-MADE BY:

MANSI ANAND DIVYA CHADHA AYUSH GUPTA SAMARPITA BANERJEE

81XX 81XX 81XX 8124

Q1. Describe definition of a company and its salient features.

Ans: DEFINITION OF A COMPANY AND ITS SALIENT FEATURES: Indian Company law 1956s section 3(1) (i) define company, Company is the organisation which is formed and registered under this law or any previous law According to Section 3(1) of the Companies Act,1956 Definitions of "Company", "Existing Company", "Private Company" and "Public Company" (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, the expressions "company", "existing company", "private company" and "public company" shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), have the meanings specified below (i) "company" means a company formed and registered under this Act or an existing company as defined in clause (ii); (ii) "existing company" means a company formed and registered under any of the previous companies laws specified below (a) Any Act or Acts relating to companies in force before the Indian Companies Act, 1866 (10 of 1866.)and repealed by that Act; (b) The Indian Companies Act, 1866 (10 of 1866); (c) The Indian Companies Act, 1882 (6 of 1882); (d) The Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of 1913); (e) The Registration of Transferred Companies Ordinance, 1942 ( 54 of 1942); and 2[(f) Any law corresponding to any of the Acts or the Ordinance aforesaid and in force (1) in the merged territories or in a Part B State (other than the State of Jammu and Kashmir), or any part thereof, before the extension thereto of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of 1913); or (2) in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, or any part thereof, before the commencement of the Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act, 1956 (62 of 1956). 1[in so far as banking, insurance and financial corporations are concerned, and before the commencement of the Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 1968 (25 of 1968) in so far as other corporations are concerned];] (iii) "private company" means a company which, by its articles (a) restricts the right to transfer its shares, if any; (b) limits the number of its members to fifty not including (i) persons who are in the employment of the company, and (ii) persons who, having been formerly in the employment

of the company, were members of the company while in that employment and have continued to be members after the employment ceased; and (c) prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares in, or debentures of, the company: Provided that where two or more persons hold one or more shares, in a company jointly, they shall, for the purposes of this definition, be treated as a single member; (iv) "public company" means a company which is not a private company. (2) Unless the context otherwise requires, the following companies, shall not be included within the scope of any of the expressions defined in clauses (i) to (iv) of sub-section (1), and such companies shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to have been formed and registered outside India:(a) a company the registered office where of is in Burma, Aden or Pakistan, and which immediately before the separation of that country from India was a company as defined in clause (i) of subsection (1);. SALIENT FEATURES OF A COMPANY:Features of Company:1. Separate legal entity It is the feature of company that company is not just association of persons but it has separate legal entity. It is an artificial person in the eye of law. Its asset is not the asset of shareholder. It can contract with members. 2. Separate Property It is also feature of company that property of company is different from its members. It can purchase or sell property without the permission of shareholders. In other words, assets of company are not the assets of members like partnership. 3. Limited Liability Limited liability is also another important feature of company. It is the reason that large number of investors invest in limited liability companies. It is the liability of company to repay not the liability of its members. Members liability is only limited

up to the purchased value of shares. They have to pay balance amount of their shares. 4. Perpetual Succession The life of company is very stable that human beings life. There is no effect of changing, death, insolvency of respected member on company. Its existence is not affected by members existence. Shares can easily transfer from one member to another member, so liquidation of company is only possible by law. 5. Common Seal Company can not sign on any contract because it is artificial person and it works with common seal. Every document of contract with company is only valid, if there is common seal of company on it. 6 Right to Sue Company can sue on other parties like natural person for protecting its assets and properties. Other persons can also charge on the company.

