RSMI 2009 Session III Diagnostic X-Ray Shielding Design X-

NCRPNCRP-147 Shielding Models

Douglas J. Simpkin, Ph.D. Aurora St L k M di l Ct A St. Lukes Medical Ctr Milwaukee, WI dsimpkin@wi.rr.com http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/

Models for Diagnostic X-Ray XShielding Calculations

Yes

No
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The Three Models for Diagnostic X-ray Shielding In NCRP 147

1. First-principle extensions to NCRP 49 2. Given calculated kerma per patient, scale by # patients and inverse squared distance, y p q , and then use transmission curves designed p yp for particular room types 3. NT/(Pd2)
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st 1

principle extensions to NCRP 49

(Underlies the other two methods) The kerma in the occupied area may have p y contributions from
primary radiation scatter radiation leakage radiation

Secondary radiation

Primary, Scatter, and Leakage

Must protect from primary radiation

primary

Must protect from scatter & leakage radiation

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st 1

principle extensions to NCRP 49

The models for primary, scatter, and leakage in NCRP-147 are extensions to whats in NCRP49 (1976):
x-ray tubes operating over ranges of potentials y p g g p (workload distribution) new model for image receptor attenuation new model for leakage

st 1

principle extensions to NCRP 49

These primary scatter and leakage primary, scatter, radiations may be from multiple x-ray sources (or tube positions) So, simply add up all the contributions to the kerma, K f k K, from all these sources in the ll h i h occupied area behind a barrier of thickness x, K ( x) = ( K P ( x) + K S ( x) + K L ( x) )
tubes kVp

st 1

principle extensions to NCRP 49

Then iteratively find a barrier thickness x that decreases that kerma to P/T, the design goal modified by the occupancy factor
P K ( x) = ( K P ( x) + K S ( x) + K L ( x) ) = T tubes kVp See http://www.geocities.com/djsimpkin/ for shareware program XRAYBARR to do this
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principle extensions to NCRP 49

XRAYBARR was written by me in the mid 1990s to perform shielding calculations with these new models as we developed NCRP 147. NCRP-147. The shielding data and examples in NCRP-147 p are based on the output of XRAYBARR. Note: Some of the examples in NCRP-147 p y arent duplicated by XRAYBARR because NCRP-147 takes shortcuts in the tabulated xpre values. XRAYBARR is right!
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Primary Radiation Model

Primary Kerma at 1 m per workload

In primary beam, p know kerma per workload at 1 m, KW(kVp) , for 3 p phase units (data of Archer et al. 1994)

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Unshielded Primary Beam Kerma

KW (kVp) W (kVp) p p At a given kV K P (0) = i kVp, 2 dP
If only a fraction U of the tubes workload is directed at this barrier, then

KW (kVp) U W (kVp) K P ( 0) = 2 dP
U is the use factor for this barrier
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Kerma Behind a Primary Barrier

The kerma behind a primary barrier of transmission B(x, kVp) is

KW (kVp) U W (kVp) p p K P ( x, kV ) = kVp B ( x, kV ) kVp 2 dP

For the whole distribution of workloads, total workloads kerma is

KW (kVp) U W (kVp) K P ( x) = B ( x, kVp) 2 dP kVp

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Primary Radiation: i i i The Old NCRP-49 Model NCRP-

x Barrier of thickness x decreases raw primary radiation kerma to P/T i di ti k t

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Primary Radiation: The Reality

Grid, cassette, supporting structures patient ti t

Primary radiation is significantly attenuated b f tt t d before reaching b i hi barrier

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Primary Radiation: A Conservative, Realistic Model

Grid, cassette, maybe image receptor supporting structures

Even without the patient, primary radiation is still significantly attenuated b f i ifi tl tt t d before reaching barrier hi b i
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Primary Radiation: NCRPNCRP-147 Model

Grid, cassette, maybe supporting structures No ti t! N patient!

xpre x

xtot = x + xpre

Assume primary beam attenuation in image receptor is due to a pseudo-barrier whose equivalent thickness xpre gives same transmission as that seen for actual image receptors.
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1E+0

