Fluid Mechanics - Lecture 7 - 9 - Viscous + NNF Pipe Flowx

1
Fluid Mechanics: Outline

AIM: To be able to predict the behaviour (processing implications) of fluids in simple flows
under conditions relevant to many situations encountered by process engineers
Module 1 : Properties of Fluids and Fluid Statics
Lecture 1. Fluid Properties
Lecture 2. Dimensional Analysis
Lecture 3. Non-Newtonian Fluids
Lecture 4. Fluid Statics: Fluids at Rest
Module 2: Fluid Dynamics: Fluids in Motion
PART A Mass (continuity), Momentum and Energy Conservation
Lecture 5 Regimes, Continuity, Momentum (Bernoulli)
Lecture 6 Bernoulli, Flow measurement
Lecture 7 Mechanical Form of Energy Equation (MFEE)
PART B Fluid Flow in Pipes
Lecture 8-9 Viscous Pipe Flow
Lecture 10 Non-Newtonian Pipe Flow
Lecture 11 Pumping
Lecture 12 Compressibility
2
Module 2 Fluid Dynamics Part B:
Viscous Pipe Flow
Velocity distributions for
laminar flow & Pipe flow
(Lecture 8 9 )
3
Reading
White, Chapter 6 or Potter, (PWR) Chapter 7
Most of these chapters is covered.
Main issues
- Pipe flow regimes (White 6.1, 6.2)
- Velocity distribution in pipe flow (calculate v profiles in pipe) (W6.4)
-major losses in pipes: Moody Chart (W6.3-6.4)
- Minor Losses in pipes (W6.6-6.7)
- Non-circular ducts (W6.8)
-Typical pipe flow problems (W6.6)
4
d v
Re =
Pipe Flow: Reynolds Number
....... forces
....... forces
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1827702182265329855#
v
t
v
t
5
d v
Re =
Pipe Flow: Reynolds Number
Symbol note:
= viscosity used for Newtonian fluids (no shear dependence)
used for non-Newtonain fludis (shear dependence)
v = velocity V, U, u also commonly used
= density
d = diameter D also used. Characteristic dimension for flow field
so you may see this:
Sometimes engineers use kinematic viscosity ( = /)
If in doubt, look at the dimensions.
When considering viscosity, remember (water) ~ 1 mPas
D U
Re =
D v
Re =
6
P
v P
) 2 75 . 1 ( =

m
v P
m
v
L
o
g
(
P
)
v P
) 2 75 . 1 ( =

m
v P
m
) log(v
Pipe Flow: Hagen (1839)
Hagen first observed the transition from laminar to turbulence.
Didnt realise it was dependent on fluid viscosity
7
Pipe Flow: Hagen & Reynolds
Hagen (1839) discovered that there were 2 flow regimes, but Reynolds (1883)
showed that this depended on Re. They carried out a number of experiments
measuring the relationship between pressure drop and water velocity.
As the velocity increases, P/L increases
linearly (slope = 1). This is the laminar
region.
At point B the line becomes irregular
(scattered data points) until point C when it
becomes straight with slope = 1.7-2.0
(depending on the roughness of the pipe
walls). This is the turbulent region.
Re
A
~ 2300
log u
l
o
g

P
/
L
If the velocity decreases from high to low, the laminar region is re-entered at a lower velocity at point A. From
Hagens data for pipe flow, point A occurs at 2100 (Re) and point C occurs at 4000 (Re). A B - C is the
Transistional region. Re
A
~ 2300 is now an accepted design value for pipe flow transition.
8
Upon entry, viscous effects grow from the wall as fluid
flows down tube.
Viscous boundary layers grown downstream to retard flow.
This accelerates central core flow to maintain constant Q
(continuity)
Inviscid region
Growing boundary layers
Developed velocity profile
v =f(r)
Viscous Pipe Flow
P
x
L
e
9
Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe
When a fluid with uniform velocity enters a pipe, the layers of fluid adjacent to
the walls are slowed down, forming a boundary layer where viscous forces
dominate over inertial forces.
The thickness of the boundary layer increases downstream from the mouth to a
maximum, after which flow in the pipe is fully developed. If the two boundary
layers meet, laminar flow exists in the pipe. If the boundary layers dont meet,
inertial forces are dominating and the flow is turbulent.
Fully developed flow occurs at L
e
distance; L
e
/d ~f (Re)
Laminar: L
e
/d ~ 0.06 Re (calculate max L
e
~ )
Turbulent: L
e
/d ~ 4.4 Re
1/6
(smooth walls)
L
e
Fully developed flow
10
Laminar Flow in a Pipe
Laminar flow occurs when:
Viscosity is high/low ? Pipe diameter is large/small ? velocity is high/low?
Laminar flow can be pictured as layers of fluid which do not mix.
Consider a fluid flowing from left to right through a horizontal pipe.
Pressure causes the fluid to flow (i.e. higher pressure at z=0 than at z=L )
P
0
P
L
R
r
=
w
= max
z=0
z=L
z
= 0
How do we determine the velocity profile ?
11
Rate of mtm
in =
Setting up momentum balance over a thin shell of fluid.
Recall for steady state:
Rate of mtm
out -
Sum of forces
acting on system
(surface and body)
+
0
This is obtained by considering
the shear stress across shell
E.g. pressure forces (acting on
surfaces) and gravity forces
(acting on the volume as a
whole)
Pressure, P
0
Pressure, P
L
r
z
Mtm flow in & out by viscous transfer
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: MTM balance
12
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: recap
Pressure, P
0
Pressure, P
L
r
z
flow
r
r
P
0
(2 r r)
P
L
(2 r r)
Forces must balance in steady state:
(2 r L )|
r+r
- (2 r L) |
r
+ (2 r r)(P
0
- P
L
) = 0
Pressure Force on
annulus at z=0
Pressure Force on
annulus at z=L
Consider force balance on
annulus of fluid, and
integrate across all r
z
(2 r L)|
r
Shear Force at r
(2 r L)|
r+r
Shear Force at r+r
13
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: recap
Pressure, P
0
Pressure, P
L
r
z
flow
(2 r L)|
r+r
(2 r L)|
r
r
r
P
0
(2 r r)
P
L
(2 r r)
Forces must balance in steady state:
(2 r L )|
r+r
- (2 r L) |
r
+ (2 r r)(P
0
- P
L
) = 0
Consider force balance on
annulus of fluid, and
integrate across all r
z
14
Very long tube (no end effects; fully developed flow), Length L, radius R.
Pressure, P
0
Pressure, P
L
Shear Force at r: (2 r L)|
r
Shear Force at (r+r) (2 r L )|
r+r
Horizontal cylinder: gravity force neglected (can also be adsorbed into pressure terms if vertical)
Pressure force acting on annular surface at z= 0 P
0
(2 r r)
Pressure force acting on annular surface at z= L -P
L
(2 r r)
r
z
Mtm flow in & out by viscous transfer:
flow
15
Add up the contributions to the momentum balance (In Out + F = 0):
(2 r L )|
r+r
- (2 r L)|
r
+ (2 r r)(P
0
- P
L
) = 0
Divide by 2 Lr
c = 0 b/c at r = 0, ~ finite! = 0
r
L
P P
r
r r
L 0
rx r r
|
\
|
=
+

