TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction

Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals 1.1 1.2 1.3 Computer Peripherals and their Importance Occupational Health and Safety Exercises

Chapter 2 Computer Hardware 2.1 System Unit 2.2 Power Supply 2.3 Memory 2.4 Central Processing Unit 2.5 Motherboard 2.6 Expansion Cards 2.7 Exercises Laboratory 1: Removing Hardware Laboratory 2: Installing Hardware

Chapter 3 Disk Drives and Cables 3.1 Internal and External Drives 3.2 Internal and External Cables 3.1 Exercises

Laboratory 3: Drive and Cable Installation

Chapter 4 Introduction to Operating System 4.1 Operating System Fundamentals 4.2 BIOS and CMOS 4.3 Hard Disk Partitions 4.4 Windows Utilities 4.5 Exercises Laboratory 4: OS Installation

Chapter 5 Introduction to Networks 5.1 Networking Fundamentals 5.2 Network Media 5.3 Peer to Peer Network 5.4 Importance of Computer Networks 5.6 Exercises Laboratory 5: Create a simple Peer-to-Peer LAN

INTRODUCTION

This is the instructor's manual for "IS 103: Computer Architecture and Operating System Fundamentals a course for undergraduates in PC assembly and disassembly, OS Installation and Computer Networks. It introduces students to the fundamentals of computer architecture, the interface between hardware and software. This approach enables students to build a complete personal computer and help them to improve their computer hardware servicing. Topics covered include computer hardware components and computer peripherals. It also includes competencies such as installing, maintaining, configuring and diagnosing computer systems and networks.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Chapter I Computer Fundamentals 1.1 Computer Peripherals and their Importance A computer may perform various tasks. To expand and improve the performance of a computer, peripherals are needed. Computer peripherals are add-on hardware to the computer. The computer cannot fully function to its finest performance without a keyboard and a mouse. Thus, computer peripherals are gradually more becoming basics in every personal computer. Computer hardware components are becoming very essential in a way that they allow people to communicate and interact with the computer. Although other computer peripherals may be considered only as an optional component, they can be extremely useful in a unique way. To make the PC work, you need all the parts (or at least the most). A typical PC is more than one device. The most important part of the PC is the system unit, the box that usually sits underneath your deskthe one that all the other parts connect to. All of the processing and storage takes place in the system unit. All of the other parts of the PCthe printer, the keyboard, the monitorconnect to the system unit and are known collectively as peripherals. Figure 1.1 shows a typical desktop PC, with the system unit and peripherals as separate pieces.

Monitor

Speakers System Unit Mouse Keyboard Printer

Figure 1.1 Typical desktop computer with peripherals

To provide input and output, most computers must have a standard set of peripherals. The following are the standard set: Monitor - The big television thing that provides a visual output for the computer. Keyboard - Keypad for providing keyed input. Based on a typewriter. Mouse - Pointing device used to control a graphical pointer on the monitor for input. Speakers/headphones - Speakers provide sound output. Printer- Provides printed paper output. Theres no law that requires a PC to have all of these peripherals. Plenty of PCs may not have a printer. Some PCs wont have speakers. Some computers dont even have a keyboard, mouse, or monitor but other PCs may have many more peripherals. You add or remove peripherals depending on what you need from the system. The only limit is the number of connections for peripherals available on the system unit. Computer Process From the IT perspective, the computer functions through four stages: input, processing, storage, and output. A computer inputs information, process it, stores and makes the output of the information. Input Inputs are any data or instruction entered into the computer. Various pieces of hardware enable you to input data, the most common of which are the keyboard and mouse. Processing Next, the computer processes your data. Processing takes place inside the system unit with the help of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). CPU is the main chip that is used to perform calculations, process instructions and manage the flow of information through a computer system.

Storage Once the computer finishes processing data, storing procedure comes next. A lot of devices are used in the storage process, the most visible of which are the external storage parts, such as floppy diskettes and CD-R discs. Output The fourth stage of the computer process is the output. After storing the data, it must put the information somewhere for you to inspect it. Output is the result we get through output devices. Often it places data on the monitor so you can see what youve just typed. It might send the data over to the printer. A printer and monitor are examples of output devices. 1.2 Occupational Health and Safety Occupational health and safety (OHS) refers to the policies, procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace. Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Occupational Health and Safety Procedures in Installing Computer Systems 1. Always ground yourself before touching any part of the computer to avoid electrostatic discharge (ESD). Anti-static devices you can use: a) Anti-static wrist strap a device consists of a wire that connects on one end to an alligator clip and on the other end to a small metal plate that secures to your wrist with an elastic strap. Figure 1.2 shows a typical antistatic wrist strap.

Figure 1.2 Anti-static wrist strap b) Anti-static mat it can be purchased in combination with an anti-static wrist strap that can keep you, the computer, and any loose components at the same electrical potential. A sample anti-static mat is shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 Anti-static wrist strap and mat combination c) Anti-static bag a specially designed bag that sheds whatever electricity you have, thus preventing any damage to components stored within (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4 Anti-static bag 2. Use the right kind of tools. Be careful with tools that may cause short circuit. The basic technician toolkit consists of a star-headed Torx wrench, a nut driver or two, a pair of tweezers, a little grabber tool, a hemostat to go along with Phillips-head and flat-head screwdrivers (Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.5 Typical technician tool kit 3. Wear safety glasses for protection against sparks and metal fragments. 4. Use only grounded plugs and receptacles. 5. Working area should have proper lighting and ventilation, trash can and fire exit. 6. Ensure that you have a first-aid kit and fire extinguisher at hand. 7. Wear rubber sole shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor. 8. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it. 9. When making circuit changes switch off and unplug the power cord from the equipment then discharge the capacitors. 10. Always unplug equipment before cleaning or repair. 11. Keep one hand in your pocket when working with live circuit 12. Never use damaged or frayed electrical cords or cords with damaged plugs. 13. Never use extension cords as permanent wiring. 14. Dont overload circuits by using multiple plugs or extension cords. 15. Make sure all extension cords are unplugged after use. 16. Never use electrical equipment in a wet or damp environment. 17. Never pull an electrical cord out by the cable. Always firmly grip the plug and pull it out that way. 18. Avoid wearing jewelry when working. 19. Check voltage requirement. 20. Beware of sharp edges.

1.3 Exercises 1.3.1 Use the following key terms to complete the sentences. anti-static device electrostatic discharge system unit peripherals storage keyboard monitor occupational health and safety mouse input

1. Anti-static wrist straps and anti-static bags are used to protect devices from electrostatic discharge damage. 2. All of the processing and storage takes place in the system unit. 3. All of the other parts of the PC that connect to the system unit such as the printer are known collectively as peripherals. 4. Occupational health and safety procedures refers to the policies, procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace. 5. The monitor provides visual output for the computer. 6. A mouse is a pointing device used to control a graphical pointer on the monitor for input. 7. Any item which has the effect of reducing static electricity charges on a person's body or equipment is called an anti-static device. 8. Printer and speakers are example of input devices. 9. The fourth stage in the computing process is storage. 10. The keyboard provides keyed input for the computer.

Chapter II Computer Hardware 2.1 System Unit

The system case, sometimes called the chassis or enclosure, it is both the internal framework of the PC and the external skin that protects the internal components from the environment. Cases come in six basic sizes: slimline, desktop, mini-tower, mid-tower, tower, and cube. Figure 2.1 shows the front and back of a typical PC case.

Figure 2.1 System Unit front and back

Buttons used to turn the system on and off, lights to tell you the status of the system and access doors to removable media drives such as floppy, CD-ROM, and DVD drives are in the front of the case. Connections such as USB, FireWire and audio are also located in front of the case for easy access if you want to use a device that needs these connections. Majority of the system unit connections are found at the back of the case. Including power supply - distinguished by its cooling fan and power plug is almost always at the top of the case. One area of the back of the case holds all the onboard connections and the other area contains slots for cards. The onboard devices need holes so you can plug in those devices (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2 Onboard Devices

2.2

Power Supply

The power supply acts as act as a step-down transformer to provide the conversion from alternating current (AC) to the direct current (DC) usable by the delicate interior components of the PC (Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.3 Power Supply The power supply converts AC into 5, 12, and 3.3 V DC. PCs use a 12 V current to power motors on devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives. PCs use a 5-volt/3.3-volt current to support onboard electronics. Some power supply versions: Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) 12 V 1.3 - First widespread update to ATX PS EPS 12 V - Introduced for server motherboards ATX 12 V 2.0 - Overcame problem overloading 12 V rail and provides multiple 12 V rails Common power connectors are shown on Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Various Power Connectors Power Connector Component being supplied power Motherboard

Original PC main power connector Motherboard

20- or 24-pin main power connector Hard drive, optical drive, add-on fans, extra video card power, supplemental motherboard power, and case lighting 4-pin peripheral power connector (Molex) Floppy drive, AGP video cards

4-pin floppy drive power connector (Mini molex)

Motherboard

6-pin auxiliary power connector Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) hard drive

15-pin SATA power cable Motherboard

4-pin ATX +12V power connector An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) protects the PC against a power dip or power outage. It contains a battery that provides continuous AC power, surge protection and power conditioning (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4 Uninterruptible power supply

2.3 Memory In storing data and information temporarily, a computer uses memory. The memory chips on the circuit boards in the system unit perform this function. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the most popular type of electronic memory. It consists of memory chips that can be read from and written by the processor and other devices. When you start a computer, certain operating system files load from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM. These files remain in RAM as long as the computer is running. Additional programs and data are also loaded into RAM from the storage unit. While it is in RAM, the processor interprets the data. Provided the computer has enough space in RAM to hold all the programs, RAM can hold multiple programs simultaneously. Most RAM is volatile. When power is turned off, it loses its contents.

