3G Wireless Technologies

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. 2
2. FIRST GENERATION ANALOG WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS............... 2
3. SECOND GENERATION DIGITAL WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS ........... 3
3.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ............................................................................3
3.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).........................................................3
3.3 Code Division Multiple access (CDMA) .............................................................................4
4. THIRD GENERATION -3G- WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES ............................... 5
4.2 IMT-2000 and 3G System Development.............................................................................5
4.3 3G Systems: Global Wireless Standards Evolution ..........................................................7
4.4 Comparison of 3G Technologies........................................................................................10
5. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF cdma2000 and W-CDMA THIRD-GENERATION
SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 North American cdma2000 System.......................................................................................11
5.2 W-CDMA..............................................................................................................................14
5.2.1 ARIB WCDMA..................................................................................................................24
6. Differences Between W-CDMA and cdma2000 ..................................................... 27
6.1 Capabilities of Physical Layer.................................................................................................27
6.2 Forward Link Channel Structure ..........................................................................................28
6.3 Asynchronous Base Station (BS) Mode .................................................................................30
7. TECHNOLOGY SUMMARIES OF 2G AND 3G SYSTEMS................................ 32
8. 2-1/2 SYSTEMS: GPRS, EDGE ............................................................................ 33
8.1 GPRS -General Packet Radio Service ..............................................................................33
8.2 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) .........................................................33
9. 3G AND MOBILE IP ............................................................................................ 34
10. MARKETING ISSUES ...................................................................................... 34
11. CONCLUSION................................................................................................... 35
12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND REFERENCES................................................ 35
13. 3G ACRONYMS ................................................................................................. 37
3G Wireless Technologies
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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1. ABSTRACT
3G is a generic term covering a range of future wireless air interface technologies, including
1
cdma2000, UTRA/W-CDMA, and UWC 136 HS
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the arm of the United Nations that oversees
global telecommunications systems, began studies on globalization of mobile personal
communications in 1986. The ITU (an international standards organization) defined the IMT-2000
specification, a set of proposed requirements for 3G terrestrial/satellite wireless systems.
Regional standards bodies such as TIA (North America), ARIB (Japan) and ETSI (Europe),
developed three major proposals to meet the IMT-2000 specification: cdma2000, UWC 136 HS ,
and UTRA / W-CDMA.
These 3G systems will offer a plethora of telecommunications services characterized by mobility

and advanced multimedia capabilities including voice, low and high-bit-rate data, Internet access,
and video to mobile and fixed users via a wide range of mobile terminals, operating both in public
and private environments.
This paper covers the technological aspects of 3G, starting with a brief overview of first
generation and second generation wireless technologies. 2-1/2 G Technologies, such as GPRS
and EDGE, are also discussed in some detail.
Critical marketing aspects of 3G are also presented, touching on key questions for network
operators such as: what is the best technological choice? How do I upgrade my network? Should
I bid for new spectrum? What new services are possible with 3G that cannot be met with existing
technology/infrastructure? Why should I invest in 3G?
2. FIRST GENERATION ANALOG WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS
First Generation analog cellular systems use an air interface access technology known as
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), to provide basic mobile voice telephony.
FDMA uses narrowband, 30 Khz channels of spectrum (also known as carriers), each carrying
one telephone circuit. The number of calls in a sector is hard limited by the amount of carriers
that can be assigned to the available spectrum. Examples of First Generation analog systems are
AMPS (used in North America) and TACS (used in certain parts of Europe)
First generation AMPS Analog system. Each user is assigned a 30-Khz carrier during the call.
1
Acronyms are expanded in the Acronyms section at the end of this document
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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3. SECOND GENERATION DIGITAL WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS
Using digital techniques, Second Generation digital wireless systems offer increased voice
capacity, increased security, low bit rate data and regional roaming.
The main 2G digital wireless technologies are CDMA and TDMA, widely deployed in North
America and some parts of the world, and GSM, deployed throughout Europe and many other
parts of the world. These 2G air interface access technologies are briefly described below.
3.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
TDMA divides the 30 Khz carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each of which constitutes
an independent telephone circuit. The North American Second-generation digital TDMA system
supports 3 full-rate telephone circuits in each of the 30 KHz carriers, effectively achieving a 3:1
capacity improvement over the analog AMPS system.
2G Digital TDMA System. Each 30 Khz carrier frequency is time-shared by three users, each using a different time slot
3.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
GSM is similar to TDMA in that it divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots. GSM
utilizes wider band (200 KHz) carrier frequencies, and each of these frequencies support 8
timeslots. GSM was adopted in Europe as its primary standard for Second Generation wireless
communications systems not only to increase capacity, but mainly to address the roaming
difficulties caused by the proliferation of incompatible first generation analog standards
throughout all of Europe.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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GSM
Different Times
...8 slots...
2G digital GSM system. Each 200 Khz carrier frequency is time-shared by 8 users, each using a different time slot
3.3 Code Division Multiple access (CDMA)
CDMA changes the rules in that multiple users can be coincident both in frequency and in time.
In CDMA, multiple callers share a wideband 1.25 MHz radio channel simultaneously. CDMA
uses spread spectrum modulation schemes, and unique codes to differentiate each individual call
from among all others. Once the air limitations of one CDMA carrier are reached, one or more
additional CDMA carriers can be deployed, each of them supporting several users
simultaneously.
Another outstanding advantage of CDMA over other 2G air interface is that it has a reuse factor
of N=1, meaning that the same CDMA carrier can not only be reused in adjacent cell sites, but
also in every sector of the same cell site. This feature not only increases capacity, but also
facilitates tremendously the design of frequency plans for CDMA wireless systems. In fact,
CDMA achieves the greatest spectral efficiency among all 2G technologies, and the concepts of
CDMA constitute the foundation for the major 3G air interface access technologies, some of
which will be described later in this paper.
2G digital CDMA system. Each 1.25 Mhz carrier is shared by multiple users at the same time. Each user is assigned a
unique code. Multiple 1.25 Mhz CDMA carriers can be deployed to increase system capacity, up to the limits of spectrum
availability.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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4. THIRD GENERATION -3G- WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Today s 2G networks are primarily voice centric. Data services such as e-mail retrieval and Web
access are possible only at data rates of 14.4 kilobits per second (Kbps) at most.
By contrast, 3G systems will be primarily data and applications centric, combining high-speed
mobile access with packet-based Internet Protocol (IP). Data rates as high as 2 Megabits per
2
second will be possible in 3G (indoors) , enabling high-speed data and mobile multimedia
services that include voice, video, low and high-bit-rate data, internet access, location-based
services, and access to information and services, anytime, anywhere.
Many of these new features and services will require cooperation from other enabling
technologies such as Bluetooth and WAP, as well as a range of new terminals with voice, data
and multimedia features including video capabilities. Because the IMT-2000 goal of 3G may be
impossible to achieve, many of these new terminals may also be compatible with multiple 3G
standards, thereby supporting global roaming.
Regarding harmonization, it would be difficult to predict a system that stems from cdma2000 and
UTRA/W-CDMA harmonization. Europe would mostly like to protect its huge investment in GSM
networks, while IS-95 operators would also want investment protection, backward compatibility
with their present systems, and competition advantage. IS-136 operators cannot afford to move to
CDMA, and their strategy for global roaming is by merging with Enhanced Data rate for GSM
Evolution (EDGE), and perhaps ultimately W-CDMA, taking advantage of the GSM footprint in the
interim.
4.2 IMT-2000 and 3G System Development
The studies on globalization of personal communications began in 1986 by ITU to identify the
long-term spectrum needs for the future 3G mobile telecommunications systems. ITU defined the
International Mobile Telephone-2000 (IMT-2000) specification, a set of proposed requirements for
3G terrestrial/satellite wireless systems, including a wide range of voice, data, and multimedia
services.
The IMT-2000 proposed specifications include global roaming, and speeds for data transport
equal to 144 kbps for vehicular transmission, 384 kbps for pedestrian traffic, and two Mbps for
fixed indoor use. By June, 1998, ten Radio Transmission Technologies (RTTs) terrestrial
proposals had been submitted for consideration. Shown in the graph below are the IMT-2000
goals for 3G
2
These are peak rates, based on good RF conditions. There is a general misconception that these rates are
sustained / per user. Actual data rates depend on demand for the data channels available.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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IMT-2000 Goals for 3G (FPLMTS)
¥Global Mobility ¥Higher data rates

¥Global Roaming ¥144kbps (mobile/outdoor)
¥Harmonization (3GPP, 3GPP2) ¥2Mbps (pedestrian/indoor)
¥Internetworking (IS41/GSM-MAP)
¥Multimedia Services ¥New Spectrum

¥Core band (WARC1992 - 230MHz)
¥Web-browsing (inter/intranet) 1885-2025MHz / 2110-2200MHz
¥Video Conference (net-meeting)
¥File Transfer (ftp) ¥Additional bands (WARC2000)
¥e-mail 1710-1885MHz
2500-2690MHz
In 1992, ITU identified 230 MHz of spectrum in the 2 GHz (1.8 to 2.2 GHz) band to implement the
IMT-2000 specification on a worldwide basis, for the satellite and terrestrial components.
Because of the differences in spectrum assignments around the globe, today s 3G systems are
designed around the available regional spectrum, while still being considered as compliant with
IMT-2000 requirements.
Shown below are the spectral allocations around the world, including the IMT-2000 spectrum
allocation.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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IMT- 2000 Spectrum Allocation Requirements
ITU IMT
MSS
IMT
MSS MSS *
(WARC 1992 Decision) MSS * * MSS After 2005
1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2160 2170 2200
1920
Japan PHS
PS BS TDD
3G System MSS Sys
PS BS
3G System MSS
(Existing) FDD FDD
1885 1895 1918.1 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
Europe DECT UMTS MSS UMTS UMTS MSS UMTS