r
L
P P
dr
) d(r
L 0
|
\
|
=

C r
2L
P P
r
2 L 0
+ |
\
|
=
r
C
r
2L
P P
L 0
+ |
\
|
=
r
L
P P
r
r r
0
L 0
rx r r
|
\
|
=

r
Lim
r
2L
P P
L 0
|
\
|
=
=0
R
2L
P P
L 0
max
|
\
|
= =
w

L
PR
w
2
=
16
Substitute fluid constitutive model, i.e. Newtonians Law of viscosity:
Integrate:
At r = R, v
z
= 0 (no slip)
Parabolic velocity profile
r
2L
P P
L 0
|
\
|
=
r
2L
P P
dr
dv
L 0 z
|
\
|
=
C r
L 4
P P
v
2 L 0
z
+
|
|
\
|
=
2 L 0
R
L 4
P P
C |
\
|
=
( )
2 2 L 0
z
r R
L 4
P P
v
|
|
\
|
=
dr
dv
z
=
v
z
= 0
v
z
=max
( )

L 4
P P
, v
2
L 0
, max z
R
v
CL z
= =
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
2
2 L 0
z
r
1 R
L 4
P P
v
R
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
2
2 L 0
z
r
1 R
L 4
P P
v
R
17
Calculate Average Velocity..
Calculate Volume rate of flow ,
Hagen-Poiseuille Law: relates flow velocity to pressure drop in circular pipes due
to VISCOUS effects for laminar flows
|
|
\
|
=
2
2 2
z
r
1
L 4
v
R
PR
max
2
z
0.5v
L 8
v
z,
PR
=

L 8
v . v . Q
4
z
2
z
PR
R A

= = =

L 2 3
v
2
z
PD
=
4
4
LQ 128

L 128
Q
D
P
P D
=
2L
Pr
=
L 0
P P P =
= dA
A
v
z
v
L
PR
w
2
=
18
Laminar Flow in a Pipe - text
White Fig 6.7, sect 6.3 (also see figure 6.15 for annulus flow)
Potter (PWR) Fig 7.4, sect 7.3.1 (also see example 7.2 for annulus flow)
19
=
L 128
Q
4
P D
) 000 , 10 )( 09 . 0 ( 128
) 000 , 15 ( ) 3 . 0 (
4
20
Cross-sectional area of annulus
= (r+r)
2
- r
2
= (r
2
+ 2 r r + (r)
2
) - r
2
= 2 r r + (r)
2
(r)
2
can be neglected as it is very small compared to 2 r r
Therefore, cross-sectional area of annulus
dA= 2 r r
L 8
v
4 L 2
)
4 4
2
(
L 2
)
4 2
(
L 2
v
r
1
L 2
2 r
1
L 4
v v
2
2 2 2
2
4 2
2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
PR
R P R R P
R
R R P
dr
r
R
P
dr
R
r
R
PR
dA
A
v
R r
r
R r
r
z
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= =

=
=
=
=
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: Q and V
av

L 8
v . v . Q
4
z
2
z
PR
R A

= = =
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1 v 2 v
R
max
2
z
0.5v
L 8
v
z,
PR
=
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1 v v
R
CL
R
r
r
= dA
A
v
z
v
Sub in v
z
, dA, and A= R
2
21
L 8
v
4 L 2
)
4 4
2
(
L 2
)
4 2
(
L 2
v
r
1
L 2
2 r
1
L 4
v v
2
2 2 2
2
4 2
2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
PR
R P R R P
R
R R P
dr
r
R
P
dr
R
r
R
PR
dA
A
v
R r
r
R r
r
z
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
= =

=
=
=
=
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: Q and V
av

L 8
v . v . Q
4
z
2
z
PR
R A

= = =
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1 v 2 v
R
max
2
z
0.5v
L 8
v
z,
PR
=
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1 v v
R
CL
R
r
r
= dA
A
v
z
v
22
2
v

L 8
v
2
z
z, CL
PR
=
4
4
LQ 128

L 128
Q
D
P
P D
=
L 0
P P P =
Anywhere
(r=r)
Wall (r = R) Centreline
(r=0)
Shear Stress
Velocity (flow
dir)
2L
Pr
=
L
PR
w
2
= 0
0
=
|
|
\
|
=
2
2 2
z
r
1
L 4
v
R
PR
0 v
z
=

L 4
2
,
PR
v
CL z
=
Assume Newtonian fluid, incompressible, fully developed flow
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z z
r
1 v 2 v
R
P
0
P
L
R
r
=
w
= max
z=0
z=L
z = 0
23
Turbulent Flow in a Pipe
The observed velocity profile for turbulent flow is flatter than for laminar flow.
Due to the complex nature of the flow, no expression has been derived for
the variation in velocity across the radius.
However, at high Reynolds numbers in smooth pipes, it has been found that
velocity is proportional to 1/7 power of the distance from the wall.
Eq 9. Prandtl 1/7 Power Law
As for laminar flow, the flowrate can be calculated by considering an annulus
and integrating over the pipe radius, which gives:
The average velocity is closer to the centre-line
velocity than for laminar flow
So, Eq 10.
7 / 1
CL
z
R
r
1
v
v
|
\
|
=
7 / 1
z
R
r
1 1.22
v
v
|
\
|
=
cL
v v 82 . 0 =
24
Fluid velocities in Pipes
Typical velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe of 50 mm
diameter and with a bulk velocity of 1.5m/s:
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
R
a
d
i
u
s

(
m
m
)
velocity (m/s) Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
What is the Re if water is the fluid ?
Which velocity profile is the correct one to use if the fluid is water ?
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1 v 2 v
R
7 / 1
z
R
r
1 1.22
v
v
|
\
|
=
25
Fluid velocities in Pipes
If the driving force behind a fluid is gravity. The required flowrate will
dictate choice of pipe diameter. If the fluid is to be pumped, economics
(annual operating cost) will dictate choice of pipe diameter.
As a guideline, the optimum velocities that should be maintained in a pipe
line, in terms of fluid density, are given below.
As an even more general rule (easy to remember):
For liquids such as water, velocity should be approx 1 m/s.
For gases such as air, velocity should be approx 10 m/s.
Fluid density (kg/m
3
) Velocity (m/s)
1600 2.4
800 3.0
160 4.9
16 9.4
0.16 18
0.016 34
26
Frictional losses during flow in pipes
Laminar Flow -remember dimensional analysis
When a fluid flows in a pipe there is a loss of energy due to friction, which occurs as a
result of viscous shear caused by the walls. When energy is being lost due to friction,
there is a drop in pressure that for laminar flow is given by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.
For a pipe of constant diameter, D, and for incompressible flow, pressure varies with pipe
length :
2
z
v L 2 3
D
P