Table 2.2 Types of RAM RAM TYPE DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) o The 168-pin DIMM is the most popular DRAM package in use today Extra pins to handle functions such as buffering and ECC (Error Correction Code) 144-pin SO-DIMMs (small outline) are used in laptops

 SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) o SDRAM are tied to the system clocks Synchronized with system clock SDRAM is always a DIMM, but a DIMM isnt always SDRAM Wide number of pins Small-outline DIMM (SODIIMM) used on laptops Faster than DRAMs RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) o It is a new type of RAM Speeds of up to 800 MHz Comes on sticks called RIMMs 184-pin for desktops and 160-pin SO-RIMM for laptops All slots must be populated: unused slots must have a CRIMM (continuity RIMM) DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) o DDR SDRAM doubles the throughput of SDRAM 184-pin DIMM packages (desktops) 172-, 200-pin DIMM packages (laptops)

 Wide range of speeds Considered a standard today Dual slots are blue, third slot is black

DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) o DDR SDRAM doubles the throughput of SDRAM Doubled the clock, increasing buffering Does not speed up core RAM, but just the I/O 240-pin DIMM (not compatible with DDR)

When RAM gave bad data to the memory controller, parity RAM was able to detect this error most of the time, but could not fix it. Error correction code (ECC) RAM improved upon parity RAM by being able to fix single-bit errors on the fly. ECC RAM is always slower than non-ECC RAM due to the overhead of the correcting code. Only high-end motherboards and memory controllers can use ECC RAM. Working with RAM

Constant hard drive activity symptomatic of insufficient RAM is called disk thrashing. It occurs when Windows repeatedly uses up all available RAM space and has to move data not immediately needed out of the RAM into a temporary file on the hard drive called a swap file or page file, and then swap the data back into RAM when it is

needed by the program. You can monitor the size of your swap file in the Task Manager. Before you purchase a RAM upgrade, you must know what type of RAM (such as regular SDRAM, DDR RAM, or DDR2 RAM) your motherboard accepts. You also need to know the maximum amount of RAM your motherboard supports and the maximum supported per slot.

2.4

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The central processing unit is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer. Two main CPU makers are Intel (Figure 2.5) and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) (Figure 2.6). CPUs might look similar, but they are not interchangeable.

Figure 2.5 An Intel Pentium CPU AMD CPU

Figure 2.6 An

Common CPU Packages Pin grid array (PGA) most common grid array package which is distinguished by its square shape with manyusually hundredsof tiny pins.

Figure 2.7 Sample of PGA package Land grid array uses flat pads instead of pins Ball grid array uses tiny balls instead of pins Grid array CPUs snap into special sockets on the motherboard, with each socket designed to match the pins (or balls or pads) on the CPU. PGA CPUs connect to the motherboard by way of a zero insertion force (ZIF) socket, which allows the CPU to be inserted with no force. ZIF sockets work by way of small arm that locks the CPU in place (Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8 ZIF socket with arm on side Single edge cartridge (SEC) - CPU package where the CPU is contained in a cartridge that snapped into a special slot on the motherboard (Figure 2.9)

Figure 2.9 SEC processor

2.5 Motherboard The motherboard is a printed circuit board that contains the wires called traces that make up the different buses of the computer system. It holds the vast majority of the ports used by the peripherals and it distributes the power from the power supply. Figure 2.10 shows the parts of an ATX motherboard.

Figure 2.10 ATX motherboard parts Parts of the Motherboard Northbridge On Intel-based motherboards, it helps the CPU work with RAM. On newer AMD systems, the Northbridge provides the communication with the video card. The Northbridge is also called Memory Controller Hub (MCH). Southbridge - handles expansion devices and mass storage drives. Also called the I/O Controller Hub (ICH) or peripheral bus controller Memory/RAM slots slots where memory modules are inserted Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) - a single, special port, similar to a PCI slot, which is dedicated to video. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot - a design architecture for the expansion bus on the computer motherboard, which enables system components to be added to the computer.

 Enhance Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) ports/headers ports for the IDE cable used to connect hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard. Motherboards usually have two EIDE ports: the primary and secondary. Floppy port/header port for the floppy cable which connects the floppy drive to the motherboard. Basic Input Output System (BIOS) chip - contains the programs that enable the CPU to communicate with basic devices like the floppy drive, CD and DVD drives, hard drives, video card, and others. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip a changeable chip, capable of storing about 64 KB of data, that stores the data that is read by BIOS. It is almost always built into the Southbridge on modern motherboards. System Clock or Lithium Battery supplies constant electricity to the CMOS to maintain its data. Front panel connections Soft Power Reset Power LED Hard drive activity LED Dual-in-line package (DIP) switches Three variable and interrelated characteristics define modern motherboards: form factor, chipset, and components. The form factor defines the size of the motherboard and the general location of components and ports. The chipset determines the type of processor and RAM required for the motherboard, and defines to a degree the built-in devices supported by a motherboard, including the expansion slots. Finally, the built-in components determine the core functionality of the system.

2.6

Expansion Cards

An expansion card is a circuit board that lets you add new features to a computer. An expansion slot is a socket where you plug in an expansion card. Most expansion cards contain ports at the back of computer where you can plug in devices. Table 2.3 Kinds of Expansion Cards

Expansion Cards

Video Card - A circuit board attached to the motherboard that contains the memory and other circuitry necessary to send information to the monitor for display on screen. This controller determines the refresh rate, resolution, and number of colors that can be displayed. Also called the display adapter. These adapters permit interfacing with video monitors. The VGA (video graphics array) enable the interfacing of high-resolution monitors with the processor.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Adapter - A highspeed interface that extends the bus outside the computer, permitting the addition of more peripheral devices than normally could be connected using the available expansion slot.

Network Interface Card (NIC) enables and controls the exchange of data between the PCs in a local area network or a home network. Each PC in a network must be equipped with a NIC. It is often called Ethernet Card.

Sound Card - An expansion card that records and plays back by translating the analog signal from a microphone into a digitized from that the computer can store and process, and then translating the data back into analog signals or sound.

Modem Card Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator. A modem permits communication with remote computers via a telephone line link

2.7 Exercises LABORATORY 1. REMOVING HARDWARE MATERIALS REQUIRED: A working computer A Phillips head screwdriver An anti-static mat An anti-static wrist strap (optional) Ballpen or pencil and paper LABORATORY PREPARATION: 1. Turn off the PC and unplug it. Next, unplug the monitor and any other device with an external power source. Disconnect all the cables from the back of the system case. Make a note of what went where so that you will know how to reconnect them later on.

2. Remove the screws of your system unit case. Put the case down on your work surface, with the case door facing up, and open the case. Put on your anti-static wrist strap if you have and connect the clip to the side of the system case. 3. After removing the screws of a particular hardware component, place the screws near the component for you to easily identify for which component the screws are for.

ACTIVITY 1: Prepare an inventory list ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 25 minutes 1. Fill in the following chart. Identify and describe the major components you find inside the case. Component Specifications/Description e.g. Hard disk drive Samsung hard disk 500 GB

ACTIVITY 2: Power Supply ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 20 minutes 1. Disconnect the power connectors from the drive devices and from the motherboard. 2. Remove the screws holding the computer's power supply into the case. Be sure to support it so that it does not fall after the screws have been removed.

3. Remove the power supply carefully from the computer case. 4. Look at the label on the power supply. What is written in the label? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3: RAM ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes

1. Remove the RAM(s) stick from the motherboard (Make sure you only handle RAM by using the corners of the chip)

2. After removing the RAM, make note of the following: How many RAM slots do you have? ________________________ What type of RAM do you have? ________________________ Where are the guide notches located? ________________________ 3. Place the RAM in anti-static mat and set it aside for later use.