8 6 4 2

Primary Transmission Through Patient, Image Receptor, and Supports

Data of Dixon (1994)
Wall-Mou unted Grid + Cassette + Cassette Holders C C

1E-1

No patient & grid & cassette:

8 6 4

B = 4.7E-6 kVp

2.181

Transmiss sion

1E-2

8 6 4 2

No patient & grid & cassette & cassette support structures & radiographic table: g p 4.917 Type of Radiographic Table B = 9.36E-13 kVp
(data of Dixon 1994)
GE RTE Table GE Advantx Table Siemens Multix-T Table Picker Clinix-T Table
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150

1E-3

8 6 4 2

1E-4 1E 4

kVp

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1E+3

Values of x

p pre

(Grid+cassette+support)

Gypsum
1E 2 1E+2

Plate Glass

Concrete
xpre (mm m)

1E+1

Steel
1E+0

Lead

1E 1 1E-1
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
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kVp

xpre for Radiographic Room Workload Distributions

From NCRP-147 Table 4.6:
Grid + cassette:
0.3 mm Pb 30 mm concrete

G id + cassette + table/chest bucky supports: Grid tt t bl / h t b k t

0.85 mm Pb 72 mm concrete

(See Dixon & Simpkin Health Phys 74;181189;1998 for a more complete list.)
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Calculation of Primary Kerma

Same as model in NCRP-49 except
account for workload distribution in kVp May account for image receptor shielding xpre

Primary kerma in occupied area is then

K P ( x + x pre ) = 1 K (kVp) U W (kVp) B ( x + x pre , kVp) 2 W d P kVp

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Scatter Radiation

patient i

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Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction

KS 1m 1m 1m

KP
1 cm2 area primary beam at 1 m

KS +6 = a1 10 KP
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Scaled Normalized Scatter Fraction

'

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Scatter Radiation
Same theory as old NCRP-49
scatter fraction data of Kelley & Trout reevaluated by Simpkin & Dixon (Health Phys 1998) pri beam area F ( 2) measured at pri distance dF ib (cm d i di conveniently taken as image receptor area @ SID explicitly show kVp dependence and sum over li itl h kV d d d workload distribution to yield shielded scatter kerma

a1 10 6 KW (kVp) W (kVp) F K S ( x, ) = B( x, kVp) p 2 2 dS dF kVp

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Leakage Radiation
Radiation originating from xray tube focal spot but not emanating from the tube portal

patient i

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Leakage radiation
Intensity can t exceed L = 100 mR/hr at 1 m cant when tube is operated at its leakage technique factors
maximum potential for continuous operation kVpmax (typically 135 150 kVp or 50 kVp for 135-150 kVp, mammography) Imax is t e maximum continuous tube current s the a u co t uous cu e t possible at kVpmax . Note that this is usually a low mA, not typical of clinical radiography.
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Leakage radiation
These leakage technique factors specify how thick the shielding in the tube housing should be NCRP49 suggested leakage technique gg g q factors of 3.3 mA at 150 kVp, 4 mA at 125 p p y kVp, 5 mA at 100 kVp; remain fairly typical today

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Leakage radiation
NCRP-147 calculations (and shielding methods NCRP 147 2 and 3) use
3 3 mA at 150 kVp 3.3 worst case leakage rates (Subsequently weve found that assuming 4 mA at (Subsequently, we ve 125 kVp leakage technique factors specifies barriers that are 10-20% thicker than in the report) p ) However, actual leakage rates are 0-30% of the maximum leakage so we dont see a problem g p
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New Leakage Model g

For tube operating at techniques ( p, I) with p g q (kVp, ) transmission through the tube housing Bhousing, assume leakage kerma rate at 1 m through tube housing is

K L (kVp) kVp I Bh i (kVp) housing

2
Assume worst case scenario: leakage kerma rate = limit L for tube operation at leakage technique factors (conservative by factors of 3 to ~infinity)
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New Leakage Model g