=
D v
= Re
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
D
L
D
P .
v
32 2
2
v
z
2
z

|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
v
D
L
f P

Dimensionless #
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
v
Re
64
2
z
D
L
P
Re
64
laminar
= f
27
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2 Re
64
2
v
D
L
P

D P
l
/ ( V
2
) = f
n
[/( V D)]
For Laminar Flow :
Recall from dimensionless analysis :
Generalise to any pipe flow regime:
(i.e. including turbulence)
MFEE, Heads:
Darcy-Weisback equation
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
v
D
L
f P

f= f
n
[Re
D
, roughness]
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
g
v
D
L
f h
f
2
2
f friction L
h h
g
P
h = =
) 0 ; 0 ; ; (
... 0 ..
) (
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
1
2
= = = =
= +
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +
q T
L
q T L
h h z z v v
h
g
P P
h h h z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
Pipe flow head loss

Darcy equation
28
White, Fig 6.12
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
g
v
D
L
f h
f
2
2
29
Alternative expression for f
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
v
D
L
f P

8
2
= = f
v
w
f = Moody Friction factor
Alternative:
Fanning friction factor (f) is often
used in American texts.
4
1
2
2
|
|
\
|
=
v
f
w
2
8
v
f
w
=
L
R v
D
L
f
L
PR
2 2 2
2
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

4 / 2 ' f f = =
30
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
v
D
L
f P

f= f
n
[Re
D
, roughness]
section pipe
2
2
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
g
v
D
L
f
g
P
h
f
Head loss is pipe = > sub into MFEE to account for friction
losses in a pipe section
1
2
Evaluate losses for sections of pipes. V is constant for constant
diameter (Continuity holds) but pressure decreases due to friction /
viscous losses
2 1
P P P =
31
Example
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
=
=
2 1 . 0
10000
64 . 0
2
v
m D
m L
P

Calculate v from Re = vD/v =.Re/D
To get answer for P
1
2
10 km straight horizontal pipeline with 10 cm diameter carrying water at an Re =
100 . (a) What is the pressure drop if we used Bernoulli equation assuming
inviscid flow ? (b) What is the pressure drop if we do not assume inviscid flow ?
0
2 1
= = P P P
(a)
(b)
=0.01 m/s (check)
=6400 Pa (check)
32
Example No. 13
Glycerin (density = 1260 kgm
-3
, viscosity = 0.9 Pa.s) is pumped through a
straight pipe of diameter 100 mm at 0.02 m
3
s
-1
. The pipe is 45 m long and rises
through a height of 12 m. Gauge pressure at the inlet to the pipe is 590 kPa.
Calculate the pressure at the end of the pipe.
33
Back to MFEE/Extended Bernoulli
- Recall:
- a pump adds energy and a turbine extracts energy from flow.
- IF h
turbine
(h
T
or h
s
) or h
pump
(h
q
) included, they must lie b/n points 1 & 2
- There are many ways to present this equation (e.g. terms of energy per unit mass)
-Often h
f
is expressed per unit length of pipe.
-E.g. h
f
= 8.50 m/100 m length @ 0.04 L/s for 9.3 mm ID steel pipe
-(what value of friction factor does this correspond to ?)
(Available Head)
IN
+ h
q
= (Available Head)
OUT
+ h
f
+ h
T
(Available Head)
IN
+ h
q
= (Available Head)
OUT
+ f.(L/D)(v
2
/2g) + h
T
T q
h
g
v
D
L
f z
g
v
g
P
h z
g
v
g
P
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ + = +
|
|
\
|
+ +
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
34
2 methods to obtain f as a function of roughness and Re
1. The Moody Diagram (White Fig 7.13, PWR fig 6.13)
-see White table 6.1 for values of roughness
2. Implicit and explicit equations
- For Re > 4000, The Colbrook equation (White eq. 6.48, PWR eq.
7.6.28) requires an iterative solution for f:
This reduces to other developed equations for the 2 extremes:
|
|
\
|
+ =
f
D
f
D
Re
51 . 2
7 . 3
/
log 2
1
10
( ) 8 . 0 Re log 2
1
10
= f
f
d
|
\
|
=
7 . 3
/
log 2
1
10
D
f
Smooth pipe flow ( = 0)

Completely turbulent zone (Re = infinity)
35
White Moody chart
36
Potter fig 7.13 Moody diagram
37
Pipe Friction Chart
Data for friction factor is presented on a friction chart which shows plots of f against Re for
different values of pipe relative roughness. Everything is dimensionless.
Relative roughness is a ratio of the absolute roughness to the pipe diameter.
ie.
Values for can be found in standard texts. Some commonly used are:
Note:
In the turbulent region, f becomes independent of Re (see dotted line). This occurs earlier for
rougher pipes.
d diameter pipe
roughness absolute
roughness relative

= =
e (m)
drawn tubing 1.5 10
-6

commercial steel and wrought iron 4.5 10
-5

cast iron 2.6 10
-4

concrete 3.3 10
-4

corroded pipes ~ 3.3 10
-3

38
White Table 6.1 Recommended roughness values for commercial ducts
39
Minor Losses
Frictional losses in pipe fittings
In addition to pipe walls causing energy losses, fittings within the piping system
also cause energy losses. Pipe fittings include bends, valves, expansions,
contractions, T-pieces etc. Darcys formula can be written as:
where,
and is the velocity head, as given in Bernoullis equation.
Different values of K obtained for different fittings, bends, etc.. These are
tabulated or put in terms of equivalent length of pipe L
e
, where
|
|
\
|
=
g 2
v
K
2
f
h
d
L f
K
.
=
|
|
\
|
g 2
v
2
f
d K
L
e
.
=
40
White Fig 6.17,
Gate
Globe
angle
swing
disk
41
White Table 6.5
42
Minor Frictional losses in Pipe Fittings
Frictional losses can be represented as a number of velocity heads. For pipe
fittings, experiments have been carried out to give the frictional loss as a number
of velocity heads. See table listing velocity heads.
Can also express the energy loss in a pipe fitting as an equivalent length of pipe
to be substituted into Darcys equation. Table below shows how much to
increase the pipe length by, in terms of d (the pipe diameter).
Fitting equivalent length of pipe
45 elbow 15d
90 rounded elbow 30-40d
90 square elbow 60d
entry into one leg of a T-piece 60d
entry into two legs of a T-piece 90d
gate valve, fully open 70d
gate valve, open 200d
gate valve, open 800d