(Proposed)
1880 1890 1920 1980 2010 2040 2110 2170 2200 2230
PS - Personal Station
2150
BS - Base Station
PCS PCS
USA PS BS PCS
Unlicensed
BS PS MSS PM
BA
ET MSS TDD - Time Division Duplex
MSS - Mobile Satellite Systems
(Existing)
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telephone
1850 1910 1930 1990 2025 2110 2130 2160 2200 System
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
PM - Public Mobile
ET - Emerging Technology
PCS PCS BA - Broadcast Auxiliary (ENG)
Canada PS BS PCS
Unlicensed
BS PS MSS FIXED MSS
(Existing)
1850 1910 1930 1990 2025 2110 2160 2200
4.3 3G Systems: Global Wireless Standards Evolution
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has accepted five standards that fit its
International Mobile Telephone-2000 (IMT-2000) requirements of global roaming and data
speeds. Three are expected to govern wireless networks in most of the world:
4.3.1 Cdma2000
cdma2000 is also known as cdma2000 Multi-carrier (1X and 3X) —this North American system
offers an evolutionary path for providers who have based their CDMA networks on the ANSI-95
standard, thus protecting capital investment. Cdma2000 can also be implemented by any carrier
considering a 3G network deployment whether they operate an ANSI-95 network or not.
Some equipment providers may skip the 3G3X system in favor of 1XEV, a high-data rate system
based on HDR (acronym for High Data Rate), as shown in the graph below. 1XEV is divided into
two phases: 1XEV-DO (Data Only) and 1XEV-DV (Data and Voice.)
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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CDMA2000 Technology Summary
• Synchronous System (need GPS)

• Fast Forward Link Power Control (800Hz)
• Channel Coding: Convolutional and Turbo for data
• Modulation: QPSK (instead of BPSK)
• Spreading Codes: Walsh (variable length)
• Quasi Orthogonal Functions (increase Walsh codes)
• Coherent reverse link with continuous pilot (low Eb/No operation)
• Multi-carrier system: N * 1.25MHz for backward compatibility and coexistence with IS95
• Different Frame Lengths (5, 20 msecs)
• Antenna Transmission Diversity (OTD)
• Auxiliary Pilot for Smart Antennas
• Enhanced Access Channel
• Enhanced Paging Channel (Quick paging)
• Improved Handoff
• 3G-1X: up to 144kbps
• 3G-3X (and above): up to 2Mbps indoor
4.3.2 UWC 136 HS

Also known as TDMA Single Carrier —This 3G system is based on IS-136 and Enhanced Data
rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, the TDMA/GSM migration path to packet data,
including VoIP (EDGE will be described in detail in a later section)
The UWC is targeting the TIA-IS-136 evolution to meet IMT-2000 requirements for 3G, with an
initial deployment within 1 MHz spectrum allocation. UWC-136 meets these targets via High Level
Modulation (HLM) to the existing 30 kHz carrier (IS-136+), and by defining a complementary
wider-band TDMA carrier with bandwidths of 200 kHz ( IS-136 HS {vehicular/outdoor}- same as
EDGE) and 1.6 MHz (IS-136 HS {indoor} - same as FMA1 without spreading).
IS-136+ will provide data rates up to 64 kbps, and IS-136 HS up to 2 Mbps (indoor). IS-136
based TDMA systems may ultimately evolve into Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-
CDMA), by first evolving into the 2-1/2 EDGE system (refer to graph below)
UWC 136 HS Technology Summary
• 200kHz carrier, 8 TDMA slots

• up to 144kbps for high mobility
• up to 384kbps for pedestrian/low mobility
• Multiple Modulation Formats (16QAM, QPSK, GMSK)
• Link Adaptation Techniques
• 1.6MHz carrier: up to 2Mbps (indoor)
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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4.3.3 UTRA / W-CDMA

The two major 3G European systems are UTRA (outdoor environment) and TD/CDMA indoor
environment). Both systems support wider bandwidth, enhanced services and backward
compatibility to 2G systems.
The European UTRA wideband —CDMA activities were initially conducted in the FRAMES project
and later as one of the proposals in the SMG committee.
ETSI SMG reached consensus in January 1998 to use UTRA for outdoors (wide area service)
applications, operating in FDD mode: 1920-1980 MHz in the reverse link, and 2110 to 2170 in
the forward link. TD/CDMA was chosen for private indoor services, operating in TDD mode with
unpaired frequency bands, using the spectrum in the range 2010 to 2025 MHz.
Europe and Japan will use a harmonized standard for outdoor environments, based on Wideband
CDMA. The standard is known as UTRA/W-CDMA: UTRA for ETSI (Europe) and W-CDMA for
ARIB (Japan). The Japanese W-CDMA (ARIB) system was initially proposed by NTT DOCOMO,
based on core A (CDMA-FDD).
UTRA/W-CDMA is based mostly on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

3G standard —this is the Direct-Spread European 3G version, adopted by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and intended mainly for the evolution of GSM
networks.
In Europe, UTRA/W-CDMA is aimed at supporting a substantially wider and enhanced range of

services as compared to the current 2G GSM system, including multimedia and high-speed data
services. These enhancements will be achieved through an evolution path, to capitalize on the
investment in GSM infrastructure.
In Japan, evolution of the GSM platform is planned due to its flexibility and widespread use of
GSM around the world. The service area of the 3G system will be overlaid with the existing 2G
(PDC) system. The 3G system will connect and inter-work with a 2G system through an inter-
working function (IWF). IMT2000-PDC dual mode terminals as well as IMT2000 single mode
terminals will be deployed.
UTRA / W-CDMA Technology Summary
• Asynchronous system (no GPS timing is required)

• Wideband DS CDMA (5MHz), FDD
• 1.024, 4.096, 8.192, 16.384Mcps
• Power Control: Closed loop 1600bps
• Speech Coding: Adaptive multi-rate
• Channel Coding: Convolutional, RS for data
• Circuit or Packet data
• Pilot on both Reverse/Forward links
• Pilot symbol assisted demodulation (per user)
The graph in section 4.4 below shows the proposed global wireless standards evolution towards 3G
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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4.4 Comparison of 3G Technologies
Global Wireless Standards Evolution
1xEV Phase 1
1xEV Phase 2
HDR
¥ 2.4 Mbps Packet ¥ Higher Cap Voice/ Data
cdma2000 ¥ RF Backward Comp. ¥ RF Backward Comp.
IS-95-A IS-95-B
1X MC cdma2000
3X MC
¥14.4 kbps Circuit ¥64 kbps Packet ¥153 kbps Packet
¥ 384+ kbps Packet
¥ RF Backward Comp. ¥ RF Backward Comp.
¥ RF Backward Comp.
EDGE (US)
IS-136 EDGE (Europe) UWC136HS
¥9.6 kbps Circuit ¥ 384 kbps Packet ¥ 2Mbps Packet
GSM GSM GPRS W-CDMA

(Europe)
¥9.6 kbps Circuit ¥ 30-40 kbps Packet
¥ RF Backward Comp. ¥ 384+ kbps Packet
W-CDMA
PDC PDC (Japan) ¥ New RF Spectrum
¥9.6 kbps Circuit ¥28.8 kbps Circuit

¥ RF Backward Comp.
1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003+
The main features of the three main 3G air interface technologies are shown in the graph below
CDMA2000 W-CDMA UWC 136HS

Spectrum Existing PCS, or new IMT New IMT-2000 Existing PCS, or new
2000 Spectrum Spectrum IMT 2000 Spectrum
2G/3G Can coexist on the same Cannot coexist with 2G Need separate
Coexistence carrier. Allow gradual carriers 2G (30kHz),
transition (overlay) 3G (200kHz, 1.6MHz)
BTS Synchro Required Not Required Required

Chip Rate 1.2288 * (1,3,6,9,12) 1.024 * (1,4,8,16) Mcps N/A
Mcps
Power Control FL : CLPC (800 bps) FL: CLPC (1600bps) N/A
RL: OLPC + CLPC RL: OLPC +CLPC
(800bps) (1600bps)
Frame Length 5, 20 msec 10 msec 4.615 msec
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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5. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF cdma2000 and W-CDMA THIRD-GENERATION

SYSTEMS
5.1 North American cdma2000 System
The cdma2000 system represents the evolution of the TIA/EIA-95-B family of standards to meet
the ITU IMT-2000 3G requirements. Cdma2000 supports 3G services as defined by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) s IMT-2000 specification.
cdma2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and
high capacity voice services. Cdma2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of
CMDA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.
The cdma2000 system is divided into two phases commonly known as 1X and 3X.
Phase one provides support for the cdma2000 1X air interface - providing average data
rates of 144 kbps, and twice the system capacity of IS-95 CDMA systems, achieved via
technological improvements (discussed in detail later) such as coherent detection on the uplink,
and fast closed loop power control on the downlink-dedicated channels with 800 updates per
second.
Phase two incorporates additional support for 3X systems, providing for data rates up to 2Mbps.
Phase 1 cdma2000 1X
The IS-2000 standard (cdma2000 1X) has been completed and published by the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). 1X offers approximately twice the voice
capacity of cdmaOne, average data rates of 144 kbps, backward compatibility with
cdmaOne networks, and other performance improvements.
1X refers to cdma2000 implementation within existing spectrum allocations for cdmaOne -

