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26 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER

1. DESCRIPTION OF TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
1.1. ORGANISATION OF SEWERS AND SYSTEMS
The organisation of sewers and systems is closely related to the different types of industry and, as a result, a whole array of configurations exist. In all cases, it is essential to avoid unnecessary dilution during treatment. The following principles must be carefully followed: - cooling water, if not treated in an open recirculating system, and non-polluted rain water are discarded in separate systems, - waste process waters presenting high toxic concentrations or specific pollutants are collected separately, as for example, cyanide water, chromate water, saline water, - potentially polluted rain water is conveyed to the treatment plant, - water for reclaiming or recycling is pretreated prior to mixing with other contaminated wastewater. Equally, where hydraulic and pollutant flows are too variable, they are regulated by: - storm tanks, placed in a by-pass configuration for storing first-stage polluted water. Recovering this low-flow water and then channelling it towards purification means that treatment is not oversized, - homogenisation tanks designed to store all effluents produced by a unit or entire facility for a few hours, or even a few days. These tanks are fitted with mixing units. Their function is to clip pollution peaks and enable, to a certain extent, programming of the treatment process, - safety tanks left empty and designed to store raw effluents for one or two days in case they present abnormal characteristics such as toxicity. These tanks can also be used to store effluents undergoing treatment in the event of interruption of a subsequent purification process. These two functions can be combined in one tank.

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Chap. 26: Industrial processes and the treatment of wastewater

1.2. SEPARATE TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS These procedures consist of separate purification of wastewater produced by specific workshops. Separate treatment is justified either by: - reclaiming of by-products (for example, flotation in slaughterhouses, recovery of fibres from paper mills),

- or the lower cost of purification of concentrated wastewater (for example, desulphurisation of spent caustic soda used in oil refineries), - or detoxication processes (chromium, solvents, sulphides) required prior to biological purification, - or optimisation of biological treatment (for example, methane fermentation of concentrated effluents from the agrifood industries).

1.3. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

The conditions of preliminary treatment of industrial wastewater are also varied: Automatic screening is desirable for most industries and essential for others such as the agrifood industries and paper mills. Grit removal is carried out in a few cases only (steel works, rolling mills, foundries, sugar mills, sandpits) and on certain types of rain water.

Grease removal is frequent on AFI effluents and those from cold rolling mills. Oil removal is often necessary: for example, hydrocarbons and oils from lubrication circuits or storage of combustible materials, and, in some cases, oil from manufacturing processes. Neutralisation when not included in physical-chemical treatment may be required before the biological treatment process. Cooling is sometimes used to protect biological purification or satisfy discharge standards for coke plants, the chemical and petrochemical industries, pulp and paper mills.

1.4. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Depending on the industry, physicalchemical purification may serve as an intermediate or final stage of treatment. It has one or several functions: - precipitation of toxic or undesirable metals and salts (SO2-, F-, etc.), - removal of oils in emulsions,

- clarification with concomitant reduction of colloidal BOD5 and corresponding COD. Physical-chemical treatment implies maintaining pH levels within a relatively narrow range. Depending on the type of process (precipitation, crystallisation, adsorption or flocculation), treatment can be performed in clarifiers of differing types, including: - scraper clarifiers, - flotation units such as Flotazur or Sediflotazur for the removal of oils, fibres and pigments,

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1. Description of treatment techniques

- lamellae clarifiers such as Sedipac for the precipitation of hydroxides, - sludge circulation clarifiers such as Densadeg and Turbocirculator, - granular media filters for water with a low oil content (refineries, rolling mills). Optimisation of the purification procedure and space constraints are key parameters in

the choice of physical-chemical treatment. Depending on the circumstances, treatment can be combined with the following: - neutralisation with the pressure Turbactor where necessary, - oxidation or reduction. Automatic pH or redox potential PLCs are used for these procedures.

disturb the purification process (synthetic chemistry), - sludge ageing is often useful for-the stability and efficiency of the process, - special attention must be paid to Using biological treatment depends on the biodegradability of wastewater. zones and relativelyalso acco maintaining stable pH The technique must even temperatures, - water which has undergone preliminary physical-chemical treatment has low SS - starting up of treatment methods may loads and its BOD5 is mainly soluble, require appropriate seeding. - its nutrient structure is rarely balanced. The different processes used are: Correction of P and/or N content is often - activated sludge, necessary, - attached growth (trickling filters with - strong concentration of mineral salts is plastic media, such as Biofor, Biodrof), frequent and their rapid variations can -anaerobic treatments such as Analift, Anapulse, Anaflux and Anafiz.

1.5. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

1.6. TERTIARY TREATMENT

Once biological purification has been completed, tertiary treatment seeks to fulfill different objectives: - reduction of SS, - removal of specific compounds (PAH, phenols),

- reduction of residual colloidal COD requiring high dosages of coagulant. Tertiary treatment can be carried out in different configurations and makes use of the following: - clarifiers (Densadeg, Turbocirculator), - flotation units (Flotazur etc.), - granular filters, with or without a dom-

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Chap. 26: Industrial processes and the treatment of wastewater

inant for biological life (by addition of air or oxygen). Application of increasingly severe regulations may require removal of nonbiodegradable COD, colour and other specific compounds. This COD is due to organic comp ounds of various types including solvents, nitro- and sulphonic compounds, and dyes. COD removal procedures are the following: - adsorption on thermally or chemically regenerated activated carbon (Degrmont procedure, see page 228) or miscellaneous adsorbents, - ultrafiltration, - miscellaneous oxidation techniques

using high-temperature and pressure oxygen, chlorine, ozone. Although many organic compounds are coloured, most of them absorb light in the ultraviolet region and not in the visible zone of the spectrum. Even if dyes are of natural or artificial origin, they automatically incorporate chromophoric groups, that is, functions having an excess of electrons (double or triple bonding, aromatic cycles) and heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. Among the techniques available for removing colour, one of them uses oxidation reactions to degrade the molecules responsible for the colour. Strong oxidants such as ozone are used in the procedure.

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1. Description of treatment techniques

1.7. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF SLUDGE TREATMENT

Sludge from different stages of industrial wastewater treatment often contains a high concentration of mineral matter which, on the one hand, facilitates dewatering procedures but on the other, results in incineration being of little use or difficult to perform (carbonation of flue gas scrubbing systems, for example). Thickening and dewatering procedures differ from municipal sludge treatment: - essentially mineral sludge can be thickened by high solids loadings and stored in relation to fermentation rates. It is

thus possible to obtain useful heights of 8 m, - in the case of mixed sludge from different origins, there may be a tendency to layering in the thickening process. This can be corrected either by recycling the sludge on the system or by maintaining two distinct thickening lines. Final destinations of dewatered sludge are not necessarily the same, - for dewatering purposes, Superpressdeg belt filters are better adapted than systems such as centrifuges or screw presses. They are engineered to accommodate sludges of different concentration and quality even throughout the day.

1.8. ODOURS
The table below presents the different

unpleasant odours produced by certain IWW. The removal of odours is described in chapter 16, page 866 and chapter 24,

Industries Cement works, lime kilns Pharmaceutical industries Food industries Food industries (fish) Rubber industries Textile industries Paper pulp industries Organic compost

Origin of odours Acrolein, amines, mercaptans, ammonia, dibutyl sulphide, H2 S, SO2 , etc. Fermentation products Fermentation products Amines, sulphides, mercaptans Sulphides, mercaptans Phenolic compounds H2 S, SO2 Ammonia, sulphur compounds

SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.

SOFTbank E-Book Center Tehran, Phone: 66403879,66493070 For Educational Use.