L
e
|
|
\
|
=
g 2
v
k
2
f
h
d
L
f
e
= k
43
Minor Frictional losses in Pipe Fittings
Sudden Enlargement:
When a change in diameter is gradual, little energy is lost due to turbulence.
When a change in diameter is great and sudden, the flow patterns are very
turbulent, resulting in a lot of energy being lost to turbulence.
Equating forces and using Bernoullis
equation, it has been shown that:
As A
2
, A
1
/A
2
0 and
2
2
2
1 1
A
A
- 1
g 2
v
f
h
|
|
\
|
=
g 2
v
2
1
f
h =
Therefore, when fluid goes from a pipe into a vessel, the energy loss is equal to
one velocity head and is known as the EXIT LOSS.
u
1
A
1
u
2
A
2
44
Frictional losses in Pipe Fittings
Sudden Contraction:
For flow from a large vessel into a pipe, a vena contracta is formed and most of
the energy is lost between between the vena contracta and the wall.
In this case,
where C
c
= A
vena contracta
/A
2
The value of is related to the ratio of d
2
/d
1
as shown:
2
2
1
C
1
g 2
v
c
2
f
h
|
|
\
|
=
2
1
C
1
c
|
|
\
|
u
1
A
1
u
2
A
2
vena contracta
d
2
/d
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(1/C
c
-1)
2
0.5 0.45 0.38 0.28 0.1 0.0

Therefore, when fluid goes from a vessel into a pipe, d
2
/d
1
0, and the energy
loss is equal to velocity head and is known as the ENTRY LOSS.
45
Potter (PWR)
Table 7.2 Nominal loss
coefficient K
(turbulent flow)
46
Minor Frictional losses
Pipe systems contain more than straight pipe sections:
valves, bends, tees, entry/exit points
These introduce Minor Losses
|
|
\
|
=
g
v
K h
L L
2
2
K
L
= function (geometry, Re,D)
Minor losses are also expressed in terms of equivalent pipe length
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
g
v
g
v
K
L
2 D
L
f
2
h
2
eq
2
L
f
D K
L
L
eq
=
47
Extended Bernoulli Equation
With Viscous Pipe Losses and minor Losses
q
h
g
v
g
v
D
L
f z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

2
K
2 2 2
2
losses
minor all
L
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
q
h
D
L
f
g
v
z
g
u
g
P
z
g
u
g
P
|
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

section
losses
minor all
L
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
K
2 2 2

Determine for each section of flow that

has different average v
48
Pipe flow sections
1 section
losses
minor all
L
2
1
K
2
|
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
|
|
\
|
D
L
f
g
v
2 section
losses
minor all
L
2
2
K
2
|
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
|
|
\
|
D
L
f
g
v
d
L f
e
.
( )
1 section
2
1
2
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
e
L L
D
f
g
v
( )
2 section
2
1
2
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
e
L L
D
f
g
v
v
1
A
1
=v
2
A
2
49
Pipe flow sections
Q
A
=Q
B
= Q
1
=Q
2
=Q
3
Q
A
=Q
B
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3

=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
3
1 losses minor
2
,
2
i i
i i i
B A f
K
D
L f
g
v
h

=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
3
1 losses minor
2
,
2
i
e i
i
i i
B A f
L L
D
f
g
v
h
50
q
h
g
v
g
v
D
L
f z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

2
K
2 2 2
2
losses
minor all
L
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
q e i
i
i i
h L L
D
f
g
v
z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

= section i losses minor
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 2 2

Determine for each section of flow between 1

and 2 that has different average v .
51
Type I: Q is given. Calculate D
P
(or h
L
, or h
S
, etc...)
v is known everywhere. Simple problem since friction factors are uniquely related
to v via Moody diagram (or Colebrook equation)
Type II: D
P
(or h
L
) is given. Calculate Q.
Requires an iterative procedure, since f is a function of Q (f = function(Re
D
) Rapid
convergence however.
Type III: D
P
and Q are given. Calculate pipe diameter D.
Both v and f are functions of D.
q
h
g
v
g
v
D
L
f z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

2
K
2 2 2
2
losses
minor all
L
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
52
Example No. 14
Water (density = 1000 kg/m
3
, viscosity = 1 10
-3
Pa.s) is to be pumped from a
storage vessel, which is at atmospheric pressure, into a header tank, also at
atmospheric pressure. The pipe has a diameter of 150 mm, a total length of 150
m and a roughness of 0.03 mm. In the pipework there are two globe valves, both
fully open, four 90 standard radius bends and an in-line filter with a frictional loss
equivalent to 15 velocity heads. The entry to the header tank is 40 m above the
water level in the storage vessel. The required flowrate is 120 tonnes/hr. What
power needs to be supplied to the pump assuming an overall efficiency of 65%?
53
Extension to non-circular channels; Hydraulic diameter (Section 6.6)
Perimeter (wetted) P D
Area (wetted) A D
2
/4
Hydraulic diameter D
H
is such that perimeter to surface area ratio are equal
between non-circular and circular cross-sections.
Note: Use velocity based on actual cross-sectional area.
Accuracy of head loss calculation using D
H
is ~ 15%
P
A
D
H
4
=
54
Non-circular ducts
So far, all calculations have been related to flow in circular pipes. Other possible
flow areas also need to be considered. For example, flow through a rectangular
duct (used for air-conditioning), and flow through an annulus. As long as the
shape is not too complex, all previous formulae can still be used whereby the
equivalent length of diameter is replaced by the hydraulic mean diameter or
sometimes known as the equivalent diameter.
perimeter wetted
flow of area sectional - cross 4
d diameter, mean hydraulic
m

=
For a circular pipe: of course!
For a rectangular duct:
For an annulus:
( )
d
d
d/2 4
d
m
= =
2
a
b

b) 2(a
b a 4
d
m
+
=
d
i
d
o
( )( )
i o
i o
i o i o
i o
2
i
2
o
i o
2
i
2
o
m
d - d
d d
d - d d d
d d
d - d
d d
4
d
-
4
d
4
d =
+
+
=
+
=
+
|
|
\
|

=
55
Example No. 15
Air (density = 1.2 kg/m
3
, viscosity = 1.7 10
-5
Pa.s) flows through a rectangular
duct with internal dimensions of 1 m by 0.5 m. The duct is 25 m long. Assuming
a relative roughness of 0.0001, calculate the pressure loss due to friction in the
duct for a flowrate of 8 m
3
/s.
56
Main issues:
List the major pipe flow regimes
Velocity profiles
What is the Moody Chart for?
What leads to minor losses in pipes?
How do we deal with non-circular ducts?
You should now try a range of typical pipe
flow problems
57
Supplementary slides
Viscous Pipe Flow
58
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
In the Bernoulli equation, kinetic energy per unit mass (J/kg) is given by v
2
/2.
Considering the velocity profiles previously derived, it is apparent that the sum
of kinetic energy over the velocity profile may not be the same as simply using
the mean, or bulk, velocity in the expression v
2
/2.
Consider first the kinetic energy (KE) when using the bulk velocity:
KE (J/s) = mass flowrate x v
2
/2
= R
2
v . v
2
/2
KE (J/s) = ( R
2
v
3
)/2 Eq. 11
Now, consider the case when using velocity profiles.
59
Laminar Flow
Consider again the annulus at radius r of thickness dr where the velocity of the
annulus is v(r).
Change in KE of fluid flowing through the annulus (J/s) = mass flowrate x v
2
/2
= 2 r dr v x v
2
/2
= r dr v
3
From Eq 8. we know the relationship between u
r
and u:
Substituting this gives:
Change in KE =
Integrating with respect to r from r=0 to r=R gives:
KE (J/s) = R
2
v
3
Comparing this to Eq 11 shows that the kinetic energy for laminar flow is
actually double that based on the bulk velocity.
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
R
r
1 2
v
v
dr
R
r
1 v 2 r
3
2
2