1.25 MHz carriers. The technical term is derived from N =1 (i.e. use of same 1.25 MHz
carrier as in cdmaOne) and the 1x means one times 1.25 MHz (RTT refers to Radio
Transmission Technology).
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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1X can be implemented in existing spectrum or in new spectrum allocations. A cdma2000 — 1X

network will also introduce simultaneous voice and data services, low latency data support and
other performance improvements.
Phase 2 cdma2000 - 3X
The IS-2000-A standard (cdma2000-3X) offers even higher capacity than 1X, data rates of up to
2 Mbps, backward compatibility with both 1X and cdmaOne deployments, and other performance
enhancements.
3X can also be implemented in existing or new spectrum allocations, but it utilizes a

broader band of spectrum. The term 3X refers to N = 3 (i.e. use of three 1.25 MHz carriers).
There are currently two implementations of 3X identified in the standard. the Multi-Carrier mode
utilizes three 1.25 MHz carriers to deliver 3G services, while the Direct Sequence mode utilizes
one 3.75 MHz carrier to deliver the same services. The mode implemented would largely depend
on the operator s existing spectrum allocations and usage. With cdma2000 3X operators will be
able to offer even higher average and peak data rates from their networks — up to 2 Mbps.
cdma2000 Packet Core Network
The standards for a CDMA packet core network are being developed by the TR45.6
working group of the TIA. These standards are being developed by using existing
standards from the IEFT (Internet Engineering Task Force) on Mobile IP.
Cdma2000 incorporates advanced antenna technologies, and supports advanced services that
are not practical in other systems (e.g., high speed circuit data B-ISDN or H.224/223
teleservices). Future Cdma2000 Equipment providers claim that the cdma2000 system can be
operated economically in a wide range of environments including outdoor megacell (>35 km
radius), outdoor macrocells (1-35 km radius), indoor/outdoor microcells (up to 1 km radius), and
indoor/outdoor picocell (<50 m radius). Operating environments include indoor office
environment, wireless local loop, vehicular, and mixed vehicular/indoor/outdoor environments.
Cdma2000 uses a chip rate of 3.6864 Mchip/s for 5 MHz bandwidth with a direct spread
downlink (forward link), and a 1.2288 Mchip/s chip rate for a multicarrier downlink. The
multicarrier approach partitions the downlink spectrum into multiple 1.25 MHz carriers. This
option is useful for overlaying a cdma2000 system over an existing cdmaOne network.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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Moreover, the multicarrier approach provides transmit diversity on the downlink. The uplink
(reverse link) only supports the direct spread approach. As with IS-95B, the spreading code of
cdma2000 is generated using different phase shifts of the same PN-sequence. This is possible
due to the synchronous network operation. A bandwidth of 5 MHz can resolve a greater degree of
multipath propagation than a narrower bandwidth, increasing diversity and improving system
performance. Larger bandwidths of 10, 15, and 20 MHz have been proposed to support the
highest data rates more efficiently.
A complex spreading is used to reduce peak-to-average power and improve power efficiency.
The spreading modulation can be either balanced or dual-channel QPSK. In the balanced QPSK
spreading, the same data signal is divided into I and Q channels. In dual-channel QPSK
spreading, the symbol streams on the I and Q channels are independent of each other. On the
downlink, QPSK data modulation is used to save code channels. QPSK data modulation allows
the use of the same orthogonal sequence for both I and Q channels.
5.1.1 Radio Features of cdma2000

cdma2000 inherits many built-in merits and features of the world s first CDMA cellular system (IS-
95 based CDMA-One) and adds on many new feature. The major features in the radio aspect
include the following.
1) Soft Handoff
2) Inter-frequency Handoff
3) Power Control
4) Burst Control (High Speed Data)
5) Turbo Codes (High Speed Data)
6) Auxiliary Pilots
7) Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity / Forward Multi-carrier Transmit Diversity
8) Variable Spreading Walsh Codes
9) Inhibit Sense Multiple Access
10) Optimized Common Channels
11) Overlay Deployment with 2G IS-95
12) Hierarchical Cells
Soft handoff (SHO) has been one of the most important features of CDMA systems compared to
other access technologies such as TDMA. In the reverse link, SHO makes possible that the
instantaneous strongest base station (BS) can power down the mobile (MS) so minimum
interference is achieved thereby increasing system capacity. In the forward link, as MS
approaches the common areas of 2 or more BS, SHO facilitate the forward diversity gain (where
MS uses soft combining in its rake receivers). However, due to many deployment or
implementation constraints, there can be areas with too many roughly equal strength BS, which
causes excessive SHO which in turn can degrade forward link capacity.
A possible cure for the excessive SHO scenario has been proposed in IS-95B and also in
cdma2000, namely the dynamic SHO threshold mechanism. Traditionally, determination as to
whether to add a BS into SHO is by measuring the Ec/I0 (i.e., the fraction of receive power from a
specific BS pilot) compared to a fixed threshold (e.g., T_add in IS-95).
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December 20, 2000

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5.2 W-CDMA
As mentioned previously, The ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)/FDD W-CDMA
European proposal is being harmonized with the Japanese ARIB W-CDMA standard being
deployed by NTT DoCoMo.
The Future Radio wideband Multiple Access Systems (FRAMES) defines the radio interface(s) for
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS). Since GSM is the most widely used
second-generation system in the world, the frequency grid of FMA is made compatible with GSM.
This means that FMA carriers must be located in the frequency band with the same resolution as
200 kHz GSM carriers. Two modes of FMA, FMA1 and FMA2 (W-CDMA), have been proposed
to ITU. FRAMES partners who are members of Association of Radio Industries and Business
(ARIB) have actively contributed to FMA2 concept for Japanese W-CDMA standardization in
ARIB. Two options of FMA1 are WB-TDMA (FMA1 without spreading) and TD-CDMA (FMA1
with spreading). The WB-TDMA solution is proposed for frequency-division duplex (FDD)
operation in paired frequency bands (1920-1980 MHz [uplink] and 2110-2170 MHz [downlink] )
for the outside vehicular environment, and TD-CDMA is proposed for time-division duplex (TDD)
operation in the single frequency band (2010-2025 MHz ) for indoor environment
ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)/FDD proposal based on W-CDMA has the key
parameters similar to those of ARIB W-CDMA [5] proposal. Regarding the TDD mode, ARIB W-
CDMA proposal has the same key parameters as the FDD mode including chip rate, frame
length, and modulation/demodulation schemes. The efforts for harmonization are still going on to
achieve commonality between W-CDMA/TDD and UTRA/TDD. Although most concepts are
shared by both UTRA W-CDMA and ARIB W-CDMA, some differences do exist. Table 1
compares the two systems.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

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Table 1 Comparison between ARIB W-CDMA and ETSI UTRA (FDD Mode)
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December 20, 2000

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5.2.1 FMA 2 (W-CDMA)

The UTRA proposal from ETSI, whose parameters are almost harmonized with the Japanese proposal and
with the Global CDMA II proposal from the TTA of Korea, is now under the technical harmonization
process. The protocol stack of FMA1 and FMA2 are harmonized as much as possible in different layers. In
the FMA concept, the goal is to reuse as much of the mode-specific protocols as possible when designing
the other mode.
Although there are basic differences in radio link control (RLC) and media access control (MAC) between
FMA1 and FMA2, it is expected that protocol structure and handling of information exchange can be
further harmonized. The logical link control (LLC) provides the same functionality within protocol stack,
and it is assumed to be made independent apart from some differences for internal parameters. The radio
network layer (RNL) is different for two modes. The radio resource control (RRC) provides some
fundamental differences between handoff for FMA2 and mobile assisted hard handoff for FMA1., while
most functions common to both FMA modes are provided with Radio Bearer Control (RBC) function. Both
RBC and RRC could be presented as a single RRC protocol as well.
Radio Interface Protocol Description for WCDMA

To utilize capabilities of W-CDMA efficiently, a radio interface protocol has to be well designed to fully
incorporate W-CDMA physical layer. In UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), overall
protocol structure is split into sub-layers corresponding to OSI layering model. These are:
• Physical layer (PHY, Layer 1)
• Medium Access Control sub-layer (MAC, lower layer of Layer 2)
• Radio Link Control sub-layer (RLC, upper layer of Layer 2)
• Radio Resource Control sub-layer (RRC, Layer 3)
RRC
RLC
MAC
PHY
Fig 1 OSI layering model for air interface protocol
The layering model is shown in Fig 1. PHY offers data information transfer service over its W-CDMA
radio medium for the upper layers. MAC provides data transfer service for RLC and reallocate radio
resources. On request, MAC may also report to its higher layer about traffic volume and quality indication.
ARQ functionality is realized in the RLC sub-layer. The retransmission protocol ensures that the optimum
utilization of the available radio resources is achieved without incurring excessively long delays. RRC
provides general information broadcast and notification service to all mobiles. It also provides services for
establishment/maintenance/release of a mobile/UTRAN connection and transfer of messages using this
connection. The RRC functionality also includes establishment/reconfiuration/release of a radio access
bearer, RRC mobility control (soft/hard handoff procedures). Other radio resource control functions
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fulfilled by RRC are arbitration of the radio resource allocation between the cells, control of requested
Quality of Service (QoS), and outer loop power control (setting the target of the closed loop power control).
Physical Layer
The access to physical layer services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer [6].
The transport channel types being defined in UTRAN are Dedicated Channel (DCH), Random Access
Channel (RACH), Forward Access Channel (FACH), Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH), Broadcast
Channel (BCH) and Paging Channel (PCH). The characteristics of a transport channel are defined by its
transport format (or format set), specifying the physical layer processing to be applied to the transport
channel, such as coding and interleaving, and any service-specific rate matching as needed. The physical
layer operates exactly according to the L1 radio frame timing. A transport block is defined as the data
accepted by the physical layer to be jointly encoded. The transport block timing is then tied exactly to this
L1 frame timing, e.g.. every transmission block is generated precisely every 10 ms, or a multiple of 10 ms.
A mobile can set up multiple transport channels simultaneously, each having own transport characteristics
(e.g. offering different error correction capability). Each transport channel can be used for information
stream transfer of one radio bearer or for layer 2 and higher layer signaling messages. The multiplexing of
these transport channels onto the same or different physical channels is carried out by L1. In addition, the
Transport Format Combination Indication (TFCI) field uniquely identifies the transport format used by
each transport channel within the current radio frame.
MAC multiplexing
MAC functions include control of transport format, priority handling between voice/data services of a
mobile and priority handling among all mobiles common channel message scheduling, mobile
identification. In addition to service multiplexing in physical layer, meaning that different services from an
mobile may possibly use one channelization code which is handled by the physical layer (a UMTS/W-
CDMA feature, different from cdma2000), UMTS MAC also allows for service multiplexing in MAC
layer. For example, it allows several upper layer services (RLC instances) to be mapped onto the same
transport channel.
The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. A set of logical channel types is defined
for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC [7]. A general classification of logical
channels is split into two groups: control channels (for the transfer of control plane information) and traffic
channels (for the transfer of user plane information). Control channels include Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH, a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information), Paging Control Channel (PCCH,
a downlink channel that transfers paging information), Common Control Channel (CCCH, bi-directional
channel for transmitting control information between network and mobiles), and Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH, a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information
between a mobileand the network). There is only one type of traffic channel, Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH, a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH
can exist in both uplink and downlink). The following mapping between logical channels and transport
channels exist:
• BCCH is connected to BCH
• PCCH is connected to PCH
• CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH
• DCCH and DTCH can be connected to either a RACH, a FACH, a DSCH, or to a DCH
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BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH
BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH

