Sept 2005: changes reflect text: Woud Sept 2006: added examples first law: during any cycle

a system undergoes, the cyclic integral of the heat is proportional to the cyclic integral of the work pg 83 van Wylen & Sonntag Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics 3rd Edition SI Version

First Law

first law for cycle

1 dQ = 1 dW

(5.2)

The net energy interaction between a system and its environment is zero for a cycle executed by the system. pg 2 Cravalho and Smith 1 dQ 1 dW = 0
plot data

where integral are cyclic and dQ = Q dW = W

Pressure Volume plot for Processes

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5 v

2.5

1 dQ = 1 dW

A process
B process
C process

apply first law to cycle A B

1 dQA + 1 dQB = 1 dWA + 1 dWB

1 2 1 2

apply first law to cycle A C subtract A C from A B rearrange ... 1 dQ_WB = 1 dQ_WC
2 2 1 1 1 1

1 dQA + 1 dQC = 1 dWA + 1 dWC

1 2 1 2 1 1

1 dQB 1 dQC = 1 dWB 1 dWC

2 2 2 2

i.e. Q - W is a point function ... only dependent upon the end points => define as ...

dE = Q W
9/21/2006 9/21/2006

energy, point function

first law for system (Woud: Closed system) - change of state

rearrange and integrate ... Q = dE + W Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2 Q1_2 E1 W1_2 E2

N.B. Woud starts with rate equation and obtains this assuming steady state

is the heat transferred TO system are intial and final values of energy of system and ... is work done BY the system (5.5)

energy E consists of internal energy + kinetic energy + potential energy E = U + KE + PE and first law can be restated ... dE = dU + dKE + dPE Q = dE + W = dU + dKE + dPE + W dU = Q W m_dote = m_doti = 0 (5.4)

Closed System

d U = Q_dot W_dot dt

(W 2.3)

difference between d and

d and : VW&S: page 62 Woud page 11 d = differential of point functions state variables = differential of path functions - amount depends on path/process: diminutive see discussion of cyclic process below

cycle may be considered a closed system; initial state and final state are identical, For example (detailed
discussion later)

set up limits and calculations

p-v plot of Brayton cycle

6

4 pressure 2 0 0

2 volume

adiabatic compression heat addition adiabatic expansion in turbine heat rejection

closed (cycle)

d U = 0 = Q_dot W_dot dt

Q_dot = W_dot

Qcycle = Wcycle

(W 2.6)

this is where we started above using different approach to first law

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

example 5.3

Sonntag example 5.3: vessel with volume 5 m 3 contains 0.05 m 3 of saturated liquid water and 4.95 m 3 of saturated water vapor at 0.01 MPa. Heat is added until the vessel is filled with saturated vapor. Determine Q. State 1: V := 5m
3

Vvap := 4.95m Vliq := 0.05m

MPa := 10 Pa p := 0.1MPa u f := 417.36 kJ

kJ := 10 J

Vap H2O
1 Q2

constant volume and mass => constant v steam tables at p = 0.1 MPa State 2:

v f := 0.001043 v g := 1.694 V2 = V m

kg

page 616 kg Sonntag u fg := 2088.7

kg v = vg

u g := 2506.1 u = ug W1_2 = 0

kJ kg

kJ kg

Liq

H2O

first law:

Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2
n

Q1_2 = U2 U1 Vf massf = vf mass1_vap := Vvap v g

V = 0

z = 0

E=U

have volume, determine mass of each Vliq vf

V = m v n
n

mass1_liq :=

mass1_liq = 47.9386 kg

mass1_vap = 2.9221 kg

x = quality( of_steam)

x 1 :=

mass1_vap mass1_vap + mass1_liq

4

x 1 = 0.0575

x%1 := x 1 100

x%1 = 5.7453

U1 := mass1_liqu f + mass1_vapu g

U1 = 2.7331 10 kJ

intensive property = not dependent on mass (x, v, u, ) extensive does (U, V, mass)

or ... using average specific properties u 1 := u f + x 1 u fg u 1 = 537.3611 kJ kg U11 := u 1 mass1_vap + mass1_liq