(
(
|
|
\
|

60
Turbulent Flow
Again,
Change in KE of fluid flowing through the annulus (J/s) = r dr u
r
3
From Eq 10. we know the relationship between u
r
and u:
Carrying out the same analysis as for laminar flow gives:
KE (J/s) = 0.523 R
2
u
3
Comparing this to Eq 11 shows that the kinetic energy for laminar flow is 1.046
times that based on the bulk velocity.
7 / 1
|
\
|
=
R
r - R
1.22
u
u
r
To compensate for the higher kinetic energy, a correction factor () is introduced
to Bernoullis equation. The term for kinetic energy becomes u
2
/2, where:
= 2 for laminar flow
= 1 for turbulent flow
61
Turbulent Flow
Due to the complex nature of turbulent flow, a semi-empirical approach is taken.
Consider a short length of pipe.
P
0
P
L
d
L
As for laminar flow, force balance gives:
While for laminar flow, , for turbulent flow we dont have a
solution for . Instead, we re-arrange the equation as follows:
dr
dv
r
=
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
f
v
v
d
4
L
P
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
2
v
d
8
2
2
v
w
d
4
r
2
L
P
f w w

= =
62
The quantity is a dimensionless group known as the friction factor and
has been determined experimentally for a range of Re and degrees of wall
roughness.
=>
And, Eq 13. Darcys Equation
Pipe Friction Chart
Data for is presented on a friction chart which shows plots of against Re for
different values of pipe relative roughness. Everything is dimensionless.
Relative roughness is a ratio of the absolute roughness to the pipe diameter.
ie.
|
|
\
|
2
u
w
|
|
\
|
=
2
v
d
8
2

L
P

|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
=
2
. .
2
v
8 P
2 2
v
d
L
f
d
L

d
e
diameter pipe
roughness absolute
roughness relative = =
63
Laminar Flow in a Pipe: MFEE
P
0
P
L
R
r
=
w
= max
z=0
z=L
z
= 0
q s f
h h h z
g
v
g
P
z
g
v
g
P
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ + ) (
2 2
2
2
1
2
No shaft work or heat transfer effects, assume fully developed flow
1
=
2
; Q
1
=Q
2
= constant = v
1
A
1
=v
2
A
2
=>v
1
=v
2
=> h
f
=(P
1
-P
2
)/g =P/g
64
FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 10
Fluid Flow: Non-
Newtonian pipe flow
http://www.egr.msu.edu/~steffe/freebook/STEFFE.pdf
65
Fluid Mechanics: Outline
AIM: To be able to predict the behaviour (processing implications) of fluids in simple flows
under conditions relevant to many situations encountered by process engineers
Module 1 : Properties of Fluids and Fluid Statics
Lecture 1. Fluid Properties
Lecture 2. Dimensional Analysis
Lecture 3. Non-Newtonian Fluids
Lecture 4. Fluid Statics: Fluids at Rest
Module 2: Fluid Dynamics: Fluids in Motion
PART A Mass (continuity), Momentum and Energy Conservation
Lecture 5 Regimes, Continuity, Momentum (Bernoulli)
Lecture 6 Bernoulli, Flow measurement
Lecture 7 Mechanical Form of Energy Equation (MFEE)
PART B Fluid Flow in Pipes
Lecture 8-9 Viscous Pipe Flow
Lecture 10 Non-Newtonian Pipe Flow
Lecture 11 Pumping
Lecture 12 Compressibility
Examples of Pipe flow of non-Newtonian Fluids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GX4_3cV_3Mw
This one isnt pipe flow, but an interesting shear thinning phenomena called the
Kaye effect:
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/time-warp-non-newtonian-
fluid.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dm29GAgPyn8&feature=rela
ted
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIqMCHS7uHc&feature=related
This is another quick sand video....
Slurry pumping
Product filling
Rheology
Inelastic
(De ~ 0)
=
viscosity = constant

Viscoelastic
(De > 0 )
=
=
viscosity varies with shear rate
= ,
= ,
viscosity varies with shear rate and time
= , ,
= , ,
viscosity varies with shear rate, time and thermal history
= + Yield stress
Any of these can also have yield stress

For Non-Newtonian Fluids, the relationship between stress and strain
is not linear.
Stress
(Pa)
Shear rate (s
-1
)
Newtonian fluid
Shear-thinning fluid
Shear-thickening
fluid
Yield stress
fluid
PWR 1.5
Rheology: Non-Newtonian Fluids
alternative names you will see.
Rheology: Non-Newtonian Fluids
Stress
(Pa)
Shear rate (s
-1
)
Newtonian fluid
Pseudoplastic
Dilatant
Ideal Plastic,
Bingham fluid
PWR 1.5
Lecture 3 Rheology, Recap
Time independent Non-Newtonian fluids
i.e. shear stress is nonlinear function of shear rate, E.g.:
Most non-Newtonian fluids are shear thinning and can be described
according to a power law:
K = consistency coefficient (Pas
n
), n = power law index
Many fluids also possess an apparent yield stress (
y
, a minimum stress
must be applied before flow occurs, e.g. mineral slurries, mayonnaise,
paint, The Herschel-Bulkley equation is often used (reduces to
Bingham if n=1):
n
K & =
1
/ ) ( ) (

= =
n
K & & & &
n
y
K & + =
) ( & f =

&
&
&
) (
) ( =
Stress vs. Shear rate (Linear axis)
Shear rate (s
-1
)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
P
a
)
0
100
200
300
400
Concentrated Orange Juice
Stirred Yogurt
Hellmans Mayo
Honey, Newtonian
Milk, Newtonian
Herschel-Buckley Model
Power Law Model
Viscosity vs. Shear rate (Log axis)
Shear rate (s
-1
)
10 100
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
P
a
s
)

0.01
0.1
1
10
Concentrated Orange Juice
Stirred Yogurt
Hellmans Mayo
Honey
Milk
Lecture 3 Rheology, Recap
Rheology flow curves of some common fluid foods, obeying Newtonian, Power
law or Herschel-Buckley models
&
&) (
=
Relevance of shear rate
Steffe
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

s
h
e
a
r

r
a
t
e
Why do we want to characterise rheology ?
Putting it into context
Show flow curve in connection to processing conditions for
Foods and Personal care products
Slurry flow
Coatings
Time Independent Non-Newtonian
Fluids in Pipe Flow
What do we need to consider for time independent fluids
Shear stress is a non-linear function of
shear rate
Note, can also put it in terms of viscosity:
We need a Generalised Approach to obtain velocity
profile
) (
&
n
f =
Textbook:
see Blackboard link to Free Rheology book by
Steffe, Chapter 2 Tube Viscometry
) (
) (