Fig 2 Mapping between logical channel and transport channel
Figure 2 shows the mapping relation between logical channel and transport channel. It should be
noted that RRC allocates radio resources on a slow basis. It decides and assigns transport
format for service bearer possibly in a service life cycle to meet individual user s QoS
requirement. The MAC controls radio resource on a fast basis, in the sense that, given the
transport format combination set assigned by RRC, MAC selects the appropriate transport format
within an assigned transport format set for each active transport channel depending on source
rate and total interference threshold level.
RLC Protocol
RLC is responsible for the efficient transmission or retransmission under variable bit rate.
Therefore, a minimal segmentation overhead, a simple retransmission protocol, and an optimized
transmission or retransmission unit size, are necessary for RLC design in different radio
environment (e.g., different fading scenario). RLC protocol should be configurable by layer 3 to
provide different levels of QoS. This is controlled by adjusting the maximum number of
retransmissions according to service delay requirements.
Three types of services are provided by RLC to higher layers. Transparent mode offers service
for transmitting higher layer PDUs without adding any protocol information (possibly including
segmentation/re-assembly functionality). Unacknowledged mode offers service for transmitting
higher layer PDUs without guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity. Acknowledged mode offers
service for transmitting higher layer PDUs and guarantees delivery to the peer entity. For this
service, both in-sequence and out-of-sequence delivery are supported.
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RLC transparent unacknowledged acknowledged

control SAP mode SAP mode SAP mode SAP
segmentation segmentation segmentation

/reassembly /reassembly /reassembly
buffer
add/remove add/remove
(transmitter
RLC header RLC header
/receiver)
buffer
retransmission
(transmitter
buffer
/receiver)
buffer
(transmitter
/receiver)
MUX/DEMUX/MAPPING
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Fig 3: RLC protocol model
Figure 3 shows the RLC entities for UTRAN. Three types of Service Access Points (SAPs) are
used, transparent mode SAP, unacknowledged mode SAP, and acknowledged mode SAP,
corresponding to the services provided by the RLC. RLC control SAP may be used by RRC for
requesting status report (e.g., buffer status). Transparent mode entity controls the data flow for
BCCH, PCCH, and DTCH logical channels. The entity includes segmentation/re-assembly
function and transmitter/receiver buffer. Both unacknowledged mode and acknowledged mode
entity include segmentation/reassembly function, RLC header addition/removal function, and
transmitter/receiver buffer. In addition, acknowledged mode entity includes retransmission buffer.
The retransmission buffer receives acknowledgement form the receiving side. Then, the
acknowledgment is used to indicate retransmissions of RLC Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and
when to delete a PDU from the retransmission buffer. A number of RLC protocols have been
proposed for UMTS [8-10]. A modified SSCOP (Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol) is
one of the candidates [6].
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MAC Multiplexing for Downlink Shared Channel

In UMTS, there is a clear orthogonal channelization code shortage problem on the downlink
(there is no such a problem on the uplink, as scrambling code is mobile specific on the uplink,
hence each mobile manages a orthogonal channelization code tree). The problem will become
worse if each packet data user is allocated with one permanent channelization code. DSCH,
allowing multiple mobiles share the same code, is proposed to resolve this problem. The
requirement for DSCH are
Minimize the impact of L1 configuration.
Simplifies orthogonal spreading code allocation.
Utilize the existing TFCI definition by maintaining a transport format combination set for all the
users using DSCH.
User i a transport a transport

block block set
U3_TB
User 3 U3_TB U3_TB U3_TB
User 2 U2_TB
U3_T
U2_TB U2_TB
B
U1_TB
U1_TB U1_TB
User1
U1_TB U1_TB U1_TB
10ms 10ms 10ms
U3_TB U3_TB
U3_TB U3_TB U3_TB
U2_TB U2_TB U1_TB

U1_TB U2_TB U1_TB
U1_TB U1_TB U1_TB
10ms 10ms 10ms

(1st) (2nd) (3rd)
Fig 4: DSCH time multiplexing
Figure 4 shows a DSCH time multiplexing scheme[11]. The users employing the DSCH transport
channel are multiplexed at the MAC layer according to the transport format selected. The
multiplexed users (e.g., User 1, User 2, User 3, ) have a common Transport Format
Combination set which defines the valid set of transport formats for the DSCH transport channel.
With every addition and removal of users using the DSCH Transport Channel, the DSCH
combination set is updated. The user-multiplexed transport block set (e.g., in the first 10ms
transmission interval time there are two User 1 s transport blocks U1_TB, one User 2 s transport
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block U2_TB, and two User 3 s transport blocks U3_TB) is delivered to the common coding unit in
physical layer, which is configured by the information contained in transport format selected via
the Transport Format Identifier. A similar process occurs in all the other 10 ms transmission
intervals (the second, the third, , and so on). At the mobile MAC sub-layer, the transport block
set from each user is de-multiplexed accordingly. From the knowledge of the number of transport
blocks and the transport block size from the transport format, the transport block set belonging to
the mobile can be extracted.
The advantages of the DSCH are clear. Firstly, all mobiles using this transport channel share the
same channelisation code. Therefore, downlink channelization code shortage problem is relieved.
Secondly, it simplifies channelization code tree management in the downlink (for UMTS, the code
tree management is very intensive since it requires managing the code set at every 10 ms for
each user). Thirdly, multicast services are supported. Since all users on DSCH use the same
code, multicast service is well supported. Fourthly, it is easy to prioritize user data through the
selection of transport format by the MAC layer. Lastly, power control can be supported on the
DSCH.
W-CDMA [12] is based on 5 MHz with a basic chip rate of 4.096 Mchips/s. The frame duration is
10 ms, allowing for low-delay speech and fast control messages. Each radio frame is divided into
16 time-slots of length 0.625 ms, corresponding to one power-control period. On the downlink,
layer 2 dedicated data is time-multiplexed with layer 1 control information within each slot. The
layer 1 control information contains known pilot bits for uplink closed-loop power control, and a
transport format indicator (TFI). The number of bits per downlink slot is not fixed but may vary
from 20-1280, corresponding to 32-2048 kbps data rate.
cosωt
I
p(t)
DPDCH/
DPCCH Serial
Cch Cscramble
Parallel
p(t)
Q
Cch : channelization code (OVSF)
Cscrambling : scrambling code (10 ms) sinωt
p(t) : root-raised cosine, roll-off 0.22
Fig 5: Spreading/Modulation for Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
For the downlink, data modulation is QPSK in which each pair of two bits are serial-to-parallel
converted and mapped to the I and Q branch, respectively (Fig. 5). The I and Q branch are then
spread to the chip rate with the same channelization code Cch and subsequently scrambled by
the same cell specific scrambling code Cscramble. The channelization codes are orthogonal
variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes that preserve the orthogonality between downlink
channels of different rates and spreading factors. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree.
The down link scrambling code Cscramble is a 40960 chips (10 ms) segment having a length
218 -1 Gold Code [13] repeated in each frame. The total number of available scramble codes is
512, divided into 16 code groups with 32 codes in each group. The grouping of a downlink codes
is done to facilitate a fast cell search.
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The parameter k determines the number of bits per Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
or Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) slot. It is related to spreading factor (SF) of the
physical channel as SF = 256 / 2k . The spreading factor may range from 256 down to 4. Note
that the DPDCH and DPCCH may be of different rates, having different SFs and thus different
values of k.
DPDCH and DPCCH are I & Q code multiplexed within each radio frame and transmitted with
dual-channel QPSK modulation. Each additional DPDCHs is code multiplexed on either the I- or
the Q-branch with this first channel pair.
The channelization code for the BCCH is a predefined code that is the same for all cells within the
system. The channelization code(s) used for the Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(CCPCH) is broadcasted on the BCCH. The channelization codes for the downlink Dedicated
Physical Channels (DPCHs) are decided by network. The mobile is informed about what downlink
channelization codes to receive in the downlink Access Grant message that is a base station
response to an uplink Random Access request. The set of channelization codes may be changed
during the duration of a connection, typically as a result of change in service or inter-cell handoff.
A change of downlink channelization codes is negotiated over the DCCH.
CD cos ωt
DPDCH C scramb C s cramb Real
I p(t)
(Optional)
CC
Q
DPCCH
*j
p(t)
Imag
p(t) : pulse-shaping filter (root raised cosine, roll-off 0.22) sin ωt
CD , CC , : channelization codes(OVSF)
C scramb : primary scrambling code (10 ms or 256 chips)
C scramb : secondary scrambling codes (optional)
Fig. 6: Spreading/Modulation for Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
A downlink scrambling code is assigned to the cell(sector) at initial deployment. The mobile
learns about the downlink scrambling code during the cell search process. Each connection is
allocated at least one uplink channelization code to be used for the Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (DPCCH). In most cases, at least one additional uplink channelization code is allocated
for a Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH). Further uplink channelization codes may be
allocated if more than one DPDCH is required.
Two types of dedicated physical channels are defined for the uplink: DPDCH and DPCCH. The
DPDCH carries layer 2 dedicated data, and DPCCH carries layer 1 control information. Layer 2
and layer 1 data is transmitted in parallel on different physical channel. On the uplink, bits/slot
may vary from 10 to 640, corresponding to 16-1024 kbps data rate.
As different mobiles use different uplink scrambling codes, the uplink channelization codes may
be allocated with no coordination between different connections. The uplink channelization codes
are, therefore, always allocated in a predetermined order. The mobile and network only need to
agree on the number of uplink channelization codes. The exact codes to be used are then
implicitly given. The uplink primary scrambling code is decided by the network. The mobile is
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informed about what primary scrambling code to use in the downlink Access Grant message. The
primary scrambling code may, in rare cases, be changed during the duration of a connection. A
change of uplink primary scrambling code is negotiated over the DCCH. The secondary uplink
scrambling code is optional, typically used in cells without multiuser detection in the base station.
The mobile is informed if a secondary scrambling code should be used in the Access Grant
message following a random-access request and a handover message.
The primary scrambling code is a complex code C scramb = CI + j CQ, where CI and CQ are two
different codes from the extended very large Kasami set [13] of length 256. The secondary
scrambling code is a 40960 chips (10 ms) segment of length 241 -1 Gold Code.
Data modulation is dual-channel QPSK, in which the DPDCH and DPCCH are mapped to the I
and Q branches, respectively (Fig 6). The I and Q branch are spread to a chip rate with two
different channelization codes CD and CC and subsequently complex scrambled by a mobile
specific primary scrambling code C scramb. The scrambled signal may then optionally be further
scrambled by a secondary scrambling code C scramb.
The primary and secondary CCPCHs are fixed rate downlink physical channels used to carry the
BCCH and FACH/PCH, respectively. The CCPCH is modulated and spread in the same way as
the downlink dedicated physical channels. In the case of secondary CCPCH, the FACH and PCH
are time multiplexed on a frame-by-frame basis within a superframe structure. The set of frames
allocated to FACH and PCH, respectively is broadcast on the BCCH.
The main difference between CCPCH and a downlink dedicated physical channel is that a
CCPCH is not power controlled and is of constant rate. The main difference between the primary
and secondary CCPCH is that the primary CCPCH has a fixed predefined rate of 32 kbps,
whereas the secondary CCPCH has a constant rate that may be different for different cells,
depending on the capacity required for FACH and PCH. A primary CCPCH is continuously
transmitted over the entire cell while the secondary CCPCH is only transmitted when there is data
available and may be transmitted in a narrow lobe in the same way as a dedicated physical
channel.
Parallel transport channels (TrCh-1 and TrCh-M) are separately channel-coded and interleaved.
The coded transport channels are then time-multiplexed into a coded composite transport
channel (CC-Tr_Ch). Interframe (10ms) interleaving is carried out after transport-channel
multiplexing. Different coding and interleaving schemes can be applied to a transport channel
depending on the specific requirements in terms of error rates, delay, and so forth. This includes
the following:
• Rate 1/3 convolutional coding is typically applied for low delay services such as voice with
-3
moderate error rate requirements (BER ~ 10 )
• A concatenation of rate 1/3 convolutional coding and Reed-Solomon coding plus interleaving
-6
can be applied for high-quality service (BER ~ 10 )
Turbo codes are also being considered and will most likely be used for high-rate-quality services.
Rate matching is applied to match the bit rate of the CC-Tr-Ch to one of the limited set of bit rates
of the uplink or downlink physical channel. Two different rate-matching steps are carried out:
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Static Rate Matching and Dynamic Rate Matching. Static rate matching is carried out with the
addition, removal, or redefinition of a transport channel (i.e., on a very slow basis). Static rate
matching is applied after channel coding and uses code puncturing to adjust the channel-coding
rate of each transport channel so that the maximum bit rate of the CC-Tr-Ch is matched to the bit
rate of the physical channel. Static rate matching is applied on both uplink and downlink. Dynamic
rate matching is carried out once every 10 ms radio frame (i.e., on a very fast basis). Dynamic
rate matching is applied after transport-channel multiplexing and uses symbol repetition so that
the instantaneous bit rate of the CC-Tr-Ch is exactly matched to the bit rate of the physical
channel. Dynamic rate matching is only applied to the uplink.
FCH indicates transmission rate for the current rate on the DPDCH. The coding for the 6 bit FCH
is mapped to biorthogonal Walsh functions of length 2 that represent the 64 different values for
FCH. The FCH data is interleaved and multiplexed over the entire DPCCH frame.
An access attempt corresponds to a random-access burst that consists of two main parts: the
preamble part and the message part. The preamble consists of a length-16 complex symbol
sequence, the random access signature, spread by cell-specific preamble code of length 256
chips. The message part is divided into a data part and a control part similar to the uplink DPDCH
and DPCCH, respectively. The control part consists of known pilot bits for channel estimation and
TFI to indicate the bit rate of the data part of the random access burst. The random access burst
supports variable-rate random access messages. Between the preamble and message parts
there is an idle time period of length 0.25 ms (preliminary value). The idle time period allows for
detection of the preamble part and subsequent online processing of the message part..
5.2.1 ARIB WCDMA

