Curso de Verano : 21 al 25 de Julio 2003. Gijn. http://www.construccion.uniovi.

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Aplicacin de los E.F. en la construccin : Programa ANSYS-CivilFem

Introduccin al mtodo de los elementos finitos

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3D. Solucin tridimensional exacta de las

ecuaciones de equilibrio (muy difcil,
cuando existe)

APROXIMACIONES
(hiptesis sobre u, e,
)
Indeformabilidad

Deformabilidad

slidos rgidos
(mecnica general)

Estructuras

Casos especiales

3D

1D
- 1 dimensin mucho mayor
que las otras dos
- cables, hilos
- barras
- vigas
- tirantes
(L/b>10)

Estados
planos

2D
-1 dimensin, comparada con
las otras dos, es:
muy
pequea

inferior

-placas delgadas -placas semigruesas

-cscaras semigrueas
-cscaras
(a/h<20)
-membranas
(a/h>20)

Axisimetra

(geometra y carga)
- deformacin

-slidos de revolucin

- espesor muy grande,

carga uniforme
perpendicular al espesor

-slidos 3D
-cscaras

- tensin
- espesor muy pequeo,
carga en la direccin del
espesor

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u(x,y)

u (e) (x,y)

u (e) (x,y)

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tq o t o m v u w m q p q w o m t O[n r v q tt t m q t q m m m pq  v m w m v q w w tn q p m q q v 6m w m v no v wO q v 6q r p u t n
n q w o m t n [ qJr t 6t w q p t qn O w m v u w p q p v s o t qJ t v p JtMut nt p v m Jt t v n m q [n r t n
p q m v w q n
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q t q p v n v r q r p t q p v n

Modelo unidimensional

Modelo bidimensional

Modelo tridimensional

Elementos lnea

Elementos cuadrilteros y
rectngulos

Elementos hexadricos y
tetradricos

Am p t [lm n r m w r v nr m v n q
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u (e) (x,y)
aproximacin lineal

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Polinomio grado 1
1

1D

8
4
2

9 5

15

13

17

4 10

3
2

16
7

3D

V W

2
1

2D

Polinomio grado 2

20
4 11

12
1

7
14
19

18
3

10
2

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/    5  =D ? F< =A > A =D ? C JGA >(J C? = H B < @ D D ? F< =@ A@ C H < >
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C >( =D ? < = A >5@ A-D C @ C- = <@ AA J J < >5> A-B A > A =A =J C B C> ? ? A = H A L

CALCULISTA

INICIO
DEFINICION DEL
PROBLEMA

CODIGO DE CALCULO

PREPROCESADOR
* lectura de parmetros de
control
* lectura de coordenas nodales
* lectura de datos de cada
elemento
* lectura de datos del material
* lectura de las condiciones de
contorno

FIN
ANALISIS Y DECISIONES
SOBRE EL DISEO

MODELIZACION

PROCESADOR
* generacin de las funciones
de interpolacin
* formacin de las ecuaciones
* matrices de transformacin
* transformacin de ecuaciones
a los eje globales
* ensamblaje
* aplicacin de las condiciones
de contorno
* resolucin
* clculos: desplazamientos,
deformaciones, tensiones, etc.

POSTPROCESADOR
* impresin, dibujo, visualizacin
de los parmetros fsicos del
porblema
* operaciones secundarias:
combinacin, etc.
* mdulos especiales de
anlisis: fatiga, optimizacin,
etc.

N? B C- KF< @ J < >5@ A =E B < B C C-@ A-A J A A = H < >( = ? H < >
M=A J5A B D C @ </A ? > H A =@ ? A B > < >DGF< @ ? < >@ A&D J D J <&9599 (95 9-(9  ( -K ;5 9 5 9-
;5 K* K& ;9 A H D L(;(C @ C = <@ AA J J < >(C> ? @ <@ A > C B B < J J C @ <E< B5 =A ? E<@ AC H A C F H ? D < > F > ? D < > ? = A = ? A B < >
A? = < B C F H ? D < >5 A-> A< D ECC @ A C F >5@ A-> C = H A = ? ? A = H <C D H C J ? C D ? F< =L(;(C @ CDF< @ ? <D < E B A =@ A A =E B ? =D ? E ? <
D < >5D ? A = H < >5@ A? J A >9@ A? => H B D D ? < = A > A = A B C J A = H A9A =&N 5 9-L
lm(n { u y |9tG wxGy { u9t / { ttGsqVws s w| {
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@ A J(E B < I J A C - C B ? C D ? < = A >-@ AA > EA > < B A = H C J J C >  = ? < = A > A H D L /A =2> A =@ <&J C B-E< B-J CIF > A @ C&@ AJ CC < B
B A J C B ? @ C @&E< > ? I J AA =*J C < B C@ AJ < >9A J A A = H < >  C AJ < >9A J A A = H < >-@ ? > H < B > ? < =C @ < > D < =*B A J C D ? < = A >9A = H B A> >
@ ? > H ? = H C >5@ ? A => ? < = A >(C < B A >(@ A (E B A > A = H C =C H B ? D A >5@ AB ? ? @ A C JD < =@ ? D ? < =C @ C > L