ACTIVITY 4: Motherboard ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Remove the front panel connectors. These should include your power button (on ATX motherboards), reset button, and front panel LEDs (power and hard disk activity) (Figure 2.11).

Figure 2.11 Front panel control wires

2. Locate and remove the screws holding the motherboard to the frame of the case. The screws may also have small washers. Be sure not to lose these washers (Figure 2.12) because they help prevent over-tightening the screws during installation. Some systems may use small plastic or metal supports called standoffs between the motherboard and the frame (Figure 2.13).

Figure 2.12 Washers Motherboard standoffs

Figure

2.

13

3. Carefully remove the motherboard from the PC case and place it on the anti-static mat. Handle the motherboard gently, by the edges. 4. Note the maker and model information on the motherboard. What is the name of your motherboard manufacturer?__________________________________ What is the model number of your motherboard?______________________________________ 5. Check on the expansion slots. What types of expansion slots are available and how many of each type do you have? _____________________________________________________ ACTIVITY 4: CPU ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. You have to remove the fan assembly before you can remove the CPU. Screwdown fans are easier to remove than clip fans. Screwdown fans require only that you unscrew the securing hardware. Clip-type fans require you to apply pressure on the clip to release it from the fan mount. You can use a small flat-head screwdriver to do this, as shown in Figure 2.14. Do not forget to unplug the CPU fan

2. 3.

4. 5.

. Figure 2.14 Using a screw driver to remove a clip-type fan Move the end of the zero insertion force (ZIF) lever a little outward to clear the safety notch; then raise the lever to a vertical position. Hold the chip carefullyby its edges and lift it straight up out of the socket. Be careful not to lift the CPU at an angle, or you will bend its tiny pins. Examine the CPU. What type of CPU do you have? ___________________ What is the CPU information printed on the chip package? __________________________________________

ACTIVITY 5: Expansion Cards 1. See how many expansion cards are available on your system unit. List them down.________________________ _________________________ ________________________ _________________________ ________________________ _________________________ ________________________ _________________________ 2. Locate the card(s) that are needed to be removed. 3. Unplug any wires attached to the card and remove the screw holding the card in place. 4. Carefully pull the card out of the expansion slot and place them on the anti- static mat.

LABORATORY 2. INSTALLING HARDWARE MATERIALS REQUIRED: The disassembled computer in Laboratory 1 A Phillips head screwdriver Thermal Compound An anti-static mat An anti-static wrist strap (optional) Ballpen or pencil and paper ACTIVITY 1: Power Supply ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Place the power supply in the same location where it was removed. Note the location of screw holes and make sure they line up. 2. Install the screws to secure the power supply in place. 3. Connect the power connectors to the motherboard, the amount of connections vary between motherboards. Then connect the power supply to all of the drives and extra fans if any. ACTIVITY 2: RAM ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Get the RAM stick from the anti-static mat. 2. Locate the memory slot and install the RAM to the motherboard. 3. Turn on the computer and see if the RAM is working. Note: In case of RAM malfunctioning see troubleshooting RAM.

ACTIVITY 3: Motherboard ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Hold the motherboard just above the case to find which holes of the case line up with the holes in the mother board.

2. Gently lay the motherboard in the case and secure it in place with the mounting screws. Be sure to use the washers and plastic/metal standoffs, if there is any. 3. Insert the front panel control wires in their appropriate places. 4. Connect the power supply connectors to the motherboard. ACTIVITY 4: CPU ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Pull up the lever beside the CPU's socket. 2. Insert the CPU with the correct orientation and lock down the ZIF lever. 3. Apply a small amount of thermal compound in the center of the top of the CPU before you place the fan. 4. Attach the fan and plug the fan connector in. ACTIVITY 5: Expansion Cards ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Get the expansion card from the anti-static mat (hold each card on both the outer edges and metal end). 2. Align the card on the appropriate slot where to install it. 3. Press down firmly on the top of the card, but not too hard as to damage it. (Apply pressure at various points along the top of the card just to make sure the card is in place.) 4. Screw the card in place. 5. Reconnect the wires and cables.

Chapter III Disk Drives and Cables 3.1 Internal and External Drives 3.1.1 Internal Drives/Hard Disk Drive A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data. It features rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure. Data is magnetically read from and written to the platter by read/write heads that float on a film of air above the platters. Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have fallen in cost and physical size over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity. Hard disk drives have been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s. They have Figure 3.1 Hard Disks maintained this position because advances in their areal recording density have kept pace with the requirements for secondary storage. Today's HDDs operate on high-speed serial interfaces; i.e., serial ATA (SATA) or serial attached SCSI (SAS).

How Hard Drive Works? A hard disk drive consists of a motor, spindle, platters, read/write heads, actuator, frame, air filter, and electronics. The frame mounts the mechanical parts of the drive and is sealed with a

cover. The sealed part of the drive is known as the Hard Disk Assembly or HDA. The drive electronics usually consists of one or more printed circuit boards mounted on the bottom of the HDA. A head and platter can be visualized as being similar to a record and playback head on an old phonograph, except the data structure of a hard disk is arranged into concentric circles instead of in a spiral as it on a phonograph record (and CD-ROM). A hard disk has one or more platters and each platter usually has a head on each of its sides. The platters in modern drives are made from glass or ceramic to avoid the unfavorable thermal characteristics of the aluminum platters found in older drives. A layer of magnetic material is deposited/sputtered on the surface of the platters and those in most of the drives I've dissected have shiny, chromelike surfaces. The platters are mounted on the spindle which is turned by the drive motor. Platters spin between 3500 and 10,000 rounds per minute (RPM) Table 3.1 Types of Hard Drives Hard Drives IDE / PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics Drive / Parallel Advance Technology Attachment Drive) IDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins. IDE/PATA Drives offer 133 MB/sec transfer rate. It sends 8 bit data at a time. PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD. Two drives can be connected in a single pata cable. One as master and other as slave. The configuration of master and slave is done by different combination of jumpers in the hdd.

SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment Drive) SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for sending and receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded. SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate. It sends data bit by bit. SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD. Only one drive can be connected in a single SATA cable.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface Drive)

SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins. SCSI Drive offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are hot swappable. SCSI cables are used to connect SCSI HDD. Maximum of 16 drives can be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd have a 8 bytes hexadecimal code known as WWN (world wide name) for its identification in the cable.

SAS(Serial Attached SCSI Drive) SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are hot swappable. SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives. Maximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single cable.

Protecting Data with RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) Drive mirroring writes data simultaneously to two hard drives, enabling the system to continue to work if one hard drive dies. A faster and even more effective technique is drive duplexing, which performs mirroring using separate controllers for each drive. A third way to create redundant data is disk striping with parity. This technique, requiring at least three drives, combines the redundancy of disk mirroring with the speed of disk striping. Although disk striping without parity works very fast, splitting the data across two drives means youll lose all data if either drive fails. Hard Disk Connectors and Jumpers Several different connectors and jumpers are used to configure the hard disk and connect it to the rest of the system. The number and types of connectors on the hard disk depend on the data interface it uses to connect to the system, the manufacturer of the drive, and any special features that the drive may possess. Instructions for setting common jumpers are usually printed right on the drive; full instructions for all jumpers will be in the product's manual, or on the manufacturer's web site.

Figure 3.3 Hard Disk pins and connectors

Jumpers are small devices that are used to control the operation of hardware devices directly, without the use of software. They have been around since the very first PCs, and are still used on many types of modern hardware today. A jumper consists of two primary components: Jumper: The jumper itself is a small piece of plastic and metal that is placed across two jumper pins to make a connection, or removed to break a connection. They come in a few standard sizes (and some non-standard ones I'm sure); only one or two sizes are commonly seen on PCs. Jumpers are sometimes also called shunts. Jumper Pins: A set of pins, across two of which a jumper is placed to make a specific connection.

3.1.2 External Drives A. Floppy disk drives Floppy disk drives are becoming a thing of the past as Microsoft and Intel push for legacy-free computing. The small, 1.44MB capacity floppy disks are being replaced

Figure 3.4 Floppy Diskette

by higher capacity removable media. Floppy disks are constructed of a flexible magnetic disc housed inside a square plastic case. The case has a sliding protective cover which opens to reveal a portion of the magnetic media when inside a floppy drive. Read/write heads inside the floppy disk drive move back and forth across the media, reading or writing data as necessary.