Some of key design parameters of ARIB WCDMA are summarized below.
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture--Logical channels are used to transmit information (ITU-
R M.1035). Transport channel is for information transfer. The physical resources are in code,
frequency, phase (I/Q) (uplink only) plus time slot (TDD only).
Fig: 7 Radio interface protocol architecture.
Dedicated Physical Channel is user dedicated, point-to-point channel. It carries DCH with
various bit rate up to 2Mbps. For downlink it is time-multiplexed. The symbol position is optimized
for minimizing power control delay. For uplink it is I/Q-multiplexed with DPDCH on I-branch and
DPCCH on Q-branch (16kbps). It is continuously transmitted.
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Perch channel is only used in downlink to broadcast over the entire cell. It enables fast cell
selection using search code symbols and carries BCH (16ksps).
Common Physical Channel For downlink it is shared by multiple mobiles in the same sector.
It carries PCH and FACH with 64ksps. For uplink it is shared by multiple mobiles in the same
sector and carries RACH with 32kbps or 128kbps.
Service Multiplexing--Service specific rate matching is used for multiplexing plural services with
different QoS. Same quality outputs are assumed after channel coding and interleaving sharing
a common physical channel mapping unit.
Forward Link Channel Structure--WCDMA uses time multiplexed pilots (TDM) against code
multiplexed pilots (CDM) used by cdma2000 on the forward link. This is one of major differences
between W-CDMA and cdma2000. It has been agreed in the standard bodies that the two design
concepts have unique advantages.
Spreading Codes for Dedicated Channel--Codes have a two-layered structure of spreading

codes and scrambling codes. In the downlink, scrambling codes are assigned specifically to each
cell, (see Fig. 8), they are assigned specifically to each user on the uplink. Since there are
enough scrambling codes, the codes can be assigned to each cell without any constraints.
Spreading codes are orthogonal and are used commonly for all cells to minimize the interference
between users within the cell. Search codes are optimized for fast cell search. They are 256
chips long and are modulo-2 sum of an Hadamard sequence and a common sequence.
Spreading code with Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OSVF) is user-specific. The
scrambling code is Gold, cell/sector-specific (10 ms) for downlink and Gold, user-specific
9
(2 *720ms) for uplink. On the downlink OSVF codes enable orthogonality between channels with
different spreading factors.
Fig: 8: Two-layered structure of Spreading and Scrambling Codes
Fast Cell Search in Intercell Asynchronous System this is an essential concept for W-
CDMA. It has three stages. On the first search code (common code), it contains slot/symbol
timing detection and scrambling code identification.
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Asynchronous Soft Handoff Operation--When in active mode, the mobile continuously

searches for new base stations on the current carrier frequency [20]. During the search, the
mobile monitors the received signal from neighbouring base stations, compares them to a set of
thresholds, and reports them back accordingly to the base station. Based on this information the
network informs the mobile station to add or remove base station links from its active set.
Power Control Power control is of two types: Signal Interference Ratio (SIR)-based fast closed
loop Transmitter Power Control (TPC), and open-loop TPC. The TPC is essential for a CDMA
system to solve the near-far problem and to increase the system capacity. W-CDMA uses an
adaptive TPC method based on desired signal level or SIR.
SIR-based fast closed power control TPC period is 0.625 ms with a delay of a slot of 0.625
ms (minimum). The outer loop adjusts the closed-loop power control target SIR on the basis of
the quality information. This function satisfies the required quality (average FER, or average BER)
[See Fig. 9 for details}.
Open loop power control-- Open-loop TPC is used for channels that cannot use closed-loop
TPC. For example, RACH uses open-loop TPC. The receiver estimates the transmission
channel s path loss obtained by calculating and averaging the path loss over a sufficient number
of fading periods. The transmit power is calculated on the basis of the path loss that is estimated
by the receiver of the transmitting cell.
Fig. 9: SIR-based fast closed-loop TPC diagram
Variable Rate transmission--Rate matching is possible on a 10 ms frame basis. Rate detection

is done either blindly or by using explicit rate information. The downlink is DTX based time-
multiplexed while uplink is the repetition based continuous transmission.
Muiticode transmission- In the downlink time-multiplexed DPCCH can be shared in multiple

dedicated physical channels on one radio link. In the uplink additional DPDCH on either I or Q
branch can be shared by a single common DPCCH.
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Packet Data Transmission Packet Data Transmission is flexible with asymmetrical bit rate
and very low to very high bit rate. Common channel collisions in random access channel are
neglected. For dedicated channel, closed-loop TPC minimizes transmission power depending on
traffic characteristics. Infrequent or short packets are used for common channel while frequent or
large packets are used for the dedicated channel.
Common Architecture for FDD and TDD--Common key parameters include chip rate, frame
length, and modulation/demodulation schemes. TDD-specific parts are used only in layer 1 for
radio transmission enhancement. Efficient use of total spectrum is achieved by combining the
FDD and TDD modes. System-level asymmetry is possible in addition to the link-level asymmetry
of W-CDMA.
TDD Specific Features —This features include TDMA structure, flexible time-slot allocation for
uplink/downlink, optional efficient transmission technologies, fast open power control, downlink
transmit diversity, and multiuser detection.
6. Differences Between W-CDMA and cdma2000
6.1 Capabilities of Physical Layer

A comparison shows that the W-CDMA has several attributes similar to the cdma2000. Most of
these features are contained in IS-95-A and include:
• Pilot based coherent forward link