Ques.2 Give the significance of Memorandum, articles and clauses of memorandum. Ans. Memorandum of association is one of the documents which has to filed with the registrar of companies at the time of incorporation of a company. Section 2(28)defines a memorandum to mean the memorandum of association of a company as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance of any previous company law or of this act. The definition, however, either does not give us any idea as to what a memorandum of association really is nor does it point out the role which it plays in the affairs of the company. The memorandum of association is an extremely important document in relation to the affairs of the company. It is a document which sets out the constitution of the company and is really the foundation on which the structure of the company is based. It contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone the company is allowed to be incorporated. A company may pursue only such objects and exercise only such powers as are conferred expressly in the memorandum or by implication therefore i.e.

such powers as are incidental to the attainment of the objects. A company cannot depart from the provisions contained in its memorandum, however, great the necessity may be. If it does, it defines its relation with the outside world and the scope of its activities. The purpose of the memorandum is to enable shareholders, creditors and those who deal with the company to know what the permitted range of the enterprise is. It defines as well as confines the powers of the company; it not only shows the object of its formation, but also the utmost possible scope of its operation beyond which its action cannot go. Lord Cairns in Ashbury Railway Carriage Co. V. Riche pointed out, The memorandum is as it were, the area beyond which the action of the company cannot go; inside that area the shareholders may make such regulations for their own government as they think fit. Purpose of memorandum: The purpose of the memorandum is two fold. 1. The intending share holder who contemplates the investment of his capital shall know within what field it is to be put at risk. 2. Anyone who shall deal with the company shall know without reasonable doubt whether the contractual relation into which he contemplates entering with the company is one relating to a matter within its corporate objects. At least seven persons in the case of public company and at least two in the case of a private company must subscribe to the memorandum. The memorandum shall be printed, divided into consecutively numbered paragraphs, and shall be signed by each subscriber, with his address, description and occupation added, the presence of at least one witness who will attest the same. Different clauses: A brief discussion of the various clauses is as follows: Name clause: A company may be registered with any name it likes. But no company shall be registered by a name which in the opinion of the central government is undesirable and in particular which is identical or which too nearly resembles the name of an existing company. Where a company is registered by a name so similar to that of another company, that the public are likely to be deceived, the court will grant an injunction restraining it from using that name. Every public company must write the word limited after its name and every private limited company must write the word private limited after its name. The use of the word company is however, not compulsory. Companies, whose liabilities are not limited, are prohibited from using the word limited. The words limited may be dispensed with in the name of charitable companies. But companies formed to promote art, science, religion etc, which do not propose to pay dividend but intend to

apply all its profits towards the working of the company, can be registered without the word limited under licenses granted by the central government. A company cannot adopt a name which violates the provisions of the emblems and names act 1950. This act prohibits the use of the name and emblems of the united nation, and the world health organization, the official seal and emblem of the central and the state governments, the Indian National Flag, the name and pictorial representation of Mahatma Gandhi and the prime minister of India. If a limited company makes a contract without using the word limited the directors who make the contract on behalf of the company would be personally liable. Every company is required to publish its name outside its registered office, and outside every place where it carries on business, to have its name engraved on its seal and to have its name on all business letters, bill heads, notices and other official publications of the company. Registered office clause: This clause states the name of the state where the registered office of the company is to situate. The registered office clause is important for two reasons. Firstly, it ascertains the domicile and nationality of a company. This domicile clings to it throughout its existence. Secondly, it is the place where various registers relating to the company must be kept and to which all communications and notices must be sent. A company need not carry on its business at its registered office. A company shall have its registered office. Such office must be in existence from the date on which the company begins to carry on business or within 30 days after incorporation, whichever is earlier. Notice of situation of the registered office and every change therein must be given within 30 days from the date of incorporation of the company of after the date of change, as the case may be. Objects clause: The objects clause is the most important clause in the memorandum of association of a company. It is not merely a record of what is contemplated by the subscribers, but it serves a two-told purpose: (a) It gives an idea to the prospective shareholders the purposes for which their money will be utilized. (b) It enables the persons dealing with the company to ascertain its powers. In case of companies which were in existence immediately before the commencement of the companies act 1965, the objects clause has simply to state the objects of the company. But in the case of a company to be registered after the amendment, the objects clause must state separately:

(a) Main objects. This sub-clause has to state the main objects to be pursued by the company on its incorporation and objects incidental or ancillary to the attainment of the main objects. (b) Other objects. This sub-clause shall state other objects which are not included in the above clause. Further, in the case of a non-trading company. Whose objects are not confined to one states clause must mention specifically the states to whose territories the objects extend. The subscribers to the memorandum of association may choose and object or objects for their company. There are, however, certain restrictions. 1. The objects should not be against the policy of the constitution. For example, the object should not be such as to encourage untouched ability which has been abolished under our constitution. 2. The objects should not include anything which is illegal or against public policy. For example, forming a company for dealing in lotteries or for trading with the alien enemies. 3. The object must not be against the provisions of the companies act, as for example, authorizing the company to purchase its own shares. On its being registered, the company has power to do whatever is necessary to do for attaining the objects stated in the memorandum, and to do whatever else is incidental to or consequential upon the attainment of the main object. It is, therefore, clear that any act of the company outside its stated, objects is ultra viruses and therefore void and cannot be ratified even by the whole body of shareholders. Liability clause: This clause states that the liability of the members of the company is limited. In the company is limited. In the case of a company limited by shares, the member is liable only to the amount unpaid on the shares taken by him. In the case of a company limited by guarantee the members are liable to the amount undertaken to be contributed by them to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up. However, this clause is omitted from the memorandum of association of unlimited companies. Any alteration in the memorandum compelling a member to take up more shares, or which increases his liability, would be null and void. If a company carries on business for more than six months, while the number of members is less than 7, in the case of public company and less than 2 in case of a private company each member aware of this fact, is liable for all the debts contracted by the company after the period of six months has elapsed.

Capital clause: The memorandum of a company limited by shares must state the authorized or nominal share capital, the different kinds of shares, the authorized or nominal share capital, the different kinds of shares, and the nominal value of each share. The capital clause need not state anything else and it is usually better that it should not do so. Association or subscription clause: This clause provides that those who have agreed to subscribe to the memorandum must signify their willingness to associate and form a company. According to section 12 of the act, at least seven persons are required to sign the memorandum in the case of a public company, and at least two persons in the case of a private company. The memorandum has to be signed by each subscriber in the presence of at least one witness who must attest the signatures. Each subscriber must write opposite his name the number of shares he shall take. No subscriber of the memorandum shall take less than one share. This clause need not be numbered.

Article of Association The internal 'rule book' that, according to corporate legislation, every incorporated firm must have and work by. And which, along with memorandum of association, forms the constitution of a firm. Also called articles, it is a contract(1) between the members (stockholders, subscribers) and the firm and (2) among the members themselves. It sets out the rights and duties of directors and stockholders individually and in meetings. Certain statutory (obligatory)clauses (such as those dealing with allotment, transfer, and forfeiture of shares) must be included; the other (non-obligatory) clauses are chosen by the stockholders to make up the bylaws of the firm. A court, however, may declare a clause ultra vires if it is deemed unfair, unlawful, or unreasonable. A copy of the articles is lodged with the appropriate authority such as the registrar of companies. Articles are public documents and may be inspected by anyone (usually on payment of a fee) either at the premises of the firm and/or at the registrar's office. Lenders to the firm take special interest in its provisions that impose a ceiling on the borrowings beyond which the firm's management must get stockholders' approval before taking on more debt. The Articles covers the following topics: the issuing of shares (also called stock), different voting rights attached to different classes of shares

valuation of intellectual rights, say,the valuations of the IPR of one partner and,for example,the real estate of the other

the appointments of directors - which shows whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality with all contributors

directors meetings - the quorum and percentage of vote management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder

transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders or other members of the company do

special voting rights of a Chairman,and his/her mode of election

the dividend policy - a percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit or otherwise

winding up - the conditions, notice to members

confidentiality of know-how and the founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure

first right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder.

Ques 3. Give the significance of the company meeting, statutory meeting, annual general meeting and extraordinary general meeting. Ans: SIGNIFICANCE OF STATUTORY MEETING

(1) Every company limited by shares, and every company limited by guarantee and having a share capital, shall, within a period of not less than one month nor more than six months from the date at which the company is entitled to commence business, hold a general meeting of the members of the company, which shall be called the statutory meeting. (2) The Board of directors shall, at least twenty-one days before the day on which the meeting is held, forward a report (in this Act referred to as the statutory report) to every member of the company: Provided that if the statutory report is forwarded later than is required above, it shall, notwithstanding that fact, be deemed to have been duly forwarded if it is so agreed to by all the members entitled to attend and vote at the meeting. (3) The statutory report shall set out (a) the total number of shares allotted, distinguishing shares allotted as fully or partly paid up otherwise than in cash, and stating in the case of shares partly paid up, the extent to which they are so paid up, and in either case, the consideration for which they have been allotted; (b) the total amount of cash received by the company in respect of all the shares allotted, distinguished as aforesaid;