)
3 kJ

U11 = 2.7331 10 kJ
3 kJ

which can be shown by ... U1 = mass1_liqu f + mass1_vapu g mass1_liqu f + mass1_vapu g mass1_liq + mass1_vap
u g = u f + u fg u fg = 2.0887 10 kg u g u f = 2.0887 10 kg

u 1a =

substitute for u g

mass1_liq u f + mass1_vap u f + u fg mass1_liq + mass1_vap

) = (mass1_liq + mass1_vap) uf + mass1_vap ufg = u

mass1_liq + mass1_vap

f + x 1 u fg

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

state 2: need 2 properties, e.g. quality = 100%, can

calculate v (specific volume). T and p will be rising as heat
is added.
mass_total := mass1_liq + mass1_vap v 2 := V mass_total v 2 = 0.0983 m
3

kg

and ... is saturated vapor so we need to look up

(interpolate) steam tables for v g = v2
vx x1 x2 x1 (y2 y1) an interpolation statement v is value between x1 and x 2
result is y at v

my_interp( x2 ,
x1, y2, y1, vx) := y1 +

could use mcd function linterp(vx,vy,x) where:

vx is a vector of real data values in ascending order.

vy is a vector of real data values having the same number of elements as vx .
x is the value of the independent variable at which to interpolate a result. For best results, this
should be in the range encompassed by the values of vx .
using Table A.1.1 values at 1 values at 2 T T1 := 210 T2 := 215 vg v 1g := 0.10441 v 2g := 0.09479 vx := v 2 m
3 3

ug u 1g := 2599.5 kJ kg kJ kg

p g p 1g := 1.9062MPa p 2g := 2.104MPa

kg

u 2g := 2601.1

kg

interpolated values at

T2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , T2 , T1 , vx

) ) )

T2 = 213.1717 p 2 = 2.0317 MPa u 2 = 2.6005 10

3 kJ

p 2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , p 2g , p 1g , vx u 2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , u 2g , u 1g , vx total internal energy at state 2: heat added ...

( (

kg
5

U2 := mass_total u 2

U2 = 1.3226 10 kJ

Q1_2 := U2 U1

Q1_2 = 104933 kJ

same result can be obtained using Table A.1.2 Pressure Tables my_interp( x2 , x1, y2, y1, vx) := y1 + p p 1g := 2.0MPa p 2g := 2.25MPa vg v 1g := 0.09963 v 2g := 0.08875 m
3

vx x1 x2 x1 T

(y2 y1)

ug u 1g := 2600.3 u 2g := 2602.0 kJ kg kJ kg

values at 1 values at 2

kg m
3

T1 := 212.42 T2 := 218.45

kg

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

interpolated values at

vx := v 2

T2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , T2 , T1 , vx

) ) )

T2 = 213.1529 p 2 = 2.0304 MPa

3 kJ

p 2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , p 2g , p 1g , vx

( (

u 2 := my_interp v 2g , v 1g , u 2g , u 1g , vx total internal energy at state 2: heat added ...

example 5.3

u 2 = 2.6005 10

kg
5

U2 := mass_total u 2

U2 = 1.3226 10 kJ

Q1_2 := U2 U1

Q1_2 = 104933 kJ

first law as a rate equation

from above ... Q = U + KE + PE + W Q t = U t + KE t + PE t +
W t
d d d d d d d Q = U + KE + PE + W = E + W dt dt dt dt dt dt dt (5.31 and 5.32) Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2 = U2 U1 + KE2 KE1 + PE2 PE1 + W1_2 in small time interval t divide by t

first law as a rate equation

first law as a rate equation - for a control volume (Woud: system boundary)
Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2 => Q t = E2 E1 t + W (5.38)