• Orthogonal forward link structure
• Asynchronous reverse link
• QPSK modulation
• Multi-path combining (Using RAKE receivers)
• Fast closed loop power control
• Soft/ softer handoff
The main differences between W-CDMA and cdma2000 systems are chip rate, downlink channel
structure, and network synchronization [1], [21].
cdma2000 uses a layered structure, similar to W-CDMA. The link layer offers the protocol
support and control mechanisms to provide data transport services. It supports varying levels of
reliability and QoS characteristics as per the needs of the specific upper layer service. It performs
all of the functions that are necessary to map data transport needs of the upper layers into the
specific capabilities and characteristics of the physical layer. Link layer maps logical data and
signaling channels into code channels that are specifically supported by coding and modulation
function of the physical layer. The link layer is subdivided into two sublayers: link access control
(LAC), and media access control (MAC). The LAC manages the point to point communication
channels between peer upper layer entities
Cdma2000 incorporates coherent detection on the uplink to improve its performance compared to
non-coherent reception used by IS-95. A pilot signal on the uplink is used to facilitate coherent
detection. The cdma2000 uses fast closed loop power control on the downlink-dedicated
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channels with 800 updates per second. The closed loop power control compensates for medium
to fast fading and for inaccuracies in open loop power control. Also, fast power control is effective
for adaptation of dynamically changing interference conditions due to the activation and
deactivation of high power, high data rate users. The power of the uplink channels for a specific
user is adjusted at a rate of 800 bits per second. The uplink power control bits are punctured onto
a dedicated downlink channel. Additionally, the uplink utilizes turbo codes, which outperform
convolutional codes for data rates greater than 9.6 kbps. Since the capacity of a CDMA system is
very dependent on the operating Eb/N0 of the receiver, this improvement increases the capacity of
the uplink.
The cdma2000 system supports 5 and 20 ms frames for control information on the fundamental,
and dedicated channels, and uses 20 ms frames for other types of data (including voice).
Interleaving and sequence repetition are over the entire frame interval. This provides improved
time diversity over systems that use shorter frames. A 20 ms frame is used for voice. A shorter
frame would reduce one component of the total voice delay, but degrade the demodulation
performance due to the shorter interleaving span. The cdma2000 uses several approaches to
match the data rates to the Walsh spreader input rates including adjusting the code rate, using
symbol repetition with or without symbol puncturing, and sequence repetition.
The cdma2000 with 20 ms frame uses EVRC while the W-CDMA with a 10 ms frame length uses
AMR codec. Often 10 ms frame provides less one-way delay than 20 ms frame. However, 20 ms
frame yields less overhead, better interleaving performance and time diversity, and also
accommodates the EVRC.
Cdma2000 uses synchronous base stations, using a GPS for synchronization, whereas W-CDMA
uses a asynchronous structure. Synchronous system design enables multi-environment coverage
and roaming without additional base station (required for asynchronous systems.) Synchronous
cells facilitate more accurate subscriber locations as compared to asynchronous systems.
Synchronous systems have potentially shorter hand-off times (they are implementation
dependent) than asynchronous systems. The TDD mode of the W-CDMA requires synchronous
cells.
6.2 Forward Link Channel Structure

the W-CDMA uses time multiplexed pilots (TDM) on the forward link, cdma2000 uses code
multiplexed pilots (CDM). This is one of the major differences between the W-CDMA and
cdma2000.
One of the critical impairments to mobile radio is the frequency-selective Rayleigh fading of the
dispersive channel. Several RAKE receivers have been designed to resolve individual
components from overall multipath signal. So any multipath component which is 1 chip out of
sync with the despreading PN sequences is regarded as approximately equivalent to white noise.
Thus this decreases the multipath component s ability to degrade system performance. The
frequency-selectivity of the faded signal is removed and diversity combining is made possible. To
improve system capacity, it is important to minimize the required Eb/N0 for a given BER. It is well
known that coherent detection of BPSK provides 3 dB gain over differential detection in a
frequency-non-selective Rayleigh fading environment. (Note in IS-95 differential detection is used
in the reverse link and coherent detection is used in the forward link.) The gain can be obtained if
the receiver has a prior knowledge of the channel gain and phase. The use of the coherent
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detection with maximum ratio combining, specified in W-CDMA, would provide the optimal
performance if perfect channel estimation is possible. For each branch or finger, a channel
estimation is required. Two methods of channel phase and gain estimation are available. The first
one is the pilot channel-assisted channel estimation or common pilot concept as used in IS-95
and cdma2000. The second one is to interleave a sequence of pilot symbols within the
information sequence as used in W-CDMA. This is called the pilot symbol assisted channel
estimation.
6.2.1 Comparison of Common Pilot and Individual Pilot Concept
Common Pilot Concept with Continuous Channel Estimation
In cdma2000, a common pilot using Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) is used in the down link.
The common pilot is used both for cell-search and for channel estimation. In this case, a strong
pilot signal is broadcast over the entire cell or sector (beam). The pilot channel is used for both
channel estimation and power control. Most importantly, the pilots are used for handoff by
monitoring the signal Ec/I0 of each cell site or sector. This leads to very accurate (essentially
noiseless) estimates of the channel phase. The reason is that the pilot channel power is high and
the pilot channel is tracked continuously. This method is called the continuous channel
estimation. In IS-95 about 15% to 20% of the total power is used for the pilot channel. As a
result of this channel estimation method, even very low power multipath signals are rapidly
detected and combined coherently by the RAKE receiver. This leads to only a small loss in
performance due to channel estimation relative to the ideal channel estimation.
Individual Pilot Concept with Discrete Channel Estimation
In the W-CDMA, individual or dedicated pilots with Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) are used for
all physical channels in both the up-link and down link. One reason for justifying individual pilots
on the down link channel is to support Adaptive Antenna solutions that are expected to increase
the capacity and/or coverage of the system. In TDM, moving average or filtering of pilot signal is
necessary for channel estimation to increase the signal to noise ratio. In the individual pilot case,
pilot symbols are periodically inserted (i.e. time/IQ multiplexed) in the traffic stream of each user.
This is referred to as the discrete channel estimation to highlight the fundamental difference due
to common pilot concept. The discrete channel estimation is similar to the channel estimation
scheme used in GSM. These pilot symbols are used for computing the channel phase and gain
as well as the power control commands.
In the common pilot case, the channel estimation is essentially noiseless and performed
continuously. The channel estimation therefore, is very close to the ideal situation. There appears
not much room to improve on it. However, in the individual pilot concept, this is not the case. It is
commonly accepted that the individual pilot concept has about 1.1 dB degradation in terms of
Eb/N0 for a given BER as compared to the common pilot case. This degradation will reduce the
system capacity by 22%. This may also have significant impact on the performance/cost ratio.
Two major mechanisms cause this degradation. First the common pilot is strong so the channel
gain and phase are more accurately estimated than the individual pilot. Secondly in individual
pilot case, the estimated pilot powers used for determining the power control for up/down
commands are more noisy than the common pilot. The state-of-art channel estimation algorithms
[21-24], are still far from the ideal situation in some environments, [e.g. high velocity (Doppler
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frequency)}. Thus, improving the channel estimation performance is an essential task for the
future work.
Channel Estimation Algorithms

Tracking the rapidly time-varying mobile radio channel is a fundamental issue in wireless
communications including TDMA (such as IS-54) and W-CDMA (3G system). In IS-54 for a low
symbol rate of 24.3 kbps, the channel impulse response (CIR) can change about 2.6% in
amplitude during a symbol period at a Doppler frequency of 100 Hz. In W-CDMA, a method
similar to IS-54 is used to estimate the time varying CIR by means of a slot-adaptive strategy
based on a signal frame format. This frame format consists of contiguous slots of transmitted data
symbols that are interspersed with training through pilot symbols within a long W-CDMA time slot.
The time-varying CIR is computed by interpolating a set of estimated CIR values obtained
through a periodic training at adjacent data time slots within a W-CDMA time frame [14]. By using
the interpolated CIR estimates obtained through pilot symbols, periodically receiver parameters
to adapt to the fast fading channel are computed. The key advantage of this strategy is the
immunity to decision errors which may likely to occur during a deep fade (e.g., up to 40 dB). The
inherent disadvantage is the processing delay and reduction in system capacity. This delay also
puts a limitation on the power control delay. This approach of channel estimation is different from
some previously investigated block-adaptive schemes like LMS where the equalizer parameters
are adapted directly.
If solutions are obtained using linear interpolation schemes due to their simplicity and
implementation considerations, then there are three algorithms available including Lagrange
interpolation, WMSA, and Simple Average. Simple average is the simplest and uses constant
equal weights of the pilot blocks. The performance evaluation is not so simple as it is difficult to
guarantee that an algorithm is always superior to another for different Doppler frequencies (or
vehicle speed), signal to noise ratios Eb/No, etc.. Thus, it is need to study the trade-off for practical
considerations.
6.3 Asynchronous Base Station (BS) Mode
Two key concepts related to the asynchronous BS Mode [15-17] needs be pointed out. These are
Fast Cell Search and Asynchronous Soft-Handoff Operation.
Fast Cell Search

In order to realize smooth and quick cell acquisition even in an inter-cell synchronous network, a
fast cell search function is essential. The specific structure of the perch channel provides this
function. Fast cell search is realized by using a common spreading code to detect the slot timing
and the scrambling code group identification, so that the search range of scrambling codes can
be narrowed down. The first search code is an orthogonal Gold code of length 256chips,
transmitted once every slot. The same first search code is used for every cell in the system. The
second search code is transmitted in parallel with the first search code. Each second search code
uses a code chosen from a set of 17 different Hadamard codes of length 256 chips. This
sequence indicates to which among the 32 different code groups, the base station downlink
scrambling code belongs. Search code symbols are spread only with orthogonal Gold codes, so
that receiver can easily detect them. With the perch channel structure, the speed for cell
acquisition by the mobile is significantly accelerated. During the cell search process, the mobile
station searches the base station with the lowest path loss.
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Asynchronous Soft Handoff Operation

In active mode, the mobile station continuously searches for new base stations on the current
carrier frequency [19]. During the search, the mobile station monitors the received signal level
from neighboring base stations, compares them to a set of thresholds, and reports them
accordingly back to the base station. Based on this information the network informs the mobile
station to add or remove base station links from its active set. The active set is defined as the set
of base stations from which the same user information is sent, simultaneously demodulated and
coherently combined ( i.e. the set of base stations involved in the soft handoff). From the cell-
search procedure, the mobile station knows the frame offset of the primary CCPCH of potential
soft-handoff candidates relative to that of the source base station(s) (the base stations currently
within the active set). When a soft handoff is to take place, this offset together with the frame
offset between the downlink DPCH and the primary CCPCH of the source base station, is used to
calculate the required frame offset between the downlink DPCH and the primary CCPCH of the
destination base station (the base station to be added to the active set). This offset is selected so
that the frame offset between the downlink DPCH of the source and destination base stations at
the mobile-station receiver is minimized. Note that the offset between the downlink DPCH and
primary CCPCH can only be adjusted in steps of one downlink DPCH symbol to preserve
downlink orthogonality.
W-CDMA, , supported by ETSI in Europe and ARIB (Association of Radio Industry Businesses) in
Japan. has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct spread. W-
CDMA is the air interface technology for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) 3G standards in the 2GHz bandwidth (the IMT-2000 core band)
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7. TECHNOLOGY SUMMARIES OF 2G AND 3G SYSTEMS
2G System
Designed for Voice