Estimate thickness of tube housing by using primary beam output at leakage technique factors as model for unhoused p g q leakage radiation.
1931 mGy/hr 100 mR/hr = 0.873 mGy/hr
Tube operated at 150 kVp, 3.3 mA unhoused tube 1m 1m 1m Tube housing = 2.32 mm Pb thick

1m

1931 mGy/hr

1931 mGy/hr
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New Leakage Model g

Write ratio of leakage kerma rates at any kVp to L at kVpmax and knowing that at a given kVp, workload W(kVp) is the time integral of the tube current: W (kVp) = I dt then unshielded leakage kerma KL ( 1 m) at h hi ld d l k k (at ) that kVp is
K L (0, kVp) = L kVp 2 (1 U ) W (kVp) Bhousing (kVp) kVpmax I max Bhousing (kVpmax )
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New Leakage Model g

Applying inverse square to distance dL from tube to shielded area, and putting a barrier with transmission exp(ln(2)x/HVL) between tube & area yields
K L ( x, kVp) = L kV 2 (1 U ) W (kV ) Bhousing (kV ) kVp kVp kVp kVpmax I max Bhousing (kVpmax ) g
2

ln(2) x 1 exp 2 HVL(kVp) dL (kVp

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How far off is NCRP-49s leakage model? NCRP1E+0 1E-1

1E-2

NCRP-1 leakage 147 e/ NCRP-4 leakage 49

1E-3

1E-4

1E-5 1E 5

Leakage dose as function of kVp transmitted through x-ray tube ous g o 3 b co pa ed housing of 2.32 mm Pb compared to that at 150 kVp
Leakage technique factors: 150 kVp, 3.3 mA for 100 mR/hr

1E-6

1E-7

1E-8

1E-9 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

kVp

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Summary: Shielding Model No. 1 No

Rigorous model based on the well-accepted NCRP-49 methods. But you need a computer program y p p g (XRAYBARR, for example) to implement f y fully! Is there a shielding method that allows paper and calculator solutions?

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NCRPNCRP-147 Shielding Model No. 2 No

For each clinical workload distribution, of total workload Wnorm per patient, for both l kl d i f b h primary and secondary barriers, NCRP-147 provides:
K1 , the kerma per patient at 1 m distance
Primary kerma per patient KP1 is in Table 4.5 45 Secondary kerma per patient Ksec1 is in Table 4.7

B, the transmission of the radiation , generated by this workload distribution for primary or secondary barriers (cf App B & C)
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NCRPNCRP-147 Shielding Model No. 2 No

Primary Air Kerma at 1 m for Workload Distributions, K1 Di ib i

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NCRPNCRP-147 Shielding Model No. 2 No

S Secondary Air Kerma at 1 m for W y Workload Distributions, K1sec

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NCRPNCRP-147 Shielding Model No. 2

For single kVp operation cf. Simpkin and y ( ), Dixon Health Phys. 74(3), 350365 for secondary kerma per workload at 1 m at g p p single kVp operation All other data is available in NCRP 147
But be careful reading scientific notation: 1.234 x 101 = 12.34

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Shielding Model No. 2

Get the unshielded kerma, K(0) by scaling the kerma kerma K(0), per patient at 1 m, K1, by
N patient procedures (suggested values of N are in Table 4.3) or, equivalently total workload Wtot (where workload/pat = Wnorm) can tweak Wtot by a QE-specified different workload per patient, Wsite

K 1 U N K 1 U Wt t tot Kerma is then K (0) = = 2 2 d d Wnorm

( h U i replaced by 1 for secondary barriers) (where is l db f d b i )
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Shielding Model No. 2

Ratio of P/T to K(0) is the required transmission P d 2 Wnorm Pd2 P /T = = B( x) = 1 K (0) N T UD Wtot T UD1
(again, U is replaced by 1 for secondary barriers)

T Transmission B i now a function of i i is f i f

barrier material and thickness workload distribution kl d di ib i primary or secondary
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B=0.0047

x=1.2 mm Pb

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Now the difficulty is in reading the correct curve!