Et Et_t

= energy in control volume at time t

= energy in control volume at time t +dt system consists of control volume and differential entities mi each with ei, vi, Ti, pi where i = input and differential entities me each with ee , ve , Te , pe where e = output

E1 := Et + eimi

= the energy of the system at time t

E2 := Et_t + eeme

= the energy of the system at time t +dt

E2 E1 Et_t + eeme Et eimi eeme eimi

E2 E1 = Et_t Et + eeme eimi

(5.39)

represents flow of energy across boundary during t as a result of mi and me crossing the control surface

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

now consider work associated with masses mi and me work done ON mass mi is ... p iv imi p ev eme ON as work must be done to make it enter system BY as leaving represents work done

work done BY mass me is ...

work done BY system in t is then ...

W + p ev eme p iv imi Q t = E2 E1 t

(5.41)

divide by t and substitute into first law ... (5.38) and combining and rearranging Q t mi t

+ W

(5.38)

ei + p iv i =
2

Et_t Et t

me t

ee + p ev e +

Wc_v t

(5.42)

e + p v = u + pv +

+ g z = h +

H = U + p V + g z (5.43) h = u + p v

enthalpy defined - is a property (5.12)

therefore ...
2 2 E W Vi Ve me t_t Et c_v + hi + + g zi = + he + + g ze +
2 2 t t t t
t

mi

(5.44)

mi
example 5.4

and

me

are summed over all inputs and outputs ...

Sonntag example 5.4 a cylinder fitted with a piston has volume 0.1m3 and contains 0.5 kg steam at 0.4 MPa. Heat is transferred until the temperature is 300 deg_C while pressure is constant What are the heat and work for this process?
3

V1 := 0.1m T2 := 300 deg_C mass_of_vapor total_mass m

3

mtot := 0.5kg p := 0.4MPa

I think by definition, steam = water + vapor at quality = x 3 V1 m => v 1 := v 1 = 0.2 mtot kg an intensive property 1x= v fg = 0.4614
m
3

quality =

=x m
3

mass_of_liquid total_mass

v f := 0.001084

kg

v g := 0.4625

kg x :=

v fg := v g v f v1 vf v fg

kg

v 1 = v f + x v fg constant pressure Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2

x = 0.4311

W1_2 = p V2 V1 = p mtot v 2 v 1 E2 E1 = U2 U1

as V^2 and z = 0

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

E2 E1 = U2 U1 = mtot u 2 u 1

)
( )

Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2 = mtot u 2 u 1 + p mtot v 2 v 1 = mtotu 2 + p v 2 u 1 + p v 1

h f := 604.74 kJ kg h fg := 2133.8 kJ kg h 1 := h f + x h fg Q1_2 = 771.0904 kJ m
3

h 1 = 1.5246 10

3 kJ

Q1_2 := mtot h 2 h 1 m
3

kg

h 2 := 3066.8

kJ kg

Table A.1.2 Saturated Steam Pressure Table

v 2 := 0.6548

Table A.1.2 Saturated Steam Pressure Table

kg

v 1 = 0.2

W1_2 := p mtot v 2 v 1

kg

W1_2 = 90.96 kJ

Q1_2 = E2 E1 + W1_2 = U2 U1 + W1_2

U2 U1 = Q1_2 W1_2 = Q1_2 p mtot v 2
v 1 U := Q1_2 p mtot v 2 v 1

U = 680.1304 kJ

example 5.4

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

first law as a rate equation - for a control volume

2 Vi d m_doti h i + + g zi = Ec_v + 2
dt 2 Ve d (5.45) m_dote h e + + g ze + Wc_v 2
dt

d Qc_v + dt

this is where Woud starts

W_dot
system boundary

m_dote, ve, he Q_dot ze

Q_dot = heat_flow W_dot = work_flow m_dot = mass_flow

z = elevation i = inlet e = exit m = mass_system U = internal_energy_system

m_doti, vi, hi zi

v = velocity
m, U

h = specific_enthalpy

First law: change of energy within the system equals the heat flow into the system, minus the work flow delivered by the system, plus the difference in the enthalpy, H, kinetic energy E kin and potential energy Epot of the entering and exiting mass flows. assuming energy E = U + Ekin + Epot
2