Low bit rate data
Data Services Up to 64kbps
Technologies Speech Coding

Convolutional Codi
Multiple Access
(TDMA/CDMA)
Low Level Modulat
(BPSK, GMSK)
E i O d
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8. 2-1/2 SYSTEMS: GPRS, EDGE
8.1 GPRS -General Packet Radio Service

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-linked technology that enables high-speed
(115 kilobit per second) wireless Internet and other data communications, using TCP/IP and X.25.
Connecting to existing GSM air interface modulation scheme restricts potential for delivering data
rates beyond 115 kbps.
GPRS represents an enhancement to existing GSM networks that introduces packet data
transmission, enabling always on mobility. This means that users can choose to be permanently
logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services
unless sending or receiving information. GPRS will allow a network to connect with any data
source from anywhere in the world, using a GPRS mobile terminal.
GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to
provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node. The
gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the
Internet and intranets.
The introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) provides a platform on which to build
IMT-2000 frequencies, in the evolution of GSM networks towards 3G capabilities.
8.2 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

The next key step in the process towards 3G evolution is the implementation of Enhanced Data
rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) [4]. EDGE was developed using HLM schemes in the air
interface to enable wireless multimedia IP-based applications at 384 kbps with a bit rate of 48
kbps per time slot, and under good RF conditions, up to 69.2 kbps. These data rates apply only
for local area coverage, that is, pedestrian (microcell) and low speed vehicular (macrocell)
environments.
For high speed vehicular (wide area coverage) environments, the projected data capability is 144
kbps. The IMT-2000 2Mbps requirement for indoor office is met by using a wide band EDGE (1.6
Mhz) carrier.
EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and
200kHz carrier bandwidth as today s GSM networks, using high level modulation (HLM) schemes.
EDGE consists of: 200kHz carrier spacing, Quaternary-Offset-QAM (QOQAM) [~16-QAM];

Binary-Offset-QAM (BQAM) [~QPSK]; and GMSK modulation, 8 time-slots per TDMA frame, and
a set of convolutional channel codes. The choice of the modulation technique depends upon the
data rate.
Quaternary Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (Q-O-QAM) has been proposed for EDGE
since it can provide higher data rates and good spectral efficiency. An offset modulation scheme
is proposed because it offers smaller amplitudevariation than QAM, which can be beneficial when
using non-linear amplifiers. EDGE uses the same symbol rate as GSM, pulse shaping similar to
GSM, and fits into the GSM spectrum mask. EDGE will co-exist with GSM in the existing
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frequency plan, and provide link adaptation, whereby modulation and coding are adapted for
channel conditions.
9. 3G AND MOBILE IP
3G and Mobile Internet services are inextricably linked. Mobile Internet services become
far more advanced when 3G technology is deployed, because user data speeds will be
so much higher and several different services will be accessible at any one time. Mobile
Internet is about far more than Internet access on the move. It represents a whole new
way of communicating, with access to personalized services anytime, anywhere.
IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be on line at all times, but without
having to pay until data is actually transferred.
10. MARKETING ISSUES
There are many critical 3G issues that must be evaluated carefully by service providers in order
to make the best decision in migrating their wireless networks to third generation (3G.)
Does it make good business sense to migrate to 3G? How much will 3G cost? What market
needs does 3G satisfy? Are there alternate ways to satisfy those market needs in a cost-efficient
way, using current infrastructure and spectrum in as much as possible? What technology makes
the best sense? These are some of the tough questions that need to be evaluated carefully by
network operators when planning for a migration towards 3G.
It may be that the main driver behind 3G is wireless and mobility applications such as text
messaging, wireless modem capabilities, stock trading, check book balancing, location-based
information, and others. However, there would be no justification to migrate to 3G in order to
deliver these capabilities if the demand for these services is not there.
Another important issue is the fact that the US consumer has been conditioned to think that you
pay for voice, data is a free add-on. How does the operator entice the consumer to pay for the
new data services that can be possible with 3G?
One thing to consider is the high cost of spectrum. In Europe, spending in auctions for 3G
spectrum has reached absurd levels, says Bruno Lippens, an analyst with Bank Dewaay in
Belgium. In Europe, Bids for spectrum have totaled 100 billion euros ($87 billion). Add to that
some $250 billion euros to get a network up and running, and you may conclude that 3G, if it s
ever going to be profitable, will certainly never be a major profit generator, says Lippens, who
estimates break-even points for the various 3G carriers to be five to 10 years away [32].
For equipment providers, the construction of global wireless network offers a tremendous
opportunity, as hundreds of billions of dollars of equipment sales are at stake. Current estimates
project the worldwide market for 3G terminals will total $1.5 billion in the year 2001, and grow to
$9.2 billion in the year 2005. Investment in infrastructure to support 3G services will total $1.3
billion in 2001, and peak in 2003 at at 5.3 billion.
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However, as most service providers are cash-strapped -due in part to the high cost of licenses for
spectrum- the only alternative for equipment vendors such as Lucent, Nortel, Ericsson, and
others, may be staking billions in loans on the buildout of next-generation wireless networks.
However, this is very risky business, as many telecommunications start-ups, and even
established ones, have gone belly-up in recent years.
In addition, some analysts say any payback on these investments is many years out, and even
that return assumes that the ambitious 3G wireless Internet project which promises high-speed
Web surfing on handheld phone/computers gets built at all. 3G could end up being the high-
definition TV of wireless, as in always coming next year, says one New York based hedge fund
manager. [32].
11. CONCLUSION
The explosive growth of mobile wireless usage and the ever-increasing need for high-speed data
services, have accelerated the need for the deployment of 3G technologies.
3G systems will offer a plethora of telecommunications services characterized by mobility and

