Computer Applications

In this article will explain about understanding computer applications and the types of application. In this development of information technology everyone must familiar using computers, the computer has important applications in helping users accomplish a task. Computer Application is a computer program written in a programming language and is used to solve a specific problem. This application serves to perform jobs according to user needs. Understanding computer application from free computer tutorial is the best ways to learn a complate knowledge of computer.

Types of computer applications

Various type of computer hardware and software is determine the development of information technology, computer hardware and computer application is very advanced. Computer Application could be define in the some categories. Research in computer science is decided into basic research and applied research in computer science. This research ic

NETWORK APPLICATIONS
Computer Networking is the coordination of communication within a particular system between central (server) and some of its members. Network Topology is the pattern of relationships between a terminal in a computer network, there are various types of network topology.

GRAPH APPLICATIONS
Many types of computers with difference graph applications. Computer graphics applications beginning of its development began in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It is a computer program used to draw a picture that gives a new dimension in the field of computer time. There are two obvious ways to enter information into the computer graphics into an application, namely:

1.

Direct Graphics Programming, by writing into the programming language.

2.

Digitizing (or Graphics) Tablets, by using the mouse.

ANIMATION Each computers may be have difference specification, so the choosing computer components must be carefully. It is a form of art that appear spontaneously generate life movement on an object. To achieve these effects, animators have to construct a series of frames / images of a subject, that each of the next frame is slightly different from the previous frame. Animation is one of computer applications which intended to give more interesting when using computer. Computer with a lot of animation is run slow than poor of animation, so it must increase computer performance for which use many animation. There are actually several different functions to produce computer-based animation and one thereof is an animated three-dimensional (3D). One rather than the technique is to create an object which is then adjusted and moved, in which ultimately will produce a complete 3D animation. Another function is to create computer animations using a standard computer paint tools to paint the frames a single prior to the merger. This is then stored as an image file. WEB APPLICATIONS Web applications is a part of computer applications, but web application is related to LAN MAN WAN concept Is part of the internet as a community computer network that provides services http (world wide web). Thus, the technical definition of the world wide web is all the resources and all the internet users that use HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). WWW is the most exciting applications on the Internet and applications such as email is very important and widely used. This application is sometimes called "The Killer Application" or "the world is at your fingertip" because we can get so easy to notice with not just text and even images, and multimedia. Every computer have a CPU as main brain, one of main components of a cpu is for support the web applications and computer development. In this application a lot of convenience that can be done such as:

ordered or purchased an item online register online reached multimedia, etc

Network technology both cabling or wireless issues bought us connect every whare. Notices are placed on the WWW called "HomePage" and every home page has the address of each. In order to attract users' attention so that the homepage can be visited, then we have them shape it interesting and there are many clear edict. In this field of art is necessary, so that the world of advertising and commerce world, the better. The computer applications especially web application most commonly used browser today is Netscape Navigator in the world other than Internet Explorer. Web application be the largest used application because the role of internet history. Without internet web application could not interact with people.

APPLICATION OF EDUCATION

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). Computers are directly used in the learning process, as a substitute teacher or a book. Some CAI applications are: Drill and Practice, Tutorials, Simulation.

Computer Managed Instruction (CMI). The teachers use computers to plan for college, the students adapted to the conditions, which consisted of computer-assisted learning programs, reading, and exams.

Computer Assisted Testing (CAT). Computers are used as test media. Many forms, ranging from simple where the computer (usually through the display) is used as a substitute for examination questions in paper form, to the more advanced form, where the ability of computers used to explore students' abilities in ways actively questioning.

APPLICATION OF BUSINESS / OFFICE Another computer applications is office application, this applications is used for business purpose. Every business, large or small, to process large amounts of data in daily operations. Data obtained from the payroll, customer invoicing and financial accounts, inventory management, and account customers that all fees must be calculated, stored, classified, sorted, diretriev, processed again, reported, communicated and disseminated at a time. Processing of such data is known as Business Data Processing or Data Processing (DP). If the processing is done by computer, this is known as Electronic Data Processing (EDP). Now every office's employee must could operate computer, so they must know how to use computer to make thier job easy. DBMS (Data Base Management System) Computers also can be used as Effective in business management. Through a computerized database management system (DBMS) and the SIM, a manager or company executive can be assisted in making decisions about the entire business operation and to provide guidance and instructions to subordinates. DBMS types which common used nowdays is relational database and RDBMS concept. APPLICATION FOR A CERTAIN CLASS

Air Traffic Control System Airline Reservation Systems

There are so many computer applications, Every applications have a unique function and specification. Everyone could use computer or explore cpu architecture easily by learning computer tutorial.