Floppy disks have gone through several stages of improvement and have gotten smaller with each phase. Pre-PC computers used an 8-inch floppy. Early PCs used a 5-inch floppy. Modern floppy disks, which appeared around 1986, are 3 inches. You may have a maximum of two floppy diskdrives in a system, and they must use either the drive letter A: or B:; however, a single floppy disk drive can be configured to use either drive letter. B. Flash Drives and Other Tiny Drives Flash memory includes USB thumb drives and memory cards. USB thumb drives contain a standard USB connection and have replaced many other forms of removable media as the way we transfer files. Memory cards, a generic term, are used in digital cameras, PDAs, and other devices. Thumb drives store much more data than a floppysometimes up to the equivalent of thousands of floppy disks. They are hotswappable in Windows 2000/XP/Vista and dont require an external power source, as they are powered directly from the USB bus. Some PCs allow you to boot from a USB thumb drive.

 Flash cards, which are used in portable devices such as digital cameras, PDAs, and phones, come in many varieties. The most common types are CompactFlash, SmartMedia, Secure Digital, Memory Stick, and Extreme Digital (xD) Picture Card. CompactFlash cards are the oldest of these flash cards.

C. Optical Drives An optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical disc drives are an integral part of stand-alone consumer appliances such as CD players, DVD players and DVD recorders. They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed in disc form, and to record discs for archival and data exchange. Optical drivesalong with flash memoryhave mostly displaced floppy disk drives and magnetic tape drives for this purpose because of the low cost of optical media and the near-ubiquity of optical drives in computers and consumer entertainment hardware.

Figure 3.5 CDs and DVD

Types of Optical Drives CDs come in many varieties. CD-Digital Audio is for playing music, but it lacks error checking, file support, and directory structure CD-ROM discs are for storing data. CD-ROM speeds have increased substantially from the original 150 KBps. Increased speeds are measured in multiples of 150 KBps, so a 10 CD-ROM has a maximum speed of 1500 KBps. CD-recordable (CD-R) discs hold either 650 MB or 700 MB and can store either audio or data. Special organic dyes which give the CD-Rs their distinctive bottom color aid in the burning process. CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs, unlike CD-Rs, enable you to erase data and burn new data. CD-RWs are rated with three speeds: write speed followed by rewrite speed followed by read speed. DVDs were released as digital video discs in 1995, but as usage evolved to include data storage, the name was changed to digital versatile disc. The lowest capacity DVD holds 4.37 GB of data. DVDs offer much higher capacities than CDs because DVDs user smaller, more densely packed pits; can be burned on both sides of the disc; and can burn two layers of pits per side for a total of four layers. DVD-ROM, the DVD equivalent of CD-ROM, can store up to 16 GB of data. Recordable DVD-media comes in many varieties: DVD-R for general purpose, DVD-R for authoring, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM. DVD-R and DVD+R can be written to, but not erased. DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM can be burned and erased like CD-RW. 3.2 Internal and External Cables 3.2.1 Internal Cables A. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) or Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) cable PATA cables are flat, wide, ribbon-type cables with 40 parallel wires (Figure 3.6). They are used to connect PATA hard drives and other PATA devices to the computer's motherboard. Older (ATA-33) IDE cables had 40 conductors and forty pins. Newer ATA-133 EIDE cables have 80 conductors, but still have forty pins. The colored

stripe along one edge of the cable aligns with pin number one on the device and motherboard connectors. 80-conductor EIDE cables have color-coded connectors: The blue connector gets attached to the motherboard. The black connector attaches to the master drive or device. The gray connector attaches to the slave drive or device. The drive positions on older, 40-conductor IDE cables can be determined by their relative positions along the cable: The off-center middle connector gets attached to the slave device. The connector closest to the middle connector gets attached to the master device. The connector farthest from the middle connector gets attached to the motherboard.

Figure 3.6 PATA cable

B. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) SATA (Serial ATA) cables are used to connect high-speed SATA hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard. SATA cables have only seven conductors and are therefore much thinner than ribbon-type IDE cables, which improves airflow inside the case. There are also eSATA cables that can be used to connect external SATA drives to a computer. SATA cables can be as long as one meter in length and are more rugged than IDE cables, which provides for more flexibility in choosing where to mount hard drives. They are also capable of very high data transfer rates -- as high as 300 MB/sec.

Figure 3.7 SATA cable C. Floppy cable Floppy drive cables look a lot like IDE cables except that they are a little narrower, have only 34 conductors, and have a twist at the end of the cable that attaches to the drives. They may have from two to five connectors: one to attach to the motherboard, and as many as four drive connectors (Figure 3.8).

Figure 3.8 Floppy cable with five connectors

D. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) cable Internal and external SCSI cables are available in variety of shapes, sizes, and even colors to meet the various SCSI standards that have evolved over time, and the needs of designers and users. Figure 3.9 shows an internal SCSI cable.

Figure 3.9 SCSI cable 3.2.2 External Cables The table below shows the various external cables used in a complete computer system Table 3.2 External Cables Cable An electrical power cable consists of 3 wires (2 wires + 1 for ground). It is connected to the power supply unit.

The mouse cable is connected to the PS2 port commonly located at the back of the system unit.

The keyboard cable is also connected to a PS2 port usually found beside the PS2 port for mouse.

The monitor cable connects to the Video Graphics Array (VGA) port.

The network cable is usually a Category 5 unshielded twisted pair cable with an RJ-45 on both ends. One end connects to the Local Area Network (LAN) port of the computer and the other end connects to a hub, switch, router, or to another computer. A Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable is primarily used to connect a USB device such as a printer to a host. Common hosts include computers and video game consoles. Audio cables connects to the audio ports with the usual color codes: green for speakers, pink for microphone, and blue for line-in.

3.3 Exercises LABORATORY 3. Drive and Cable Installation

MATERIALS REQUIRED: A working computer A Phillips head screwdriver An anti-static mat An anti-static wrist strap (optional) Ballpen or pencil and paper LABORATORY PREPARATION: 4. Turn off the PC and unplug it. Next, unplug the monitor and any other device with an external power source. Disconnect all the cables from the back of the system case. Make a note of what went where so that you will know how to reconnect them later on. 5. Remove the screws of your system unit case. Put the case down on your work surface, with the case door facing up, and open the case. Put on your anti-static wrist strap if you have and connect the clip to the side of the system case. 6. After removing the screws of a particular hardware component, place the screws near the component for you to easily identify for which component the screws are for. ACTIVITY 1: Hard Disk Drive ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 25 minutes REMOVING 1. Disconnect all the ribbon cables from the hard drives and CD-ROM drives, but first note which device is connected to which cable and where the orientation stripe is located on each device. Be careful but firm. Grasp the cable as closely as possible to the connector on the drive and pull, rocking the connector gently from side to side. Examine the connector on the end of the ribbon cable.

2. Examine the connector on the end of the ribbon cable. How many holes does it have for pins?______________________________ How many connectors are on your ribbon cable?_______________________ 3. Disconnect the power supply from all of the PATA devices by unplugging the Molex connector from each one. 4. Disconnect the ribbon cables from the motherboard. Be careful but firm. Grasp the cable as closely as possible to the connector on the motherboard and pull, rocking the connector gently from side to side. Lay the cables aside for later reinstallation. 5. Look at the PATA or SATA connections on your motherboard. How many PATA or SATA controllers do you see on your motherboard? __________________________________________________ What color are the IDE connections on the motherboard? __________________________________________________ 6. Remove a hard drive from the system. Be careful to note the type of screws you removed and store them for safekeeping. 7. Look at the end of the drive where the ribbon cable connects and answer the following. Is it closer to the center of the drive (near the power connector) or to the side of the drive? __________________________________________________ Does your hard drive have jumpers?________________________

INSTALLING 1. Get the Hard disk and its SATA or PATA cable. 2. Connect the cable to the motherboard and to the Hard disk. 3. Make the Hard Disk as the primary master. 4. Connect the power connector to the Hard Disk. 5. Turn on the PC for Hard disk checking.

Activity 2: Floppy Disk ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 25 minutes REMOVING 1. Carefully disconnect the two cables from the back of the floppy drive. One is the four-wire cable from the power supply (with its mini connector), and the other is the flat ribbon cable that carries the data to and from the drive. 2. Disconnect the other end of the ribbon cable from the motherboard and examine the following questions. How many wires make up the ribbon cable? __________________________________________________ Look at the motherboard where the cable was attached, and examine the pins. How many pins do you count? __________________________________________________ 3. Remove the floppy drive from the case.

INSTALLING 1. Get the floppy disk and its cable. 2. Connect the cable to the mother board and to the floppy disk. 3. Connect the power connector to the Floppy disk. 4. Turn on the PC for Floppy Disk checking.