and ...
2

Ekin = Epot = 0

E=U

Ve Vi d U = Q_dot W_dot + m_doti h i + + g zi m_dote h e + + g z e 2 2 dt

enthalpy = H = U + p V enthalpy = h = U + p v

N.B. dot => rate not d( )/dt W (2.1)

a defined property

steady state, steady flow process ... Woud: open systems steady state (stationary)
assumptions ... 1. control volume does not move relative to the coordinate frame 2. the mass in the control volume does not vary with time 3. the mass flux and the state of mass at each discrete area of flow on the control surface do not vary with time and .. the rates at which heat and work cross the control surface remain constant. d mc_v = 0 dt d Ec_v = 0 dt

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

steady state, steady flow process ...

m_dot = flow_rate (5.46)

m_dotin = m_doten
n n 2 Ve d m_doten he + 2 + g ze + dt Wc_v

d Qc_v + dt

2 Vi m_dotin h i + 2 + g zi =

(5.47)

2 2 Vi Ve W_dot = Q_dot + m_dot h i h e + + g ( zi ze) 2

(W 2.8) see text for examples of application to steam turbine, boiler or heat exchanger, nozzle and throttle

q=

d Qc_v dt m_dot

w=

d
Wc_v dt
m_dot

are heat transfer and work per unit mass flow (5.51)

steady state steady flow ... - single flow stream

2 2

q + hi + + g zi = h e + 2

Vi

Ve
2

+ g ze
+ w

(5.50)

uniform state, uniform flow process USUF

1. control volume remains constant relative to the coordinate frame 2. state of mass within the control volume may change with time, but at any instant of time is uniform throughout the entire control volume - I define this as f(t) but not of space 3. the state of mass crossing each of the areas of flow on the control surface is constant with time although the mass flow rates may be changing d mc_v + dt
t

at time t, continuity equation ...

m_doten m_dotin = 0
n n

integrating over time gives change in mass of the control volume

d m dt = m2_c_v m1_c_v dt c_v

0

mass entering and leaving

m_doti dt = n

mi n

m_doten dt = men
n n

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

continuity for USUF process ...

m2_c_v m1_c_v +

men min = 0
n n

(5.53)

apply first law at time t (5.45)

2 Vi d m_doti h i + + g zi = Ec_v + 2 dt 2 Ve d (5.45) m_dote h e + + g ze + Wc_v 2 dt

d Qc_v + dt

since at time t c.v. is uniform ... d Qc_v + dt

now integrate over time t d Q dt = Qc_v dt c_v

0 t t

2 2 Vi Vc_v d m_doti h i + + g zi = m u c_v + + g zc_v ... 2 2

dt 2 Ve d m_dote h e + + g ze + Wc_v + 2
dt

2 Vi m_doti h i + 2 + g zi dt =

2 Vi mi hi + 2 + g zi

2 2 2 V2 Vc_v V1 d m u + + g zc_v dt = m2 u 2 + + g z2 m1 u 1 + + g z1 c_v dt 2 2 2

0

2 Ve m_dote h e + 2 + g ze dt =

2 Ve me he + 2 + g ze

d W dt = Wc_v dt c_v
0

uniform state, uniform flow process USUF

Qc_v +

2 Vi min h i + 2 + g zi =

2 Ve men h e + 2 + g ze ...

(5.54)

2 2 V2 V1 + m2 u 2 + + g z2 m1 u 1 + + g z1 + Wc_v 2 2

9/21/2006 9/21/2006

10