What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device, which executes software programs. It consists of 2 partshardware and software . The computer processes input through input devices like mouse and keyboard. The computer displays output through output devices like color monitor and printer. The size of a computer varies considerably from very small to very big. The speed of computers also has a very large range. Computers have become indispensable in today's world. Millions of people use computers all over the world. There are several uses of computers:

Word Processing - Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammar mistakes. If the content of a document repeats you don't have to type it each time. You can use the copy and paste features. You can printout documents and make several copies. It is easier to read a word-processed document than a handwritten one. You can add images to your document. Internet - It is a network of almost all the computers in the world. You can browse through much more information than you could do in a library. That is because computers can store enormous amounts of information. You also have very fast and convenient access to information. Through E-Mail you can communicate with a person sitting thousands of miles away in seconds. There is chat software that enables one to chat with another person on a real-time basis. Video conferencing tools are becoming readily available to the common man. Digital video or audio composition - Audio or video composition and editing have been made much easier by computers. It no longer costs thousands of dollars of equipment to compose music or make a film. Graphics engineers can use computers to generate short or full-length films or even to create three-dimensional models. Anybody owning a computer can now enter the field of media production. Special effects in science fiction and action movies are created using computers. Desktop publishing - With desktop publishing, you can create page layouts for entire books on your personal computer. Computers in Medicine - You can diagnose diseases. You can learn the cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance imaging to examine the internal organs of the human body. Software is used for performing surgery. Computers are used to store patient data. Mathematical Calculations - Thanks to computers, which have computing speeds of over a million calculations per second we can perform the biggest of mathematical calculations. Banks - All financial transactions are done by computer software. They provide security, speed and convenience. Travel - One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel reservations online. Telecommunications - Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones have software embedded in them. Defense - There is software embedded in almost every weapon. Software is used for controlling the flight and targeting in ballistic missiles. Software is used to control access to atomic bombs. E-Learning - Instead of a book it is easier to learn from an E-learning software. Gambling-You can gamble online instead of going to a casino.

Examinations-You can give online exams and get instant results. You can check your examination results online. Computers in Business - Shops and supermarkets use software, which calculate the bills. Taxes can be calculated and paid online. Accounting is done using computers. One can predict future trends of business using artificial intelligence software. Software is used in major stock markets. One can do trading online. There are fully automated factories running on software. Certificates - Different types of certificates can be generated. It is very easy to create and change layouts. ATM machines - The computer software authenticates the user and dispenses cash. Marriage - There are matrimonial sites through which one can search for a suitable groom or bride. News-There are many websites through which you can read the latest or old news. Classmates-There are many alumni websites through which you can regain contact with your classmates. Robotics - Robots are controlled by software. Washing Machines - They operate using software. Microwave Oven - They are operated by software. Planning and Scheduling - Software can be used to store contact information, generating plans, scheduling appointments and deadlines. Plagiarism - Software can examine content for plagiarism. Greeting Cards - You can send and receive greetings pertaining to different occasions. Sports - Software is used for making umpiring decisions. There are simulation software using which a sportsperson can practice his skills. Computers are also to identify flaws in technique. Airplanes - Pilots train on software, which simulates flying. Weather analysis - Supercomputers are used to analyze and predict weather.

Computers have leapfrogged the human society into another league. It is used in each and every aspect of human life. They will spearhead the human quest of eradicating social problems like illiteracy and poverty. It is difficult to imagine a world bereft of computers. This revolutionary technology is indeed a boon to the human race. May computers continue to shower their blessings to us.