(c) an abstract of the receipts of the company and of the payments made thereout, up to a date within seven days of the date of the report, exhibiting under distinctive headings the receipts of the company from shares and debentures and other sources, the payments made there out, and particulars concerning the balance remaining in hand, and an account or estimate of the preliminary expenses of the company, showing separately any commission or discount paid or to be paid on the issue or sale of shares or debentures; (d) the names, addresses and occupations of the directors of the company and of its auditors; and also, if there be any, of its manager, and secretary; and the changes, if any which have occurred in such names, addresses and occupations since the date of the incorporation of the company; (e) the particulars of any contract which, or the modification or the proposed modification of which, is to be submitted to the meeting for its approval, together in the latter case with the particulars of the modification or proposed modification; (f) the extent, if any, to which each under-writing contract, if any, has not been carried out, and the reasons therefor; (g) the arrears, if any, due on calls from every director and from the manager; and (h) the particulars of any commission or brokerage paid or to be paid in connection with the issue or sale of shares or debentures to any director or to the manager. (4) The statutory report shall be certified as correct by not less as two directors of the company one of whom shall be a managing director, where there is one. After the statutory report has been certified as aforesaid, the auditors of the company shall, insofar as the report relates to the shares allotted by the company, the cash received in respect of such shares and the receipts and payments of the company certify it as correct. (5) The Board shall cause a copy of the statutory report certified as is required by this section to be delivered to the Registrar for registration forthwith, after copies thereof have been sent to the members of the company. (6) The Board shall cause a list showing the names, addresses and occupations of the members of the company, and the number of shares held by them respectively, to be produced at the commencement of the statutory meeting, and to remain open and accessible to any member of the company during the continuance of the meeting. (7) The members of the company present at the meeting shall be at liberty to discuss any matter relating to the formation of the company or arising out of the statutory report, whether previous notice has been given or not; but no resolution may be passed of which notice has not been given in accordance with the provisions of this Act. (8) The meeting may adjourn from time to time, and at any adjourned meeting any resolution of which notice has been given in accordance with the provisions of this

Act, whether before or after the former meeting, may be passed; and the adjourned meeting shall have the same powers as an original meeting. (9) If default is made in complying with the provisions of this section, every director or other officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees. (10) This section shall not apply to a private company.

SIGNIFICANCE OF EGM An extraordinary general meeting (EGM) of a company is a general meeting of all members of a company (this usually means shareholders) other than the AGM. Like an AGM, an EGM gives shareholders a chance to vote on important decisions. An EGM may be called at any time. An EGM is therefore called when a decision needs to be made that cannot wait for the next AGM. There are also some decisions that, by law or by a company's articles, require an EGM: in this case the EGM may take place immediately before or after the next AGM. An EGM is called by the directors of a company. Shareholders with a stake of over 10% (in combination) may force an EGM. In some settings, this is known as a Special General Meeting or an Emergency General Meeting. The directors of a public company must convene an EGM if the net assets fall to half or less of the amount of its called-up share capital (s142 CA 1985) Reasons for calling an EGM include:

approving a major acquisition allowing major shareholders to arrange the removal directors with whom they have disagreed changing the name of the company approving major changes to a company's financial structure that require a reduction or increase in share capital.

Ques 4. Give significance of incorporation and certifificate of incorporation. Ans: COMPANY INCORPORATION IN INDIA In India, company can be incorporated either as a Private Limited or Public Limited. The incorporation procedure all over India is same. First one has to get the name approval of the proposed company from Registrar of Companies (ROC).