Activity 3: Optical Drives ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 25 minutes REMOVAL 1. Unplug the connections: First unplug the Molex connector from the back of the optical drive, and then remove the PATA ribbon cable from the drives connector. 2. Using a Phillips-head screwdriver, remove the screws holding the optical drive in place. 3. Inspect the optical drive. Look at the front of the drive where you insert a disc. Do you see a tiny hole near the edge of the tray door? _______________ What is the purpose of the tiny hole in front of the drive? __________________________________________________ INSTALLATION 1. Get the Optical drive and its cable. 2. Connect the cable to the motherboard and to the Hard disk. 3. Make the Optical drive as the secondary master.

4. Connect the power connector to the Optical drive. 5. Now answer these questions: Did you fasten the drive using the correct screws? _______ Is the PATA cable connected properly? ______ Is the Molex plug fully inserted? ______ 6. Turn on the PC for Hard disk checking.

Chapter IV Introduction to Operating System 4.1 Operating System Fundamentals An operating system (OS) is system software that acts as the computers master control program, controls the hardware and interacts with the user and application software. Almost all computers (including handheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, video game consoles) as well as some portable media players and even many of the mobile phones today use an operating system of some type. Users may interact with the operating system with a user interface like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface (GUI). Operating systems do not look the same or, on the surface, act the same. But every OS shares the same essential characteristics. 1. An OS works only with a particular type of processor. 2. An OS always starts running immediately after the PC has finished its power-on self test (POST), taking control of the PC. 3. Application programs, such as word processors, spreadsheets, and Web browsers, cannot run on a PC without an OS. 4. An OS must have flexibility and provide some facility for using new software or hardware that might be installed. Microsoft Windows Windows is the name for a large family of Microsoft operating systems created by Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft created several operating systems for two types of user (Table 4.1). Table 4.1 Windows operating systems Corporate Users Windows NT 3.1 Home Users Windows 9x Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me Windows XP Home

Windows NT 4.0

Windows 2000 Windows XP Pro

Windows Vista Windows Vista Business Windows Vista Enterprise Windows Vista Ultimate Windows 7 Windows 7 Professional Windows 7 Enterprise Windows 7 Ultimate Microsoft Windows XP

Windows XP Media Windows Vista Windows Vista Starter Windows Vista Home Basic Windows Vista Home Premium Windows 7 Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Premium

Windows XP is an operating system that was produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, and media centers (Figure 4.1). It was first released to computer manufacturers on August 24, 2001. The name "XP" is short for "eXPerience."

Figure 4.1 Windows XP environment 4.2 BIOS and CMOS A. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) Flash ROM chips store programs that are required by the CPU to be able to talk to other devices such as the keyboard. These programs are collectively known as the basic input/output system (BIOS). The ROM chip on the motherboard that holds the system BIOS is called the system ROM, or ROM BIOS (Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.2 ROM BIOS

A. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip is a separate chip that stores data that is read by BIOS to complete the programs needed to talk to changeable hardware such as hard disk drive. It is often built into the Southbridge. It is volatile and is kept alive by a battery called the CMOS or lithium battery. CMOS also acts as a clock to keep the current date and time. It is customizable via the CMOS setup program. Three primary BIOS brands: American Megatrends (AMI) Award Phoenix

To enter the CMOS setup program, you need to press a key or key combination ((may be Del, ESC, F1, F2, CTRL-ALT-ESC, CTRL-ALTINS, CTRL-ALT-Enter, or CTRL-S) depending on what brand of BIOS you have. Every BIOS makers CMOS setup program looks a little different, but they all contain basically the same settings. Lets have as an example a Phoenix-Award CMOS setup program. Main menu allows access to all submenus (Figure 4.3)

Figure 4.3 Main screen of a Phoenix-Award CMOS setup utility SoftMenu Setup - enables you to change the voltage and multiplier settings on the motherboard for the CPU from the defaults (Figure 4.4). Usually, you just set this to Auto or Default and stay away from this screen.

Figure 4.4 SoftMenu screen

 Standard CMOS Features allows you to change floppy drive and hard drive settings, as well as the systems date and time (Figure 4.5).

Figure 4.5 Standard CMOS Features screen Advanced BIOS Features often used to select the boot options (Figure 4.6).

Figure 4.6 Advanced BIOS Features

 Advanced Chipset Features - deals with extremely low-level chipset functions (Figure 4.7).

Figure 4.7 Advanced Chipset Features Integrated Peripherals allows you to configure, enable, or disable the onboard ports, such as the serial and parallel ports (Figure 4.8).

Figure 4.8 Integrated Peripherals Power Management used to set up the power management settings for the system (Figure 4.9).

Figure 4.9 Power Management

 PnP/PCI Configurations allows you to configure all plug and play compatible devices (Figure 4.10).

Figure 4.10 PnP/PCI Configurations Set Password - locks access to CMOS settings to prevent unauthorized persons from changing key settings in CMOS setup.

Figure 4.11 A CMOS password prompt

4.3 Hard Disk Partitions Disk partitioning is the act or practice of dividing the storage space of a hard disk drive into separate data areas known as partitions. Most operating systems allow users to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions, in effect making one physical hard disk into several smaller logical hard disks.

Reasons to Use Hard Disk Partitions A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions in order to organize his data more effectively. On Microsoft Windows machines, it is common to store the OS and applications on one hard disk partition and user data on another hard disk partition. When a problem occurs with Microsoft Windows, the OS partition can be completely formatted and reinstalled without affecting the data partition. A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions because smaller partitions often have smaller cluster sizes. A cluster size is the smallest chunk of data which a partition can store. A large partition might have a cluster size of 16KB. This means that a file with one character in it will occupy 16KB of space on the disk. In a smaller partition, that file might only require 4KB to store. This is a useful strategy if you are storing a large number of small files. Purposes for partitioning:

Separation of the operating system files from user files Having an area for operating system virtual memory swapping/paging Keeping frequently used programs and data near each other. Having cache and log files separate from other files. These can change size dynamically and rapidly, potentially making a file system full. Use of multi booting setups, which allow users to have more than one operating system on a single computer. Protecting or isolating files, to make it easier to recover a corrupted file system or operating system installation. Raising overall computer performance on systems where smaller file systems are more efficient "Short Stroking" aims to minimize performance-eating head repositioning delays by reducing the number of tracks used per hard drive.

Overview of FAT and NTFS File Systems FAT (File Allocation Table) System FAT is by far the most simplistic of the file systems supported by Windows NT. The FAT file system is characterized by the file allocation table (FAT), which is really a table that resides at the very "top" of the volume. To protect the volume, two copies of the FAT are kept in case one becomes damaged. In addition, the FAT tables and the root directory must be stored in a fixed location so that the system's boot files can be correctly located. Updating the FAT table is very important as well as time consuming. If the FAT table is not regularly updated, it can lead to data loss. It is time consuming because the disk read heads must be repositioned to the drive's logical track zero each time the FAT table is updated. There is no organization to the FAT directory structure, and files are given the first open location on the drive. In addition, FAT supports only read-only, hidden, system, and archive file attributes. Advantages of FAT It is not possible to perform an undelete under Windows NT on any of the supported file systems. Undelete utilities try to directly access the hardware, which cannot be done under Windows NT. However, if the file was located on a FAT partition, and the system is restarted under MS-DOS, the file can be undeleted. The FAT file system is best for drives and/or partitions under approximately 200 MB, because FAT starts out with very little overhead. Disadvantages of FAT Preferably, when using drives or partitions of over 200 MB the FAT file system should not be used. This is because as the size of the volume increases, performance with FAT will quickly decrease. It is not possible to set permissions on files that are FAT partitions.

NTFS (New Technology File System) OVERVIEW From a user's point of view, NTFS continues to organize files into directories, which, like HPFS, are sorted. However, unlike FAT or HPFS, there are no "special" objects on the disk and there is no dependence on the underlying hardware, such as 512 byte sectors. In addition, there are no special locations on the disk, such as FAT tables or HPFS Super Blocks. The goals of NTFS are to provide: Reliability, which is especially desirable for high end systems and file servers A platform for added functionality Removal of the limitations of the FAT and HPFS file systems Advantages of NTFS NTFS is best for use on volumes of about 400 MB or more. This is because performance does not degrade under NTFS, as it does under FAT, with larger volume sizes. The recoverability designed into NTFS is such that a user should never have to run any sort of disk repair utility on an NTFS partition. Disadvantages of NTFS It is not recommended to use NTFS on a volume that is smaller than approximately 400 MB, because of the amount of space overhead involved in NTFS. This space overhead is in the form of NTFS system files that typically use at least 4 MB of drive space on a 100 MB partition. Currently, there is no file encryption built into NTFS. Therefore, someone can boot under MS-DOS, or another operating system, and use a low-level disk editing utility to view data stored on an NTFS volume.

