were required to move west and colonize. The goal was to gain land and wealth as well.

all. Women were tired of being mistreated because of gender. The goal of the countries that broke away from England was to make a democratic government and rule themselves. Ireland wanted to rid themselves of their English oppressors. They wanted home rule. During the Civil War, the

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Inventions, Scientific Advances and New Ideology of the 19th Century

Light Bulb: Thomas Edison Phonograph: Thomas Edison Airplane: The Wright Brothers

Motion Picture: Thomas Edison Assembly Line: Henry Ford Radioactivity: Marie Curie Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur Theory of Evolution: Charles Darwin Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud

The Events
Suffrage was continued to be fought for and gained around the world. Different colonies broke off from the British Empire to become dominions or independent countries. The American Civil War took place over the issue of slavery. The Northern states won and all the states were reunited. Americans believed that they needed to expand into the west of North America. Through wars and treaties, much of the western land was gained.

New states continued to join America, increasing its size and power. As America grew in strength, the need for entertainment grew around the world. New inventions came along that improved entertainment such as the phonograph or the motion picture camera. Leisure activities were no longer only for the wealthy, but for all the public.

British Empire
Canada Canada wanted to have home rule, or the ability for a country to govern themselves but be apart of the Empire. New Zealand and Australia New Zealand and Australia wanted home rule as well. The Maori were the native people in New Zealand and there were land conflicts between the Europeans and the Native People in both New Zealand and Australia. Ireland The Irish people resented the British because of their long history of the British ruling over the Irish. The Irish demanded freedom but World War I prevented the British empire from freeing them. Also the British empire was concerned for the Protestants in Northern

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The Ending
Women gained suffrage and voting requirements were loosened, making it possible for more men to vote as well. All the countries that wanted home rule gained it. However, Ireland ended up splitting because of the British governments concern for the Protestants, of Northern Ireland, since Ireland was mainly Catholic. At the end of the Civil War, slavery was abolished and America reunited. America continued to expand

into the western part of North America. Technology increased as the spread of people increased. The expansion of America made it the size that it is today and made America a leading power back then and now. The idea of mass culture and the need for entertainment started at the end of the Democratic Reform Era.

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