www.ee.ui.ac.

id/wasp

Introduction of Telecommunication
Telecommunication Engineering

Elements of Communication Systems

A communication system conveys information from its source to a destination some distance away Basic function of comm system is to transfer information in electrical form Information is represented by message Message is defined as the physical manifestation of information as produced by the source

Elements of Communication Systems

The goal of a comm system is to reproduce at the destination an acceptable replica of the source message Two kinds of source: analog and digital An analog message is a physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth and continuous fashion Most of the sources are analog, e.g. voice, light intensity

Elements of Communication Systems

A digital message is an ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete elements Examples: hourly temperature readings, keys on a komputer keyboard Most comm systems have input and output transducers. The input transducer converts the message to an electrical signal (voltage or current) The output transducer conducts reverse process

Elements of Communication Systems

We will learn about the signal transmission A signal contains messages (compare with a wave) Therefore, the terms signal and message will be used interchangeably

Elements of Communication Systems

Figure below depicts the elements of comm system

Elements of Communication Systems

Transmitter processes the input signal to produce a transmitted signal suited to characteristics of the transmission channel Signal processing for transmission: modulation and coding The transmission channel is the electrical medium that bridges the distance from source to destination. Transmission channel: wire or wireless (radio wave)

Elements of Communication Systems

Every channel introduces some amount of transmission loss or attenuation the signal power decreases with increasing distance The receiver operates on the output signal from the channel in preparation for delivery to the transducer at the destination Receivers signal processing: amplification, demodulation, decoding, and filtering

Elements of Communication Systems

Attenuation is undesireable since it reduces signal strength at the receiver Distortion, interference, and noise appear as alterations of the signal shape Distortion is waveform pertubation caused by imperfect response of the system to the desired signal itself Distortion disappears when the signal is turned off

Elements of Communication Systems

If the channel has a linear but distorting response, then the distortion may be corrected (or reduced), with the help of special filters called equalizers Interference is contamination by extraneous signals from human sources (other transmitters, power lines and machinary, etc.) Interference occurs most often in radio systems antennas receive several signals at the same time

Elements of Communication Systems

Signal with distortion

Elements of Communication Systems

Noise refers to random and unpredictable electrical signals produced by natural processes both internal and external to the system The signal with noise will cause the message be partially corrupted or totally obliterated Filtering can reduce noise contamination, but some noise cannot be eliminated Two way (duplex) communication requires a transmitter and receiver at each end. Otherwise, it is called simplex (SX) transmission

Elements of Communication Systems

Signal with noise

Elements of Communication Systems

A full-duplex (FDX) system has a channel that allows simultaneous transmission in both directions A half-duplex (HDX) system allows transmission in either direction but not at the same time

Fundamental Limitations

Two constraints in comm system design: technological problems and physical limitations Technological problems: hardware availability, economic factors, regulations, etc. Physical limitations: bandwidth and noise Bandwidth measure of speed When signal changes rapidly with time the frequency (spectrum) extends over a wide range large bandwidth Every comm system has a finite bandwidth that limits the rate of signal transmission

Fundamental Limitations

The most common noise is thermal noise Thermal noise is the caused by random motion of charged particles that generates random currents or voltages We measure noise relative to an information signal in terms of the signal-to-noise power ratio S/N Thermal noise is quite small S/N can be large At lower value of S/N the noise can create some problems: degrades fidelity in analog comm and produces errors in digital comm We cannot amplify the received signal to avoid noise since the noise will also be amplified

Fundamental Limitations

Shannon stated the relations between channel capacity and rate of information The Hartley-Shannon law says that the rate of information cannot exceed the channel capacity It sets an upper limit on the performance of a comm system with a given bandwidth and S/N

B log 1 S N

Modulation

Modulation and coding are operations performed at the transmitter to achieve efficient and reliable information transmission (Analog) Modulation involves two signals: modulating signal (message) and carrier wave A modulator alters the carrier wave in correspondence with the variations of the modulating signal At the receiver it needs demodulation, so that the message can be extracted

Modulation

An example of amplitude modulation (AM) -> Fig (a), (b) AM is used for radio broadcasting Continuous-wave modulation (CW):

Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM)

CW modulation produces frequency translation E.g. In AM broadcasting, the message spectrum has bandwidth from 100 Hz to 5 kHz; if the carrier frequency is 600 kHz, then the modulated carrier will be at 595 605 kHz

Modulation

Another modulation method is pulse modulation Pulse modulation has a periodic train of short pulses as the carrier wave Pulse modulation does not produce frequency translation One example of pulse modulation is pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fig (c) PAM consist of short samples extracted from the analog signal Sampling is an important signal-processing technique Sampled signal should be able to be reconstructed

Modulation

Modulation Benefits:

Modulation for efficient transmission Modulation to overcome hardware limitations Modulation to reduce noise and interference Modulation for frequency assignment Modulation for multiplexing

Coding

Coding is a symbol-processing operation for improved comm when the information is digital Both coding and modulation may be necessary for longdistance digital transmission Encoding transforms a digital message into a new sequence of symbols Decoding converts an encoded sequence back to the original message (with a few errors caused by transmission)

Coding

Coding: source coding and channel coding Source coding reduces redundancy to achieve the desired efficiency Channel coding is a technique to control redundancy to further improve the performance reliability in a noisy channel Channel coding sometimes called error-control coding