4.4 Windows Utilities Disk Clean Up Utility The Disk Cleanup tool helps you free up space on your hard disk by searching your disk for files that you can safely delete. You can choose to delete some or all of the files. Use Disk Cleanup to perform any of the following tasks to free up space on your hard disk:

Remove temporary Internet files. Remove downloaded program files. For example, ActiveX controls and Java applets that are downloaded from the Internet. Empty the Recycle Bin. Remove Windows temporary files. Remove optional Windows components that you are not using. Remove installed programs that you no longer use.

To open Disk Cleanup, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Disk Cleanup. Disk Defragmenter Utility Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk. When files are created, deleted, or modified it's almost a certainty they will become fragmented. Fragmented simply means the file is not stored in one place in its entirety, or what computer folks like to call a contiguous location. Different parts of the file are scattered across the hard disk in noncontiguous pieces. The more fragmented files there are on a drive, the more performance and reliability suffer as the drive heads have to search for all the pieces in different locations. The Disk Defragmenter Utility is designed to reorganize noncontiguous files into contiguous files and optimize their placement on the hard drive for increased reliability and performance. To open Disk Defragmenter, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Disk Defragmenter.

Backup Recovery Utilities Backup Utility provide almost all the tools you need to back up files and folders. It has come a long way from its origins in Windows NT. It supports a greater variety of devices, enabling you to back up to network drives, logical drives, tape, and removable disks (but not optical discs). The backup and recovery utility in Windows XP helps you protect your data in the event your hard disk fails or files are accidentally erased due to hardware or storage media failure. By using Backup you can create a duplicate copy of all of the data on your hard disk and then archive it on another storage device, such as a hard disk or a tape. If the original data on your hard disk is accidentally erased or overwritten, or becomes inaccessible because of a harddisk malfunction, you can easily restore it from the disk or archived copy by using the Restore or Automated System Recovery Wizards. To start Backup, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup. Antivirus Utility An antivirus program protects your PC in two ways. It can be both sword and shield, working in an active seek-and-destroy mode and in a passive sentry mode. When ordered to seek and destroy, the program will scan the computers boot sector and files for viruses, and if it finds any, present you with the available options for removing or disabling them. Antivirus programs can also operate as virus shields that passively monitor your computers activity, checking for viruses only when certain events occur, such as a program executing or a file being downloaded. Examples of Antivirus

Program

Norton anti virus AVG Kaspersky

Figure 4.12 Antivirus Programs

4.5 Exercises LABORATORY 4. OS Installation MATERIALS REQUIRED: A working computer with an optical drive (CD-ROM drive) Windows XP installer Driver installer Ballpen or pencil and paper ACTIVITY 1. Changing Drive Boot Priority in CMOS Setup ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Shut down your computer. 2. Power your computer back on and be ready. 3. The BIOS screen is the motherboard boot screen. You will need to press a certain key at this point, and it varies depending on the BIOS. Usually, it is ESC, F1, or DEL. To check what yours is, look on the bottom of the BIOS boot screen, and it should show something like the one shown in Figure 4.13.

Figure 4.13 BIOS boot screen At the bottom, it should say "Press [key] to enter SETUP". What is the key to enter setup in your computer? _____________. Press that key and let SETUP load. 4. After the BIOS SETUP loads, you should see a screen similar to the one in Figure 4.14. This will depend on the brand of BIOS you have. What is your BIOS maker? _________________

Figure 4.14 BIOS main screen 5. Scroll over to the Advanced BIOS Features menu using the Arrows Keys. The name of the menu may vary depending on the brand of BIOS you have. It should automatically show a menu like the one in Figure 4.15.

Figure 4.15 Advanced BIOS Features 6. Now just select where you want to boot from first, second, and third. It is simple if you follow the instructions in the BIOS screen. If you are going to perform a Windows XP installation, your first boot device must be your optical drive (CD-ROM drive). 7. After the new order is set, press F10 to SAVE AND EXIT, or scroll over to the EXIT and select save changes. This will reboot your computer.

ACTIVITY 2. Hard Disk Partitioning and Formatting using the Windows XP Setup program ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Insert the Windows XP CD into your optical drive, and then restart the computer to start the Windows XP Setup program. 2. The computer will now start up and load from the first boot device. If it is the CD/DVD Drive first, what text will you find in your screen? _______________________________________________ Hit the key to load from the menu. 3. At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER. 4. To accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement, press _____. 5. If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you are prompted to repair it. To bypass the repair, press ESC. 6. All existing partitions and non-partitioned spaces are listed for each physical hard disk. Use the ARROW keys to select an existing partition, or create a new partition by selecting the non-partitioned space where you want to create a new partition. Identify the keys to be used to execute the following actions: a. Create partition ___________ b. Delete system partition ____________ c. Delete regular partition ____________ 7. Create two partitions of equal size. Partition size is entered in megabytes. 8. Use the ARROW keys to select the partition where you want to install Windows XP, and then press ENTER. 9. Select the format option that you want to use to format the partition. You can select from the following options: Format the partition by using the NTFS file system (Quick) Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick) Format the partition by using the NTFS file system Format the partition by using the FAT file system Leave the current file system intact (no changes) Note: If the selected partition is a new partition, the option to leave the current file system intact is not available. Select NTFS file system (Quick) and press ENTER.

ACTIVITY 3. Perform a Clean Installation of Windows XP ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 30 minutes 1. Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer. 2. If prompted to start from the CD, press any key in your keyboard. If you miss the prompt (it only appears for a few seconds), restart your computer to try again. 3. Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER. 4. On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8 to accept the agreement. 5. This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Select Partition C and press ENTER. 6. Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system (Quick). Windows XP formats Partition C.and then copies the setup files. How long did it take to format Partition C and copy setup files? _____________________ 7. Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. From this point forward, you can use your mouse. Eventually, the Regional and Language Options page appears. Click Next to accept the default settings. If you prefer a language other than English, you can change language settings after setup is complete. 8. On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and your organization name. Some programs use this information to automatically fill in your name when required. Then, click Next. Name: ___________________________________ Organization Name: ________________________ 9. On the Your Product Key page, type your product key as it appears on your Windows XP CD case. The product key is unique for every Windows XP installation. Then, click Next. Product Key: ___________________________________ 10. On the Computer Name and Administrator Password page, type a name that uniquely identifies your computer in the Computer name box. You cannot use spaces or punctuation. If you connect

your computer to a network, you will use this computer name to find shared files and printers. Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator password box, and then retype it in the Confirm password box. Click Next. Computer Name: ___________________________________ Administrator Password: _____________________________ 11. On the Date and Time Settings page, set your computers clock. Then, click the Time Zone down arrow, and select your time zone. Click Next. 12. Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the Networking Settings page, click Next. 13. On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next. 14. Windows XP will spend 2or 3minutes configuring your computer and will automatically restart when finished. When the Display Settings dialog appears, click OK. 15. When the Monitor Settings dialog box appears, click OK. 16. On the Welcome to Microsoft Windows page, click Next. 17. On the Help protect your PC page, click Help protect my PC by turning on Automatic Updates now. Then, click Next. 18. Windows XP will then check if you are connected to the Internet. if Windows XP cannot connect to the Internet, you can connect to the Internet after setup is complete. On the How will this computer connect to the Internet? page, click Skip. 19. Windows XP Setup displays the Ready to activate Windows? page. If you are not yet connected to the Internet, click No, click Next. After setup is complete, Windows XP will automatically remind you to activate and register your copy of Windows XP. 20. On the Who will use this computer? page, type the name of each person who will use the computer. You can use first names only, nicknames, or full names. Then click Next. 21. On the Thank you page, click Finish.

ACTIVITY 4. Driver Installation ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 25 minutes Drivers are the brains that show hardware how to function. Device drivers come with the device when you buy it. When you buy a sound card, for example, it comes with a CD-ROM that holds all the necessary device drivers. Some very common devices with driver installations are network adapter, wireless adapters, CD-ROMS, Hard Drives, Video Cards, and Printers. To install driver: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Insert the Driver Installation CD into your computer. Click START. Right-click MY COMPUTER. Click MANAGE. Click DEVICE MANAGER. Choose the hardware category your hardware relates to and click the + symbol next to it. Look for the devices with question mark icons. 7. Right-Click the specific device you would like to install the driver for and click UPDATE DRIVER. The Hardware Update Wizard will appear. On the radio buttons, select No, not this time. Then click NEXT to continue. 8. Select "Install the software automatically (Recommended)", then select NEXT to continue. Your computer will search on your CD where the drivers are located. This will install a new driver or update an existing driver for your hardware. Wait until it is finished. 9. Afterwards, the Hardware Update wizard will tell you whether the installation is complete or not. If it is not, your driver may not match the device installed. 10. Repeat steps 5 to 9 until no more question mark icons are left. 11. At times, you will see devices in the UNKNOWN DEVICES category. Devices here are hardware recognized by windows, but have no existing drivers installed. It is the same procedure to install drivers for these devices. 12. If there are no question marks left, reboot your computer.