   ( 9 G

5     & 9 ( 5  ( 9  - & 5  5
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-  G 
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      - -  -   -  2   ( 
   - &    & - 9  5   

Uno de los nodos de las

fronteras adyacentes no est
conectado. Debe de utilizarse
un elemento de transicin

-   5  
/   (     ( -- 

a)

b)

  (  G
   G  9599  (     ( 5 5 5   
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9    -    9  9   9     
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       $      
 
W"X 
p

1/2pL

1/2pL

Y 

W"X

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-  G         \]

         $        
1/4pA

^Area A
Y 

W"X

1/4pA

1/4pA

1/4pA

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2/3pL

1/6pL

1/6pL

Y 

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` a b ced fg h i f i j k l m n p o j!q i]r n fi k s t o l r

u v

-1/12pA

1/3pA
-1/12pA

p
1/3pA

1/3pA

-1/12pA

-1/12pA

1/3pA
Area A

w n x y s la cz{i gl s k p q i]m l s x l]i j!i h'm yl q s n h ol k i s p q i |]j p q p r

}'~ 2 '2 ' 3 2  
j$i hm l r p fol rx i j i s l h
y
y
uy

x
ux

MODELADO DE LA MITAD DE LA ESTRUCTURA SI:

*SIMETRIA: u x=0; y =0; z=0 en P del plano de
simetra

*ANTISIMETRIA: u

=0; u z=0; x =0 en P del plano

de simetra

w n x y s l a a z'd fg h i f i k l m n p o j q i]r n f i k s t o l]!l j k n r n f i k s t o l

m p j k n j yl m n p o j$ i s i f p rl h x y j p ri i fg h p r z
v=0

O
x

en el borde y = 0

= 0

v
x

w n x y s l a zh l j p q i]r n fi k s t o l]] i j$y j!g h l m l

 e  ! ] 

u=0

en el borde x = 0

y = 0

v
u

v=0

en el borde y = 0

= 0

  ]  ]] $ ] ! !

x = 0

en el borde y = 0

  ] !  ]

w = 0

en el borde y = 0

x 0

  ] !  ]

F1

P1

F2

FS
=

P2

FS

FA
+

P1

P2

P1
con

P1

F2

SOLUCION

Condiciones de
antisimetra

FA

FS
=

P2

P2

F S =(F 1 +F 2)/2
F A =(F 1 -F 2 )/2

Condiciones de
simetra

F1

-F A

+
P1

P1

SOLUCION CASO SIMETRICO

SOLUCION CASO ANTISIMETRICO

  ] R   R '          
 '! ] 

 e  ! ] 

F/4

CS

CS

F/4

F/4 CS F/4

F/4

F/4

CA

F/4

F/4

F/4

F/4 CA F/4

CS

F/4

F/4

CA

F/4

CA

F/4

F/4

(CS= condiciones de simetra;

CA=condiciones de antisimetra)

  ] R  
R '  ] 
   

 
 
 '
   ] 

Curso de Verano : 8 al 12 de Julio 2002. Gijn. http://www.construccion.uniovi.es

Aplicacin de los E.F. en la construccin : Programa ANSYS-CivilFem
INDICE

1. Introduccin
2. Formulacin del problema elstico
3. Modelizacin
4. Discretizacin
5. Formulacin matricial del problema
6. Resumen de las etapas del anlisis de una estructura por el MEF
7. Modelos estructurales
8. Funciones de forma C0
9. Funciones de forma C1
10. Interpolacin isoparamtrica
11. Integracin numrica
12. Requisitos de los elementos para la convergencia de la solucin
13. consideraciones sobre compatibilidad y equilibrio de la solucin
14. Tipos de error en la solucin de elementos finitos
15. Consideraciones prcticas sobre el M.E.F.

-2-