After name approval, along with the application for incorporation, the Memorandum and Articles of Association in addition to other necessary prescribed documents has to be submitted with the ROC. The Memorandum of Association stipulates the constitution and objects of the company. The Articles of Association contains the rules and regulations of the company for the management of its affairs. After examining the documents the ROC issues a Certificate of Incorporation. Thereafter a private company becomes entitled to commence its business and a public company after obtaining the certificate of commencement of business from ROC. Since year 2007 ROC have introduced a new system of e-filing, under which all forms are to be submitted online and the original documents in person. The procedure for incorporating a company in India is as under 1. Obtain Director Identification Number (DIN) and Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) for each Director / Promoter before making any application to ROC. Digital Signature Certificate is required for all Directors or authorized representatives of any company and professional who will require signing Registrar Of Companies (ROC) forms or documents. A DSC, like hand written signature, establishes the identity of the sender filing the documents through Internet that the sender cant revoke or deny. A DSC is not only a digital equivalent of a hand written signature it adds extra data electronically to any message or a document where it is used to make it more authentic and more secured. 2. Apply for the name availability of the proposed company to ROC. For this one has to fill Form 1A and submit online along with requisite fee with ROC. 3. Once Name is approved and made available by the ROC it remains valid for 6 months. If you do not incorporate the proposed company within 6 months you can renew the name by paying prescribed fee. 4. After getting the name following documents are prepared 1. Memorandum of Association 2. Articles of Association 3. Letter of authority to a person for carrying out corrections 4. Declaration by the Promoter Directors 5. Form 32 for the Directors 6. Form 18 for registered office address 7. Demand Draft in favour of Registrar of companies for the prescribed amount towards registration fee. 5. Memorandum and Articles of Association are to be duly stamped before filing with ROC. 6. All the above documents are also filed in original with ROC,

7. On the receipt of the documents ROC will scrutinize the papers and if any modification is required he will direct to make such changes accordingly. 8. Once ROC is satisfied and scrutiny is completed he will issue certificate of Incorporation. The company would come into existence from the date of Certificate of incorporation.

Q5.What is the role played by company auditor and company secretary. Ans. ROLE PLAYED BY A COMPANY AUDITOR:According to accounting, an audit is an autonomous evaluation of the fairness via which a corporation's economic statements are offered by its management. It is executed by competent, independent and intent individual or individuals who are known as accountants and auditors, who then give a report on the results of the audit. Audits are carried out to determine the authority and dependability of financial information. An auditor basically does auditing for a firm or organization. Where as an audit evaluates an association, scheme, procedure, plan or product. An audit is usually based on chance sampling and is not a declaration that financial statements are completely perfect. It plainly offers assurance for third parties or external users that such statements offer 'fairly' a company's economic condition and results of the operations carried out. In financial accounting, an audit is categorized by the independent assessment of the justice by which a company's financial statements are prepared and presented to and by its management. This task is mainly performed by the skilled, competent, independent and objective persons, known as accountants or auditors. Auditors are on the whole very knowledgeable with every aspect of auditing and they in turn issue a

report known as auditors report. There are mainly two types of auditors: External Auditors: These auditors are called from outside the company to access and evaluate financial statements of their clients or to perform necessary evaluation than required. They are mostly employed for a period of 1 year. Internal Auditors: These are the company hired employees to access and evaluate the internal control required by the company. They report directly to BODs or the top management. They are responsible to have a through view related to the frauds and mishappenings that exists in a company.

Role of company secretary: Pursuant to section 383A of the Companies Act, 1956, companies with a paid-up share capital of Rs.Two crores or more are compulsorily required to appoint a whole time Company Secretary who must be member of the Institute of Company Secretaries India. Every company having a paid-up share capital of Rs.Ten Lakhs or more but less than Rs.Two Crores, is required to engage the services of a Secretary in Whole-time Practice for issue of compliance Certificate. The Company Secretary Is a vital link between the company and its Board of Directors, shareholders, government and regulatory authorities. Ensures that Board procedures are both followed and regularly reviewed and provides guidance to Chairman and the Directors on their responsibilities under various laws. Commands high position in the value chain and acts as conscience seeker of the company.

A Company Secretary being multidisciplinary professional renders services in following areas: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SECRETARIAL SERVICES Corporate Governance Services Advising on good governance practices and compliance of Corporate Governance norms as prescribed under various Corporate, Securities and Other Business Laws and regulations and guidelines made thereunder.