Applications of computers in various fields

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Computers have their application or utility everywhere. We find their applications in almost every sphere of lifeparticularly in fields where computations are required to be done at a

very fast speed and where data is so complicated that the human brain finds it difficult to cope up with. As you must be aware, computer now-a-days are being used almost in every department to do the work at a greater speed and accuracy. They can keep the record of all the employees and prepare their pay bill in a matter of minutes every month. They can keep automatic checks on the stock of a particular item. Some of the prominent areas of computer applications are: [B]In Tourism:[/B] Hotels use computers to speed up billing and checkout the availability of rooms. So is the case with railways and airline reservations for booking tickets. Architects can display their scale models on a computer and study them from various angles and perspectives. Structural problems can now be solved quickly and accurately. [B]In Banks: [/B]Banks also have started using computers extensively. Terminals are provided in the branch and the main computer is located centrally. This enables the branches to use the central computer system for information on things such as current balance,deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, etc. MICR encoded cheques can be read and sorted out with a speed of 3000 cheques per minute by computers as compared to hours taken by manual sorting. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) allows a person to transfer funds through computer signals over wires and telephone lines making the work possible in a very short time. [B]In Industry:[/B] Computers are finding their greatest use in factories and industries of all kinds. They have taken over the work ranging from monotonous and risky jobs like welding to highly complex jobs such as process control. Drills, saws and entire assembly lines can be computerized. Moreover, quality control tests and the manufacturing of products, which require a lot of refinement, are done with the help of computers. Not only this, Thermal Power Plants, Oil refineries and chemical industries fully depend on computerized control systems because in such industries the lag between two major events may be just a fraction of a second. [B]In Transportation:[/B] Today computers have made it possible for planes to land in foggy and stormy atmosphere also. The aircraft has a variety of sensors, which measure the planes altitude, position, speed, height and direction. Computer use all this information to keep the plane flying in the right direction. In fact, the Autopilot feature has made the work of pilot much easy. [B] In Education:[/B] Computers have proved to be excellent teachers. They can possess the knowledge given to them by the experts and teach you with all the patience in the world. You may like to repeat a lesson hundred times, go ahead, you may get tired but the computer will keep on teaching you. Computer based instructions (CBI) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) are common tools used for teaching. Computer based encyclopedia such as Britannica provide you enormous amount of information on anything. [B]In Entertainment:[/B] Computers are also great entertainers. Many computer games are available which are like the traditional games like chess, football, cricket, etc. Dungeons and dragons provide the opportunity to test your memory and ability to think. Other games like Braino and Volcano test your knowledge. Now since most of us computer daily, you must be aware of the physical parts and tangible part of the computer. The hardware, the central processing unit and the monitor altogether just forms the machine. The machine is of no use until and unless you have uploaded an operating system.

Once the operating system is installed the next thing that you ideally need to take care of installing the correct software. There are various applications that we use on a daily basis and most of them we use are applications which help us in getting our tasks done in a systematic manner. These applications are termed as computer application software. Today, we will dig more in details, as to what are the uses of computer application software. Take any industry that you want banking, media, training, research and many more. In all the places they use the computer application software. Lets see where all the software has been used:Training : One of the major places where application software has been used is the training industry. Be it training to become a doctor or be it training to become a pilot, in both these case they are taught things through simulation. Virtual learning, thats how it is more popular. With the help of application software, you almost feel like you are performing the stunts by yourself. This has been quiet a hit and now has started to be used in more and more hospitals , medical fields, and flying institutes. You learn as well as feel that you are doing it on your own. Video Games :

Computer games and Multimedia development have caught the fancy of the world. How do you think they are made ? Well, they just are another form of application software that has been used. Video games are basically applications which are based on user inputs. Utilities : Microsoft office is amongst of the most popular application software to be used in the world. The popularity of MS Office Suite has rarely reduced and it has been used by one and all. This application software is identified as application suite because there are many applications which share the same functions, the same process and yet are different. These applications are used for blogging, to keeping tabs of different expenses, for working on huge chunks of data. Truly, a life without MS Office can be hardly thought of. Entertainment : The use of application software can be seen in the media. Be it print media or television it has been used widely. Animated films, graphics are all done using the application software. They have software which is useful for sound and video composition. Financial Domain : A bank or any other financial institution at present cant think of their life without application software. For even the smallest of transactions are now done based on application software. The other uses of application software are visible in accounting, desktop publishing, computer aided design, multimedia and many more. We cant ignore the fact that application software has been gaining access to most of the things in life, but nobody is complaining. In fact it is one of the good findings.

Electronic commerce
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Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, eCommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. However, the term may refer to more than just buying and selling products online. It also includes the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing,

electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely in electronic form for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but mostly electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers are now electronically present on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses is referred to as business-tobusiness or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service involved. The sale or purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as in Amazon.com for new books. However in some cases, an intermediary may be present in a sale or purchase transaction such as the transactions on eBay.com. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions.