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Shielding Model No. 3 for No Representative Rooms

Model No. 2 fails for complicated assemblages of x-ray tubes/ positions/ workload distributions, such as in i a radiographic or di hi radiographic/ fluoroscopic room
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Shielding Model No. 3 for No Representative Rooms

(Using XRAYBARR) NCRP-147 shows barrier thickness requirements calculated for representative rooms:
Assume conservatively small room layout
assures maximum contribution from all sources

Presumes that the kinds of exposures made amongst the various x-ray tubes/positions follow those observed by the AAPM TG-9 survey y y
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Representative Radiographic Room

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Use Factors from AAPM Survey

Rad Room: Chest Bucky Cross-table Lateral Position U=9% Overtable Position U=89% shooting down at fl t floor ( (Another p primary wall g y gets U=2% of the floor/ other barrier distribution; assume tube is centered overtable) Rad Room: floor/ other barriers applies to Overtable and Crosstable positions
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Representative Radiographic Room p g p

y Secondary Barrier Cross-table Lateral Wall primary

Chest Bucky wall primary Che Buck est ky wall second dary

U 2% U=2% primary wall

Secondary Barrier
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Representative R&F Room Representative Room

Also assume a Representative R&F room
Has same layout as Standard Radiographic Room except an undertable fluoro x-ray tube and image intensifier are added, centered over table added Does fluoro as well as standard radiographic work, with table and chest buckies and crosstable work

Assume
75% of patients imaged as if in radiographic room p g g p 25% of patients imaged by fluoroscopy tube

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Representative R&F Room

Overtable Rad tube Chest Rad tube Image Intensifier

Crosstable Lateral Rad Tube Undertable Fluoro Tube

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Representative Room Representative Room Barrier Requirements

From Model 2, transmission requirement is

Pd B( x) = 1 N T UK
so the barrier thickness requirement must scale as: NT

Pd

2
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Representative Room Representative Room Barrier Requirements

Method:
Given N patients/week, need to shield to P/T, a distance d from the x-ray source Calculate N T2 in mGy-1 m-2 y
Pd

Look up the required barrier thickness on the graph appropriate for that workload distribution, barrier, and barrier material
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There are 12

2 NT/Pd

graphs

For Representative Radiographic and R&F Rooms:

For Lead and Concrete:
Primary barriers with preshielding y p g Primary barriers without preshielding Secondary barriers

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54

2 NT/Pd

curves have been fit

The NT/Pd2 curves have been fit to a modified Archer eqn:

See fitting parameters at

http://geocities.com/djsimpkin/Shielding/Shield ing.htm g
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56

NT/Pd2: From where is d measured?

Primary Barriers
Floor Chest Bucky wall Crosstable Lateral Wall 2% U wall overhead radiographic tube chest tube (72 SID) (72" cross-table tube (40" SID) center of table

Secondary Barriers
Floor Chest Bucky secondary wall Secondary Wall Ceiling patient on table chest tube (72" SID) patient on table patient on table
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Equivalency of Shielding Materials for Model No. 3 Calculations

For representative room calculations only, y conservatively conclude
Steel thickness requirement = q 8 Pb thickness requirement Gypsum wallboard thickness requirement = 3.2 concrete thickness requirement Glass thickness requirement = 1.2 concrete thickness requirement
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Conclusions
NCRP-147 utilizes 3 shielding models
Model No 1: Extension of the methods of NCRP-49 No. NCRP 49
With kVp dependence With new models for primary and leakage R i computer program to implement fully Requires t t i l t f ll

Model No. 2: Based on data from model no. 1,

NCRP-147 shows kerma per patient at 1 m and transmission curves appropriate for a given workload. i f i kl d Calculate unshielded kerma and then transmission needed to reduce to P/T. Look up barrier thickness.

M d l No. 3 B d on d f Model N 3: Based data from model no. 1 d l 1,

For N patients at distance d (for a particular workload distribution & barrier), calculate NT/Pd2 NCRP 147 shows b i thickness as function of NT/Pd2 NCRP-147 h barrier hi k f i f
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