Chapter V Introduction to Networks 5.1 Networking Fundamentals A. The Network Interface Card (NIC) As shown in the Figure 5.1, a network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter, it plugs into a motherboard and provides a port for connecting to the network. This card can be designed as an Ethernet card, a Token Ring card, or a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) card. Each individual NIC throughout the world carries a unique code, called a Media Access Control (MAC) address. This address is used to control data communication for the host on the network.

Figure 5.1 A Network Interface Card When you select a network card, consider the following three factors: 1. type of network (for example, Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI) 2. type of media (for example, twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic cable) 3. type of system bus (for example, PCI or ISA) B. Computer Networks and Networking A network is an intricately connected system of objects or people. An example of a network is a computer network. A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications and allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. Computer networking or Data communications (Datacom) is the engineering discipline concerned with the computer networks.

Computer networks are classified into: Local area network (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area. An example of a LAN would be a computer network within a building. Metropolitan area network (MAN), which is used for medium size area. examples for a city or a state. Wide area network (WAN) is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area. Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) are the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN. C. Network Topology Topology defines the structure of the network. There are two parts to the topology definition: the physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire (media), and the logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts. The physical topologies that are commonly used are the Bus, Ring, Star, Extended Star, Hierarchical, and Mesh. These are shown in Figure 5.2.

Figure 5.2 Physical Topologies

A bus topology uses a single backbone segment (length of cable) that all the hosts connect to directly. A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable. A star topology connects all cables to a central point of concentration. This point is usually a hub or switch, which will be described later in the chapter.

An extended star topology uses the star topology to be created. It links individual stars together by linking the hubs/switches. This, as you will learn later in the chapter, will extend the length and size of the network. A hierarchical topology is created similar to an extended star but instead of linking the hubs/switches together, the system is linked to a computer that controls the traffic on the topology. A mesh topology is used when there can be absolutely no break in communications, for example the control systems of a nuclear power plant. So as you can see in the graphic, each host has its own connections to all other hosts. This also reflects the design of the Internet, which has multiple paths to any one location.

The logical topology of a network is how the hosts communicate across the medium. The two most common types of logical topologies are Broadcast and Token-passing.

Broadcast topology simply means that each host sends its data to all other hosts on the network medium. There is no order the stations follow to use the network, it is first come, first serve. This is the way that Ethernet works. The second type is token-passing. Token-passing controls network access by passing an electronic token sequentially to each host. When a host receives the token, that means that that host can send data on the network. If the host has no data to send, it passes the token to the next host and the process repeats itself.

D. Network Devices Devices that connect directly to a network segment are referred to as hosts. These hosts include computers, clients and servers, printers, scanners, and many other user devices. These devices provide the users with connection to the network, with which the users share, create, and obtain information. The host devices can exist without a network, but without the network, the hosts capabilities are greatly limited.

D.1 Repeater The purpose of a repeater is regenerate and retime network signals at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer distance on the media (Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3 Repeater D.2 Hub The purpose of a hub is to regenerate and retime network signals. This is done at the bit level to a large number of hosts (e.g. 4, 8, or even 24) using a process known as concentration. A hub is also known as a multi-port repeater. The difference is the number of cables that connect to the device (Figure 5.4). Two reasons for using hubs are to create a central connection point for the wiring media, and increase the reliability of the network. The reliability of the network is increased by allowing any single cable to fail without disrupting the entire network.

Figure 5.4 Hub D.3 Bridge A bridge is a device designed to connect two LAN segments (Figure 5.5). The purpose of a bridge is to filter traffic on a LAN, to keep local traffic local, yet allow connectivity to other parts (segments) of the LAN for traffic that has been directed there.

Figure 5.5 Bridge

D.4 Switch A switch is a multi-port bridge (Figure 5.6), just like a hub is called a multi-port repeater. Switches at first glance often look like hubs. Both hubs and switches have many connection ports, since part of their function is connectivity concentration (allowing many devices to be connected to one point in the network). The difference between the hub and switch is that switches make decisions based on MAC addresses and hubs don't make decisions at all. Because of the decisions that switches make, they make a LAN much more efficient. They do this by "switching" data only out the port to which the proper host is connected. In contrast, a hub will send the data out all of its ports so that all of the hosts have to see and process (accept or reject) all of the data.

Figure 5.6 Switch D.5 Routers The router makes decisions based on groups of network addresses (Classes) as opposed to individual MAC addresses. Routers can also connect technologies, such as Ethernet, Token-ring, and FDDI. However, because of their ability to route packets, routers have become the backbone of the Internet, running the IP protocol. The purpose of a router is to examine incoming packets, choose the best path for them through the network, and then switch them to the proper outgoing port. Routers are the most important traffic-regulating devices on large networks. They enable virtually any type of computer to communicate with any other computer anywhere in the world. A router that includes the functions of a wireless access point and a network switch is called a wireless router (Figure 5.7). It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN (WLAN), or a mixed wired/wireless network.

Figure 5.7 Wireless router 5.2 Network Media The basic functions of media are to carry a flow of information, in the form of bits and bytes, through a LAN. Other than wireless LANs (that use the atmosphere, or space, as the medium), networking media confine network signals to a wire, cable, or fiber. You can build computer networks with many different media types. Each media has advantages and disadvantages. What is an advantage for one media might be a disadvantage for another. Some of the advantages and disadvantages are: Cable length Cost Ease of installation Coaxial cable (Figure 5.8), optical fiber (Figure 5.9), and even free space can carry network signals, however, the principal medium is called Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable (CAT 5 UTP) (Figure 5.10).

Figure 5.8 Coaxial Cable

Figure 5.9 Fiber Optic Cable

Figure 5.10 UTP Cable

There are generally three main types of networking cables: straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables. 5.2.1 Crossover cable Crossover cables have pairs of wires that crisscross. This allows for two devices to communicate at the same time. Unlike straight-through cables, we use crossover cables to connect like devices. A visual example can be seen on Figure 5.11.

Figure 5.11 Crossover cable color coding We just switch the orange-white and green-white wires, and then the orange and green wires. Crossover cables are typically used in the following situations: 1. Connecting a computer to a router 2. Connecting a computer to a computer 3. Connecting a router to a router 4. Connecting a switch to a switch 5. Connecting a hub to a hub

5.2.2 Straight Through/Patch cable In straight-through cables, out of the 8 pins that exist on both ends of an Ethernet cable, each pin connects to the same pin on the opposite side (Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.12 Straight through cable color coding Straight-through cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices. You can use a straight-through cable when: 1. Connecting a router to a hub 2. Connecting a computer to a switch 3. Connecting a LAN port to a switch, hub, or computer 5.3 Peer-to-Peer Networks Peer-to-peer networking is the utilization of the relatively powerful computers (personal computers) that exist at the edge of the Internet for more than just client-based computing tasks. The modern personal computer (PC) has a very fast processor, vast memory, and a large hard disk, none of which are being fully utilized when performing common computing tasks such as e-mail and Web browsing. The modern PC can easily act as both a client and server (a peer) for many types of applications.

The typical computing model for many applications is a client/server model. A server computer typically has vast resources and responds to requests for resources and data from client computers. Client computers initiate requests for resources or data from server computers. Figure 5.13 shows an example of a peer to peer set up.

A good example of the client/server model of computing is Web browsing. Web servers on the Internet are typically high-end dedicated server computers with very fast processors (or multiple processors) and huge hard disk arrays. The Web server stores all of the content associated with a Web site (HTML files, graphics, audio and video files, etc.) and listens for incoming requests to view the information on a particular Web page. When a page is requested, the Web server sends the page and its associated files to the requesting client.

Figure 5.13 Peer-to-Peer set-up Peer-to-peer networking has the following advantages over client/server networking: Content and resources can be shared from both the center and the edge of the network. In client/server networking, content and resources are typically shared from only the center of the network. A network of peers is easily scaled and more reliable than a single server. A single server is subject to a single point of failure or can be a bottleneck in times of high network utilization.

 A network of peers can share its processor, consolidating computing resources for distributed computing tasks, rather than relying on a single computer, such as a supercomputer. Shared resources of peer computers can be directly accessed. Rather than sharing a file stored on a central server, a peer can share the file directly from its local storage. Peer-to-peer networking solves the following problems: Allows the processing resources of edge computers to be utilized for distributed computing tasks. Allows local resources to be shared directly, without the need for intermediate servers. Allows efficient multipoint communication without having to rely on IP multicast infrastructure.