&
&
&
n
f = =
82
Laminar Flow in a Pipe of NNF
P
0
P
L
R
r
=
w
= max
z=0
z=L
z
= 0
From last lecture, using either a force or mtm balance, the stress in
pipe flow can be obtained as function of the radius (r)
Note: this does not assume any particular fluid
constitutive model or flow regime => applies to
laminar and turbulent flow as well as to
time-independent inelastic non-Newtonian
fluids.
2L
Pr
=
2L
PR
=
w
r=0
r=R
r
z
83
Laminar Flow in a Pipe of NNF
P
0
P
L
R
r
=
w
= max
z=0
z=L
z
= 0
2L
Pr
=
2L
PR
=
w
r=0
r=R
r
z
r R
w

= =
2L
P

84
NEWTONIAN: Substitute fluid constitutive model,
No slip Boundary condition, i.e. r=R, v
z
= 0
Average pipe velocity
Volumetric flow rate:
Rearrange equation for average velocity
This gives the pressure drop (energy loss) along the pipe section
due to viscous forces (not accounted for in Bernoulli) . We use this
in the MFEE:
dr
dv
z
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
2
z
r
1 2 v
R
v
z
Laminar Pipe Flow of Newtonian fluid: recap
= dA
A
v
z
v

L 8
v
2
z
PR
=

L 8
Q
4
PR
=
z
v . Q A =

2
2
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
v
D
L
f P

g
P
h
f
=
Re
64
laminar
= f
85
Time independent non-Newtonian Fluid ;
Substitute fluid constitutive model (Power Law),
No slip Boundary condition, i.e. r=R, v
z
= 0
Rearrange equation for average velocity to get pressure drop in terms of velocity,
pipe dimensions, etc.. Then obtain frictional losses to use in MFEE (h
f
);
Laminar Pipe Flow of Power Law fluid
n
z n
dr
dv
K K |
\
|
= = &
= dA
A
v
z
v
z
v . Q A =
( ) ( )
n
n
n
R
n
n
1 1
1 3 2LK
P
v
+
+
=
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
R
r
n
n
z z
v v
1
1
1
1 3
+
=
+
+
( ) ( )
n
n
n
R Q
n
n
1 3 1
1 3 2LK
P
+
+
=
;
2
2
g
v
D
L
f h
f
=
2
2
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
v
D
L
f P

( )
n
n
n
n
n n
PL
K
D v
1 3
4
1
2
8
Re
+
=

PL
f Re / 64 =
86
( ) ( )
n
n
R
r
n
n
z
z
v
v
1
1
1
1 3
+
=
+
+ Power Law Fluid:
r/R
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
v
/
v
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
n=2
n=1
n=0.5
n=0.25
n=0.1
This demonstrates how
shear thinning (n < 1) and
shear thickening (n > 1)
significantly affect the
velocity profile in pipe flow
Laminar Pipe Flow of Power Law Fluid
n
K & =
87
Power Law Fluid:
2D Graph 1
r/R
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
v/v average
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
r/R vs n=0.1
r/R vs n =0.25
r/R vs n=0.5
r/R vs n=1
r/R vs n=2
r
/
R
-
1
.
0
-
0
.
5
0
.
0
0
.
5
1
.
0
v/v
average
0
.
0
0
.
5
1
.
0
1
.
5
2
.
0
2
.
5
n
=
2
n
=
1
n
=
0
.
5
n
=
0
.
2
5
n
=
0
.
1
This demonstrates how
shear thinning (n < 1) and
shear thickening (n > 1)
significantly affect the
velocity profile in pipe flow
( ) ( )
n
n
R
r
n
n
z
z
v
v
1
1
1
1 3
+
=
+
+
88
Other key equations for Power law fluid;
Shear stress and Shear rate at the wall, r = R
Determining power law relationship in
Laminar Pipe Flow
n
w w
n
K K & & = =
2L
PR
=
w
( ) =
+
.
4
1 3
n
n
w
&
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
D
v
R
Q 8 4
3
This is the shear rate for a Newtonian fluid

Task: put v
av
and Q in terms
of wall shear stress
P
Q
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
D n
n
w
n
n
K
n
w
n
n
K w n
n
R K
R R
n
n
n n n
v 8
1 3
4
1 3
1
1 3
1
1 3 2LK
PR
1
1
1 1 1
v
v
+
+
+ +
=
=
= =
&
&
89
Laminar Pipe Flow of NNF: General Approach
|
\
| +
=
n
n
w
4
1 3

&
Plot Log-log of
w
vs to determine relationship to get:
This gives actual wall shear rate:
Plot
w
vs wall shear rate to obtain rheological relationship
between stress and shear rate.
Alternative: plot P vs Q
n
K & =
2L
PR
=
w
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
D
v
R
Q 8 4
3
P
Q or v
av
' LogK Intercept
n Slope
=
=
n
w w
n
w w
n
K
K K
=
= =
'
& &
n
n
n
K K |
\
|
+
=
1 3
4
'
90
Example, Steffe p 143
Determine the rheological properties of bread dough using the data from a capillary
viscometer (i.e Q and P from pipe flow using various L & Ds
Measured Q & P
Link to
excel sheet
91
92
Measured Q & P
Link to
excel sheet
2L
PR
=
w
93
Link to
excel sheet
|
\
|
=
3
4
R
Q
94
95
n = 0.28
K=e
Intercept
K = 27.6
w
=27.6
w
0.28
K= 24.07
n
n
n
K K |
\
|
+
=
1 3
4
'
28 . 0
28 . 0
24
24

&
&
&
=
=
=
w w
n
K
Generalised shear rate ( s
-1
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
W
a
l
l

S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
w
)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
y = 27.6 x
0.28
Ln
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
L
n
(
w
)
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
Intercept = 3.32
slope = 0.28
r 0.9764522388
96
Link to
excel sheet
My answer:
28 . 0
24 & =
( ) =
+
.
4
1 3
n
n
w
&
97
Reynolds Number: Power Law Fluid
For Power Law Fluid:
D v
= Re
( )
n
n
n
n
n n
PL
n
w
K
D v
K
1 3
4
1
2
1
8
Re
+
= =

&
( )( )
3
4
4
1 3
R
Q
n
n
w

+
=
&
Still valid, but now
viscosity depends
on shear rate
98
Time independent non-Newtonian Fluid with yield stress;
Substitute fluid constitutive model (Bingham),
Solve
Rearrange equation for average velocity to get pressure drop in terms of velocity,
pipe dimensions, etc.. Then obtain frictional losses to use in MFEE (h
f
);
Laminar Pipe Flow of Bingham Fluid
= dA
A
v
z
v
z
v . Q A =
;
2
2
g
v
D
L
f h
f
=
&
B y
+ =
( )
(
(
\
|