Corporate Secretarial Services Promotion, formation and incorporation of companies and matters related therewith Filing, registering any document including forms, returns and applications by and on behalf of the company as an authorized representative Maintenance of secretarial records, statutory books and registers Arranging board/general meetings and preparing minutes thereof All work relating to shares and their transfer and transmission Secretarial/Compliance Audit and Certification Services

Secretarial/Compliance Audit Compliance certificate for companies not required to employ a whole time Secretary Signing of Annual Return Other declaration, attestations and certifications under the Companies Act, 1956

CORPORATE LAWS ADVISORY AND REPRESENTATION SERVICES Corporate Laws Advisory Services Advising companies on Compliance of legal and procedural aspects, particularly under SEBI Act, SCRA and rules and regulations made there under Foreign Exchange Management Act Consumer Protection Act Depositories Act Environment and Pollution Control Laws Labour and Industrial Laws Co-operative Societies Act Mergers and Amalgamations and Strategic Alliances Foreign Collaborations and Joint Ventures Setting up subsidiaries abroad Competition Policy and Anti Competitive Practices IPR Protection, Management, Valuation and Audit Drafting of Legal documents.

Representation Services

Representing on behalf of a company and other persons before Company Law Board National Company Law Tribunal Competition Commission of India Securities Appellate Tribunal Registrar of Companies Consumer Forums Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal Tax Authorities Other quasi-judicial bodies and Tribunals Arbitration and Conciliation Services

Advising on arbitration, negotiation and conciliation in commercial disputes between the parties Acting as arbitration/conciliator in domestic and international commercial disputes Drafting Arbitration/Conciliation Agreement/Clause

FINANCIAL MARKETS SERVICES Public Issue, Listing and Securities Management Advisor/consultant in issue of shares and other securities Preparation of Projects Reports and Feasibility Studies Syndication of Loans from banks & financial institutions Drafting of prospectus/offer for sale/letter of offer/other documents related to issue of securities and obtaining various approvals in association with lead managers Loan Documentation, registration of charges, status and search reports Listing of securities/delisting of securities with recognized stock exchange Private placement of shares and other securities Buy-back of shares and other securities Raising of funds from international markets ADR/GDR/ECB Takeover Code and Insider Trading

Ensuring compliance of the Takeover Regulations and any other laws or rules as may be applicable in this regard Acting as Compliance Officer and ensuring compliance with SEBI (Prohibition of insider Trading) Regulations, 1992 including maintenance of various documents.

Securities Compliance and Certification Services

Compliance with rules and regulations in the securities market particularly Internal Audit of Depository Participants Certification under SEBI (DIP) Guidelines Audit in relation to Reconciliation of shares Certificate in respect of compliance of Private Limited and Unlisted Public Company (Buy Back Securities) Rules FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING SERVICES Internal Audit Secretary to Audit Committee Working capital and liquidity management Determination of an appropriate capital structure Analysis of capital investment proposals Business valuations prior to mergers and/or acquisitions Loan syndication Budgetary controls Accounting and compilation of financial statements

TAXATION SERVICES Advisory services to companies on tax management and tax planning under Income Tax, Excise and Customs Laws Preparing/reviewing various returns and reports required for compliance with a the tax laws and regulations Representing companies and other persons before the tax authorities and tribunals INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND WTO SERVICES Advising on all matters related to IPRs and TRIPs Agreement of WTO Advising on matters relating to antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties International Commercial Arbitration Advising on and issuing certificates on Exim Policy and Procedures Advising on Intellectual Property licensing and drafting of Agreement Acting as registered Trade Mark Agent

MANAGEMENT SERVICES General/Strategic Management Advising on Legal Structure of the organization Business policy strategy and planning Formulation of the organizational structure Acting as management representative to obtain ISO Certification

Corporate Communications and Public Relations

Communication with shareholders, stakeholders, Government and Regulators, Authorities, etc. Advisory services for Brand equity and image building Human Resources Management Manpower planning and development Audit of the HR function Performance appraisal Motivation and remuneration strategies Industrial relations Office management, work studies and performance standards Advising on industrial and labour laws Information Technology Compliance with cyber laws Conducting Board Meetings through video-conferencing and teleconferencing Advising on software copyright and licensing Development of management reports and controls Maintenance of statutory records in electronic form Sending notices to shareholders by electronic mode Filing of forms/documents in electronic form with Registrar of Companies and other statutory authorities