5.3.1 IP Addresses Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP Address. A typical IP address looks like this: 216.27.61.137 IP addresses are split up into four eight-bit numbers called octets for readability. For example, quark.physics.groucho.edu has an IP address of 0x954C0C04, which is written as 149.76.12.4. This format is often referred to as dotted quad notation. Another reason for this notation is that IP addresses are split into a network number, which is contained in the leading octets, and a host number, which is the remainder. When applying to the NIC for IP addresses, you are not assigned an address for each single host you plan to use. Instead, you are given a network number and allowed to assign all valid IP addresses within this range to hosts on your network according to your preferences.

The size of the host part depends on the size of the network. To accommodate different needs, several classes of networks, defining different places to split IP addresses, have been defined. The class networks are described here: Class A Class A comprises networks 1.0.0.0 through 127.0.0.0. The network number is contained in the first octet. This class provides for a 24-bit host part, allowing roughly 1.6 million hosts per network. Class B Class B contains networks 128.0.0.0 through 191.255.0.0; the network number is in the first two octets. This class allows for 16,320 nets with 65,024 hosts each. Class C Class C networks range from 192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.0, with the network number contained in the first three octets. This class allows for nearly 2 million networks with up to 254 hosts. Classes D, E, and F Addresses falling into the range of 224.0.0.0 through 254.0.0.0 are either experimental or are reserved for special purpose use and don't specify any network. IP Multicast, which is a service that allows material to be transmitted to many points on an internet at one time, has been assigned addresses from within this range.

5.4 Importance of Computer Networks Two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise are information and communication. While today nearly every organization uses a substantial number of computers and communication tools ( telephones, fax, personal handheld devices), they are often still isolated. While managers today are able to use the newest applications,

many departments still do not communicate and much needed information cannot be readily accessed. To overcome these obstacles in an effective usage of information technology, computer networks are necessary. They are a new kind (one might call it paradigm) of organization of computer systems produced by the need to merge computers and communications. Computer networks allow the user to access remote programs and remote databases either of the same organization or from other enterprises or public sources. Computer networks provide communication possibilities faster than other facilities. Besides this major reason why any organization should not fail to have a computer network, there are other reasons as well:

cost reduction by sharing hard- and software resources high reliability by having multiple sources of supply cost reduction by downsizing to microcomputer-based networks instead of using mainframes greater flexibility because of possibility to connect devices from various vendors

Because of the importance of this technology, decisions of purchase, structure, and operation of computer networks cannot be left to technical staff. Management as well has a critical need for understanding the technology of computer networks. Benefits of Computer Networks File Sharing - Computers connected to a network can share files and documents with each other. Personal computers connected to a business network can choose which files and folders are available to share on the network. Printers - Computers can print pages to another computer with a printer on the network. Additionally, printers can be connected using a print server, which allows direct printing from all computers. Sharing Media- Sharing media between computers is easy when connected to a network. Like file sharing, computers can stream musing, videos and movies from one computer to the next.

 Media Center Server - A media center server can store your entire entertainment library on a centralized hub to give quick access to your media from every computer on your network. Video Games - Console and PC gamers benefit from networking also. You can easily set up multiplayer death matches and even host your own game server. 5.5 Exercises LABORATORY 5. Create a simple Peer-to-Peer LAN MATERIALS REQUIRED: Two working computers with NICs installed Router Switch Crimping tool Cable tester Category 5 UTP cable (at least 1 meter long) Registered Jack (RJ)-45 (at least 6 pieces) Ballpen or pencil and paper ACTIVITY 1. Create cross-over and straight-through cables ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 30 minutes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cut a length of cable. Strip off the jacket. Separate out the 4 pairs of wires. Untwist the wires. Organize the wires according to the proper color code and flatten the wires. Follow correct color code for straight-through and crossover cable. 6. Maintain the color order and flatness of the wires, then clip their length. Make sure that the length of the untwisted wires will allow the cable to be inserted into the RJ-45 plug. 7. Insert ordered wires into RJ-45 plug; make sure jackets are inserted into plug. 8. Push the wires in firmly enough to make sure the conductors are all visible when you look at the plug from the end.

9. Inspect the color code and jacket location to be sure they are correct. 10. Insert the plug firmly into the crimp tool and crimp down completely. 11. Inspect both ends of the cable. 12. Use a cable tester to verify the quality of the cable. ACTIVITY 2. Connect your computers using cross-over cable ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Plug one end of the crossover cable into each of the computers Ethernet ports. 2. Open MY COMPUTER on both computers and click on PROPERTIES. Configure the following: Workstation 1 Workstation 2 Computer Name :First Name Computer Name :Last Name Computer Description :PC1 Computer Description :PC2 Workgroup :Middle Name Workgroup :Middle Name 3. Right-click MY NETWORK PLACES. Then click on PROPERTIES and choose INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP). Assign a unique IP address to each computer. Use Class C IP addresses. Set the subnet mask for both computers. Then click OK. Workstation 1 Workstation 2 IP Address :_____________________ IP Address :_____________________ Subnet Mask:____________________ Mask:____________________ 4. Restart your computer for the changes to take effect.

Subnet

ACTIVITY 3. Connect your computers using straight-through cable ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes 1. Plug one end of the straight-through cables into each of the computers Ethernet ports and plug the other ends to the switch. The switch must be connected to the router. 2. Open MY COMPUTER on both computers and click on PROPERTIES. Configure the following: Workstation 1 Workstation 2 Computer Name :First Name Computer Name :Last Name Computer Description :PC1 Computer Description :PC2 Workgroup :Middle Name Workgroup :Middle Name 3. Right-click MY NETWORK PLACES. Then click on PROPERTIES and choose INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP). Select the option Obtain an IP Address automatically to allow the router to assign IP addresses to your computers. Then click OK. 4. Restart your computer for the changes to take effect. 5. To check the IP addresses assigned by the router to your computer, Click START, then click RUN. Type CMD, and then click OK. In the command prompt, type IPCONFIG and press ENTER. Take note of the following: Workstation 1 Workstation 2
MAC Address :____________________ MAC Address :____________________ IP Address :_____________________ IP Address :_____________________

6. To check how long it takes for packets to reach host and if that particular host can accept requests, you can type PING then the IP ADDRESS of the computer you want to check (e.g. PING 192.168.0.1) and press ENTER.

ACTIVITY 4. Folder-sharing ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes Sharing a Folder 1. Create a folder in DESKTOP. Rename the folder as share_yourname. 2. Right-click the folder and then click SHARING AND SECURITY. 3. In the folder's properties, click Share this folder on the network. Use the default name for the shared folder. 4. Click OK. How does a shared folder look like? _____________________________________________ To Connect to a Shared Folder by Using My Network Places 1. Click START and then click MY NETWORK PLACES. 2. Click VIEW WORKGROUP COMPUTERS. 3. Double-click the appropriate computer in your workgroup. After you type the appropriate credentials, a window opens that displays all of the shared folders and printers on the computer to which you are connecting. 4. Double-click the shared folder to which you want to gain access. You then see all of the subfolders and files in that shared folder. What you can do with those subfolders and files depends on the level of permission you have been granted. To Connect to a Shared Folder by Using Universal Naming Convention (UNC) Format 1. Click START and then click RUN. 2. Type the name using UNC format, where computername is the name of the computer to which you are attempting to connect and sharename is the name of the shared folder on that computer: \\computername\sharename 3. Click OK.

ACTIVITY 4. Printer-sharing ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 15 minutes Sharing a Printer 1. Click START and then, on the Start menu, click PRINTERS AND FAXES. 2. Right-click the printer you want to share, and then click Printer properties. 3. Click the Sharing tab, and select the Share this printer check box. 4. In the Share name field, enter a descriptive name for the printer: This is the identifier that will be shown to other devices on the local network when they make connections. Click OK. Add a network printer 1. Click START and then click CONTROL PANEL. 2. In Control Panel, click PRINTERS AND FAXES, then click ADD PRINTER. 3. A new Add Printer Wizard window opens. Click NEXT to start. 4. Select A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer. Then click NEXT to continue. 5. Select Browse for a printer. Click NEXT to continue. 6. When the list of printers appears, select the one you want to use and click NEXT. 7. Windows will now automatically retrieve the required printer drivers from the computer which is currently sharing the printer. You will be warned about printer drivers possibly containing viruses. To be safe you can run anti-virus software on the computer sharing the printer. Once you have accepted this fact you can click YES to proceed to the next step. 8. Windows will ask you whether you would like to set the printer you are adding as the default printer to use. Select YES. 9. You will now see the printer in the Printers and Faxes window.

Chapter VI Trouble Shooting and Maintenance 6.1 Hardware 6.2 Software 6.3 Networks 6.4 Exercises 6.4.1 Objective 6.4.2 Case Analysis

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