=
2
2
,
2
Pr
y y w
B
B z
L P
L
v
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
4
3
1
3
4
4
1
8
w
y
w
y
B
L
P R
Q
2
Re 6
) Re 6 .( 64
B
B
He
f
+
=
B
B
D v
= Re
2
2
B
y
D
He
=
99
Reynolds Number, Power Law fluid: Critical Value
Critical value for transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends
on power law index. Different approaches/experiments used.
(note, other factors for NNF such as fluid elasticity can also affect this critical
transition)
Newtonian
fluids
Steffe, p 108.
100
Example
A Newtonian oil (specific gravity = 0.9, = 0.1 Pas) is being pumped into a mixer
at v=1 m/s along a pipe of diameter of D=0.20 m. The process has been altered so
that an oil-in-water emulsion is used in place of the oil. The scientist claims they
have matched the viscosity so that flow conditions will be the same.
What is the wall shear rate ?
What is the Re ?
What flow regime is it in?
You observe differences in the pressure drop for the emulsion, and later
discover that the scientist matched the viscosity using a rheometer at a shear
rate of 1s
-1
.
But when you measure the emulsion rheology using a rheometer, you find it
follows a power-law with K=0.1 Pas
0.5
and n = 0.5.
What flow regime is the emulsion in ?
Determine apparent and actual wall shear rate, the apparent viscosity at the wall
shear rate and Re.
Hint: shear rate = 8v/D
101
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.1 1 10 100
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
P
a
s
)
Shear rate
oil
Emulsion
The feed line is being altered to inject an oil-in-water emulsion at the same
velocity (V=1 m/s , D= 0.20 m). The emulsion was measured on a rheometer to
be described by a power-law with K=0.1 Pas
0.5
and n = 0.5.
What flow regime do you reckon it is in ? Estimate the Re ?
102
MFEE (energy equation): Power Law fluid
MFEE can be applied to time independent non-Newtonian fluids.
The friction term (h
f
) can be calculated in a similar way
For Laminar flow of Newtonian fluids:
For Laminar flow of Power Law fluids:
s f q
h h z
g
v
g
P
h z
g
v
g
P
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ + = +
|
|
\
|
+ +
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1

2 2

Re / 64 ;
2
2
= = f
g
v
D
L
f h
f
g
P
h
f
=
2
z
v L 2 3
D
P

=
PL f
f
g
v
D
L
f h Re / 64 ;
2
2
= =
( )( )
D
v
n
n
n
w w
w
K
R
L
8
4
1 3
w

2
P
+
=
=
=
&
&
103
Note on nomenclature:
I use:
= shear stress
y
= yield stress
Re = Reynolds No.
Also used in various texts and/or tutorial problems:
= shear stress
0
=
y
= yield stress
I also use
= viscosity of Newtonian fluid
= viscosity of Non-Newtonian fluid (e.g. Shear rate dependent)
Steffe uses:
= shear stress
0
= yield stress
N
Re
= Reynolds No.
104
2
e unit volum per energy kinetic
pipe in stress shear
2
'
2
= = =
v
f
w
MFEE calculating friction factor
Also recall:
f = Fanning friction factor (Steffe uses this but uses the symbol f)
f = Moody friction factor (which we use)
8 ' 4
8
2
= = = f
v
f
w
105
Laminar Pipe Flow of Non-
Newtonian Fluids
Yield stress fluids:
A minimum stress is required before flow occurs.
106
Laminar Flow in a Pipe of NNF: Yield Stress Fluids
Can you think of examples of Yield stress fluids ?
These are fluids that behave as a solid (i.e. dont flow) until a stress
is applied to a sample that is greater than a critical value.
Constitutive models used to describe such fluids:
Bingham model
Herschel-Buckley model
n
y
K & + =
&
B y
+ =
107
Pipe flow of Yield Stress Fluids :
the fluid may NOT flow. This will be the case if:
w
<
y
(wall shear stress is below the yield stress)
g
P
h
f
=
gD
L
h
y
f
4
<
gD
L
h
gR
L
h
R
L
w
f
w
f
w

4
2
P
2
=
= =
h
f
in terms of wall shear stress:
108
Example
Crude oil is being pumped along a 1000m horizontal pipeline
of inside diameter 0.5m. It has partially crystallised (i.e waxy
crude oil) and has a yield stress of 500 Pa. Assuming
negligible frictional and other losses, what is the minimum
pressure drop required for flow to occur
R
L
y
w
2
P
2L
PR
=
=
Pa 40000
25 . 0
500 ) 1000 ( 2
P = =
Add a wick and we
have a giant candle
R
L
y
y w

2
P =
=
109
Bingham model
Flowing region
>
y
Solid plug
<
y
P
2
0
=
L
R
y
2L
PR
=
w
n
y
K & + =
&
B y
+ =
2L
Pr
=
110
General equation for Q for time-independent fluids:
In a Bingham Fluid, shear rate is defined as:
The function is discontinuous because there is no shearing flow is regions when the
stress is less than the yield stress
(inner portion of tube)
(outer portion of tube)
Need to integrate for each region to get Q or average velocity, and since the shear
rate = 0 when the stress is below the yield stress.
Laminar Flow in a Pipe of Bingham: General Approach
B
y
f

= = ) ( &
w y
y
for ) (
0 for 0 ) (

<
=
< < =
B
y
f
f
|
|
\
|
=
w
y
d
R
Q
B
y
w

2
3
1
=
w
d f
R
Q
w

0
2
3 3
) (
1
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
4
3
1
3
4
4
1
8
w
y
w
y
B
L
P R
Q
111
Pipe flow of Yield Stress Fluids (e.g. Bingham or H-B) :
When fluid does flow, there will be a solid plug-like core in
the centre of the tube (where the shear stress < yield stress)
Velocity Profile, Bingham:
Velocity of plug determined by setting r=R
0
=
y
2L/P
2L
Pr
=
Stress as fn of radius:
Radius (R
0
) when >
y
:
P
2
0
=
L
R
y
( )
B
y w
plug Bingham z
P
L
v
=
2
,
( )
(
(
\
|

=
2
2
,
2
Pr
y y w
B
B z
L P
L
v
113
Bingham model
2L
Pr
=
Flowing region
>
y
Solid plug
<
y
P
2
0
=
L
R
y
2L
PR
=
w
n
y
K & + =
&
B y
+ =
( )
(
(
\
|