Contents
[hide]

1 History o 1.1 Early development o 1.2 Timeline 2 Business applications 3 Governmental regulation 4 Forms 5 Global trends 6 Impact on markets and retailers 7 Distribution channels 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Early development

Originally, electronic commerce was identified as the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to

send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the WorldWideWeb web browser and transformed an academic telecommunication network into a worldwide everyman everyday communication system called internet/www. Commercial enterprise on the Internet was strictly prohibited by NSF until 1995.[1] Although the Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 with the adoption of Mosaic web browser, it took about five years to introduce security protocols and DSL allowing continual connection to the Internet. By the end of 2000, many European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then people began to associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services.
[edit] Timeline

1979: Michael Aldrich invented online shopping[2] 1981: Thomson Holidays, UK is first B2B online shopping[citation needed] 1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Telecom and used for online ordering. 1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper[citation needed] 1985: Nissan UK sells cars and finance with credit checking to customers online from dealers' lots.[citation needed] 1987: Swreg begins to provide software and shareware authors means to sell their products online through an electronic Merchant account.[citation needed] 1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer. 1992: Terry Brownell launches first fully graphical, iconic navigated Bulletin board system online shopping using RoboBOARD/FX. 1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offers online ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opens. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Adult materials also become commercially available, as do cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 SSL encryption that made transactions secure. 1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. Dell and Cisco begin to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. 1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web. 1998: Alibaba Group is established in China. And it leverage China's B2B and C2C, B2C(Taobao) market by its Authentication System. 1999: Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online. 2000: The dot-com bust. 2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001. 2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion.[3] Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal.

2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit. 2004: DHgate.com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the "yellow pages" model.[4] 2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.[5] 2009: Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million.[6] Retail Convergence, operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million, plus up to $170 million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012.[7] 2010: Groupon reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from Google. Instead, the group buying websites plans to go ahead with an IPO in mid-2011.[8] 2011: US eCommerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $197 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2010.[9] Quidsi.com, parent company of Diapers.com, acquired by Amazon.com for $500 million in cash plus $45 million in debt and other obligations.[10] GSI Commerce, a company specializing in creating, developing and running online shopping sites for brick and mortar businesses, acquired by eBay for $2.4 billion.[11]

[edit] Business applications

An example of an automated online assistant on a merchandising website.

Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:

Document automation in supply chain and logistics Domestic and international payment systems Enterprise content management Group buying Automated online assistants Instant messaging Newsgroups Online shopping and order tracking Online banking Online office suites Shopping cart software Teleconferencing Electronic tickets

[edit] Governmental regulation

The examples and perspective in this United States may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (March
2011)

In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[12] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information.[13] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC. The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies.[14]

[edit] Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.

[edit] Global trends

Business models across the world also continue to change drastically with the advent of eCommerce and this change is not just restricted to USA. Other countries are also contributing to the growth of eCommerce. For example, the United Kingdom has the biggest e-commerce market in the world when measured by the amount spent per capita, even higher than the USA. The internet economy in UK is likely to grow by 10% between 2010 to 2015. This has led to changing dynamics for the advertising industry[15] Amongst emerging economies, China's eCommerce presence continues to expand. With 384 million internet users,China's online shopping sales rose to $36.6 billion in 2009 and one of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.[16] E-Commerce has become an important tool for businesses worldwide not only to sell to customers but also to engage them.[17]

[edit] Impact on markets and retailers

Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers' ability to gather information about products and prices. Research by

four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in ecommerce, bookshops and travel agencies. Generally, larger firms have grown at the expense of smaller ones, as they are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend.[18]

[edit] Distribution channels

E-commerce has grown in importance as companies have adopted Pure-Click and Brick and Click channel systems. We can distinguish between pure-click and brick and click channel system adopted by companies.

Pure-Click companies are those that have launched a website without any previous existence as a firm. It is imperative that such companies must set up and operate their e-commerce websites very carefully. Customer service is of paramount importance. Brick and Click companies are those existing companies that have added an online site for ecommerce. Initially, Brick and Click companies were skeptical whether or not to add an online ecommerce channel for fear that selling their products might produce channel conflict with their off-line retailers, agents, or their own stores. However, they eventually added internet to their distribution channel portfolio after seeing how much business their online competitors were generating.

[edit] See also