+
=
+
+
n
n
n
y y w
n
HB z
L
K P
L
v
1
1
1
1
1
1
,
2
Pr
) 1 (
2

( )
n
n
K P
L
v
n
y w
HBplug z 1
1
) 1 (
2
1
1
,
+
=
+

..reduces to Bingham if K =
B
and n=1
114
MFEE Mechanical For of energy equation: NNF
Bingham Reynolds number
Hedstrom number
Friction factor for Bingham, Laminar flow:
B
B
D v
= Re
He
D D D D v D v
B
B y
B
w
B
D
v
B B
flowonset 8
1
2
8
1 2
8
1
2
8
8
1
) / ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Re = = = = = =
&
2
2
B
y
D
He
=
2
Re 6
) Re 6 .( 64
B
B
He
f
+
=
g
v
D
L
f h
f
2
2
=
at onset of flow
115
( ) 4 . 0 ' Re 4
'
1
= f Log
f
D v
= Re
B
B
D v
= Re &
B y
+ =
n
K & =
& =
MFEE Friction factor, turbulent flow
' 4 f f =
( )
2 . 1
) 1 (
75 . 0
4 . 0
' Re
4
'
1
2
n
f Log
n f
n
PL
|
\
|
=

3 . 2 ) ' (Re 53 . 4 ) 1 ( 53 . 4
'
1
+ = f Log c Log
f
B
Newtonian
Power Law
Bingham fluid
w
y
c
=
Just like turbulence of Newtonian fluids, equations are available for time
independent inelastic fluids, i.e obtain f from equations or charts if you know Re;
for example:
Steffe
( )
n
n
n
n
n n
PL
K
D v
1 3
4
1
2
8
Re
+
=

116
MFEE Friction factor, turbulent flow
' 4 f f =
Steffe
117
Steffe, p 132
f
' 4 f f =
( )
n
n
n
n
n n
PL
K
D v
1 3
4
1
2
8
Re
+
=

118
Steffe, p 130
f
' 4 f f =
2
2
B
y
He
D
N
=
B
B
D v
= Re
119
MFEE Kinetic energy correction for Laminar flow
Steffe
Just like Newtonian fluids, corrections for kinetic energy term in MFEE is
required due to the non-uniform flow field. For example:
120
MFEE Kinetic energy correction for Laminar flow
121
Non-Newtonian Pipe Flow, summary
Provided with the tools to predict the velocity profile of
fluids
Can now account for Viscous Pipe Losses and minor
Losses, as well as time-independent non-Newtonian fluids
in pipe flows in the MFEE / extended Bernoulli
q
h
g
v
g
v
D
L
f z
g
u P
z
g
u P
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+ +

2
K
2 2 2
2
losses
minor all
L
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
\
|
= |
\
|
=
D
v
R
Q 8 4
3
P
Q or v
av
n
K & =
2L
PR
=
w
Fluid model:
e.g.
M
e
a
s
u
r
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
s
u
r
a
b
l
e
122
Laminar Pipe Flow of Non-
Newtonian Fluids
Step by step
123
NEWTONIAN: Substitute fluid constitutive model, i.e. Newtonians Law of viscosity:
Parabolic velocity profile

Time independent non-Newtonian Fluid:
Power Law fluid:
From previous page
Integration gives:
No slip Boundary condition, i.e. r=R, v = 0=>c =
dr
dv
z
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
z
r
1
L 4
v
R
PR
n
z n
dr
dv
K K
|
\
|
= = &
z
n
n
n
z
dv K dr
dr
dv
K .
2L
Pr
2L
Pr
1
1
=
|
\
|
\
|
=
=
( ) c v
r
dv dr r
z
n
z
n
n
n
n
+ =
+
=
|
\
|
+
1 2LK
P
1
1
2LK
P
1
1
1
1
124
Integration gives:
Average Velocity
( ) ( )( )
n
n
n
n
n
r R v
n
n
z
1 1 1
1 2LK
P
+ +
=
+
= dA
A
v
z
v
Recall from last lecture for
shell (annulus) of fluid:
dA= 2 r dr
A = R
2
dr r r R
R
dA
A
v
n
n
n
n
z

+ +
= =
1 2 1
2
constant
v
2
constant
R
n
n
n
n
n
n
r r
R
0
1 2
1
2
1 2
1 2
1
(
(
+
+
+
+
125
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
1 3
) 1 3 (
2 ) 1 3 (
1 3
2
) 1 3 (
) 1 3 (
1 2
v
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 2
1
2
1
2LK
P
1 2LK
P
1 2LK
P
1 2
1
2
2
1 2LK
P
n
n
R
n
n n
R
n
nR
n
R n
R R
R
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n R
n
n
126
( )
|
\
|
=
+
3 4
1 3
4
R
Q
n
n
w
&
2L
PR
=
w
This puts the wall shear stress and shear rate as a direct function
of the measurable pressure drop and flow rate.
For a Newtonian fluid, i.e. n=1, this reduces to
Therefore, to simplify equations for Power law fluid, this shear
rate is used as a reference, i.e. apparent shear rate is :
|
\
|
=
3
4
R
Q
Newtonian
&
( ) =
+
.
4
1 3
n
n
w
&
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
D
v
R
Q 8 4
3

n
w w
n
K K & & = =
127
( ) ( )
n
n
n
R
n
n
1 1
1 3 2LK
P
v
+
+
=
Average Velocity for Power Law Fluid:
Volumetric Flow rate , Q:
Note, wall shear stress is directly proportional to the pressure drop:
and the wall shear rate can be determined by subbing into equation for Q:
( ) ( )
n
n
n
R R Q
n
n
1 1
1 3 2LK
P
2
.A v
+
+
= =
( ) ( )
n
n
n
R Q
n
n
1 3 1
1 3 2LK
P
+
+
=
( )
n
w w
K & =
=
2L
PR
n
w
w
K
1
|
\
|
=

&
( )
|
\
|
=
+
3 4
1 3
4
R
Q
n
n
w
&
Power law model
128
General expression can be used for any fluid model :
(see derivation in Steffe)
Use Leibnitz rule to change variables to differentiate as function of
w
and solve for
shear rate at the wall, gives:
=
w
d f
R
Q
w

0
2
3 3
) (
1
) (ln
) (ln
:
) (
4
1
4
3
x d
y d
dx
dy
y
x
NB
d
d
f
w
w w w
=
|
|
\
|
+ = =
&
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
D
v
R
Q 8 4
3
\
| +
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
' 4
1 ' 3
) (ln
) (ln
'
1
) (ln
) (ln
4
1
4
3
n
n
d
d
n
d
d
w
w
w
w
&
&
n can be obtained directly from
P and Q data !
For Power Law, n = n
Laminar Pipe Flow of NNF: General Approach
Rabinowitsch-Mooney
equation

Fluid Mechanics - Lecture 7 - 9 - Viscous + NNF Pipe Flowx

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1

Fluid Mechanics: Outline

Pipe flow head loss

Smooth pipe flow ( = 0)

Determine for each section of flow that

Determine for each section of flow between 1

No shaft work or heat transfer effects, assume fully developed flow

This is the shear rate for a Newtonian fluid

Parabolic velocity profile

Laminar Pipe Flow of Power Law Fluid

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