advanced multimedia capabilities including voice, low and high-bit-rate data, full-motion video,
Internet access and video conferencing.
This paper has discussed the key technological aspects of 3G, starting with a brief overview of
first generation, second generation, and 2-1/2 G wireless technologies. Mainly, the three main
3G proposals that address IMT-2000 requirements have been discussed in as much detail as
possible.
This paper also provides information on other topics which are considered relevant to the field of
third generation (3G) wireless technologies, and addresses key marketing issues from the point
of view of service providers and equipment vendors.
12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND REFERENCES
Some of the information presented in this paper was extracted from the Web Pages of Ericsson
and Lucent Technologies.
Additional technical information was obtained from the following references:
1. TIA TR45.5, The cdma2000 ITU-R RTT Candidate Submission (0.18), 1998.
2. Dahlman, E., Gudmundson, B., Nilsson, M., and Skold, J., UMTS/IMTS-2000 Based on Wideband
CDMA, IEEE Comm., Mag., Vol. 36, No. 9, 48-54, Sept. 1998
3. Special Issue ITU-2000: Standards Efforts of the ITU, IEEE Personal Comm., Vol. 4, No. 4, August
1997.
4. TR-45 Proposed RTT Submission (UWC-136), TR-45.3/98.03.03.19, March, 1998
By: Josue Valencia
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5. Adachi, F., Sawahashi, M., and Suda, H., Wideband DS-CDMA for Next Generation Mobile
Communications Systems, IEEE Comm., Mag., Vol. 36, No. 9, 48-54, Sept. 1998
6. ETSI UMTS YY.02, Layer 1 General Requirements (v.0.4.0) , 1998
7. ETSI UMTS YY.01, MS-UTRAN Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (v.0.4.1) , 1998
8. ETSI UMTS L23 S298Y414, Design Criteria on RLC , Nokia, 1998
9. ETSI UMTS L23 S298Y556, Model of RLC , Ericsson, 1998
10. ETSI UMTS L23 S298Y499, The Architecture Model of RLC Sub-layer , LGE&ETRI, 1998
11. ETSI UMTS L23 S298Y320, Downlink Shared Channel Transmission , Lucent Technologies, 1998
12. ETSI UMTS L23 S298Y397, RLC Additional Functionality Required in SSCOP , Symbionics, 1998
13. Jabbari, B., and Dinan, E. H., Spreading Codes for Direct Sequence CDMA and Wideband CDMA
Cellular Network, IEEE Comm., Mag., Vol. 36, No. 9, 48-54, Sept. 1998
14. IMT-2000 Workshop, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK, ITU IMT-2000 , Nov. 10-11, 1998
15. Final IMT-2000 RTT Evaluation Reports, ITU IMT-2000 , September 30, 1998.
16. IMT-2000 RTT Proposals, ITU IMT-2000, June 30, 1998.
17. ARIB, Self Evaluation Report on Japan’s Proposal for Candidate Radio Transmission Technology on
IMT-2000 : W-CDMA, September 30, 1998.
18. ETSI, Evaluation Report for ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) ITU-R RTT Candidate,
September 30, 1998.
19. ARIB IMT-2000 Study Committee, Evaluation Methodology for IMT-2000 Radio Transmission
Technologies (Version 1), June 19, 1998.
20. France Telecom, On the definition of handover types, ETSI SMG2 UMTS L1 Expert Group#7,
Tdoc SMG2 UMTS L1 443/98, Stockholm, Sweden, 14-16 October 1998.
21. Knisely, D., Quinn, L., and Ramesh, N., cdma2000: A Third-Generation Radio Transmission
Technology, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, 63-78, Jl.-Sept. 1998.
22. Special Issue on Wideband CDMA, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 36, No. 9, September 1998.
23. Fuyun Ling, Optimum reception, performance bound and cut-off rate analysis of reference assisted
coherent CDMA communications with applications, IEEE Trans. Comm., revised June 1998, to
appear
24. N. Lo D. Falconer, A. Sheikh, Channel interpolation for digital mobile radio communications, Proc.
ICC 91, June 1991.
25. Robert C. Qiu, K. Li, I. Cha, WCDMA air interface simulation, 3rd CDMA Int l Conf., Seoul,
Korea, Oct. 27-30, 1998.
26. ETSI, Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS (UMTS
30.03 version 3.2.0), TR 101 112 V3.2.0, April 1998.+
27. ETSI, Collection of ULTRA system level simulation results, UMTS xx.20 V0.0.1 (1998-08).
28. R. Padovani, Reverse Link Performance of IS-95 Based Cellular Systems , IEEE Personal
Communications, vol. 1, pp. 28-34, 1994.
29. Stein Lundby, et. el. Forward Link Simulation Multi-carrier Results for 9600 bps Models and B , TIA
TR45.5.4 contribution, 3/30/98.
30. Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000 , ITU-R M.1225.
31. T. Brown & M. Wang, RTT Reverse Link Simulation Result , TIA TR45.5.4 contribution, 2/16/98.
32. Scott Moritz, Investors Fretting Over Nortel’s Wireless Marshall Plan , Internet article
33. Robert C. Qiu, Wen-Yi Kuo and Qiang Cao, W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 for IMT-2000 A
Tutorial, May 11, 1999
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13. 3G ACRONYMS
1X
From cdma2000 1X (3G1X). First phase of 3G for cdma2000 networks.
1XEV
From cdma2000 1X EV (IS-2000 B). One possible evolutionary 3G phase for cdma2000 networks.
Divided into two phases: 1XEV-DO (Data Only) and 1XEV-DV (Data and Voice.)
3G
Abbreviation for Third Generation - the collective name used to describe mobile systems
able to support a wide range of Mobile Internet services, operating with greater
bandwidth.
3GPP
The Third Party Partnership Project, set up to expedite the development of open,
globally-accepted technical specifications for UMTS.
3GPP2
The Third Party Partnership Project set up to expedite the development of open,
globally-accepted technical specifications for cdma2000.
AAA
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting. One of three nodes in the cdma2000
Packet Core Network (PCN.)
ALI
ATM Line Interface. Interface between ATM and 3G systems. ATM is one of the
transport network technologies being used to connect next generation communications
networks, where wireline and wireless are integrated.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
API
Application Programming Interface. An open interface that makes it easier for third party
developers to create new applications
ARIB
Association of Radio Industries and Business; the standards-setting body for Japan.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode - a type of networking that supports high bandwidth
throughput and simultaneous transfer of voice, video and data.
AUC/AC
Authentication Center - part of the Home Location Register (HLR) in 3G systems, this
performs computations to verify and authenticate the user of mobile phones.
BLUETOOTH
Short-range radio wireless technology, makes it possible to transmit signals over short distances
between phones, computers and other devices.
BTS / BS
Base Transceiver Station / Base Station. The equipment housed in cabinets and co-located with
antennas. Cabinets include heating and air-conditioning units, electrical supply,
telephony connection and back-up power.
CAMEL
Customized Application of Mobile Enhance Logic - an ETSI standard for GSM networks
that enhances the provision of IN (Intelligent Network) services.
CAP
CAMEL Application Part
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CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access. A technology for digital transmission of radio signals
between, for example, a mobile telephone and a radio base station. In CDMA, a
frequency is divided using codes, rather than in time or through frequency separation.
Implemented in 800 and 1900 MHz systems around the world.
cdma2000
cdma2000 is a radio transmission technology and backbone technology for the evolution
of cdmaOne/IS-95 to 3G. CDR Call Data Recording - a feature in a telephone system
that allows it to collect and record information on incoming and outgoing calls.
CORBA
Common Object Request Broker Architecture - provides standard object-oriented
interfaces between ORBs (Object Request Broker), as well as to external applications
and application platforms.
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution. EDGE is a technology that gives GSM and
TDMA similar capacity to handle pre-3G services. EDGE was developed to enable the
transmission of large amounts of data at rates of 384kbit/s.
EIR
Equipment Identity Register. A database used to verify the validity of equipment being
used in mobile networks. It can provide security features such as blocking of calls from
stolen mobile phones and preventing unauthorized access to the network. Black-listed
equipment prevents call completion.
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute - ETSI s purpose is to define
standards that will enable the global market for telecommunications to function as a
single market.
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node. One of the two main GPRS nodes, which provides the
interface between the radio network and the IP network.
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication - the largest digital mobile standard in use
today. Implemented in 400MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service - an enhancement for GSM and TDMA core networks that
introduces packet data transmission. GPRS uses radio spectrum very efficiently and
provides users with always on connectivity and high-speed (115 kilobit per second) wireless
Internet and data communications.
GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol - creates a secure connection in the IP environment, by
encapsulating encrypted data in an IP packet.
HA
Home Agent. One of three nodes in a cdma2000 Packet Core Network (PCN.)
HLR
Home Location Register. A permanent database used in mobile systems to identify
subscribers and to contain subscriber data related to features and services.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force - one of two technical working bodies of the Internet
Activities Board, tasked with developing new TCP/IP standards for the Internet.
IMT-2000
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International Mobile Telecommunications-2000. The ITU initiative for standardizing radio

access to the global telecommunications infrastructure, through both satellite and
terrestrial systems, serving fixed and mobile users in public and private networks - in
other words, 3G. IMT-2000 was formerly called FPLMTS, or Future Public Land Mobile Telephony
IN
Intelligent Network - the capability in a public telecom network that allows new services
to be developed quickly and introduced on any scale.
IOS
Interoperability Standard. The standard used to define open interfaces in cdmaOne and
cdma2000 networks
IP
Internet Protocol — packet data protocol used in the Internet.
IS-136
The standard behind TDMA networks
Ipv4
Internet Protocol version four - the version of IP most commonly deployed today.
Ipv6
Internet Protocol version six - which will, among other things, add significantly to the
address capacity, security and real-time capability of IP.
IPSec
One of the most widely used IP tunneling security protocols.
IS-2000
Standard for cdma2000
IS-95
Specification used for air interface of cdmaOne networks
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. A digital public telecommunications network
in which multiple services (voice, data, images and video) can be provided via standard
terminal interfaces.
ITU
International Telecommunications Union - the part of the United Nations responsible for
co-ordinating global telecommunications activities, especially in the area of standards.
ITU-R
International Telecommunications Union for Radio Standardization
Iu
UMTS interface between the core network and the RAN (radio access network).
IWF
Interworking Function for CDMA data using Simple IP.
LA
Location Area.
MAP
Mobile Application Part. Part of the SS7 protocol used in GSM. MAP standards address
registration of roamers and intersystem hand-off procedures.
MGw
Media Gateway - a network node that enables a variety of circuit-switched services to
interoperate with packet-based IP networks.
MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching. An evolving standard for speeding up IP-based data
communications over ATM networks.
MSC
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Mobile Switching Center - a switch providing services and co-ordination between mobile
users in a moblie network and external networks.
O&M
Operations & Maintenance. Support for the day to day running of a network.
OSA
Open System Architecture - enables seamless transfer of information between different
systems.
OSS
Operations Support System. Methods & procedures that directly support the daily
operation of a telecoms network.
PBN
Packet backbone network - the physical network carrying packet data (IP) traffic.
PCN
Packet Core Network. Packet data network for cdma2000.
PCS
Personal Communications Services - the collective term for US mobile telephone
services in the 1900MHz frequency band.
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular - a Japanese standard for digital mobile telephony in the
800MHz and 1500MHz bands.
PDP
Packet Data Protocol - network protocol for handling transfer of packet data.
PDSN
Packet Data Serving Node. One of three nodes in a cdma2000 PCN.
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network. A mobile network established to provide services.
QoS
Quality of Service. A generic term that in IP networking refers to different levels of
prioritization of data packets over a network.
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service - used in mobile networks to authenticate
authorized users.
RAN
Radio Access Network. The portion of a mobile network that handles subscriber access,
including radio base stations and concentration nodes.
RNC
Radio Network Controller - manages the radio part of the network in UMTS.
RTT
Radio Transmission Technology
SMS
Short Message Service mobile-to-mobile text messaging
SMS-C
Short Message Service Center. Handles management of incoming and outgoing SMS.
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node. The SGSN handles the data traffic of users in a
geographical service area and is one of the two types of node implemented in a GPRS
environment.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Usually abbreviated to IP, the language
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used by the Internet.

TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access - a digital radio technique that divides radio spectrum
between users using timeslots , rather than (only) frequency separation or codes, used
in GSM and TDMA (IS-136) mobile networks. TDMA is also the term used to describe
the digital enhancement of the AMPS analog standard, formerly known as D-AMPS
(Digital Advanced Multiple Access).
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association - a US telecommunications standards body.
TMForum
The Telecommunicaitons Management Forum - an industry body working to encourage
and develop global standards for telecoms management systems.
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - The name for the third generation mobile telephone
standard in Europe, being developed under the auspices of ETSI, and intended mainly for the evolution
of GSM networks, within the framework that has been defined by the ITU and known
as IMT-2000. UMTS licenses have already been awarded in several European countries
UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
USC
User Service Center.
UWC: Universal Wireless Communications
UWC 136 HS: TDMA-based (North America) proposed 3G system to satisfy the IMT-2000 3G
specification
VPN
Virtual Private Network - a private communications network that uses public network
resources, for example to interconnect PBXs and LANs.
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol. A technology for transmitting voice calls over IP-based
networks. Also called IP telephony.
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol - a protocol that enables Internet services to be delivered
to small-screen mobile devices. WAP is the first step towards true Mobile Internet
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access — One of the radio interface technologies that will be
used in 3G systems around the world to support multiple high-speed mobile multimedia services such
as full-motion video, Internet access and video conferencing.
WIN
Wireless Intelligent Networking. A TIA standard for ANSI-41 networks that enhances the
provision of IN (Intelligent Network) services.
VHE
Virtual Home Environment. Home Environment (HE) is a term used to describe the
service provider (operator or ISP). Virtual Home Environment is a concept for
personalized service portability across network boundaries and between terminals. Users
are consistently presented with the same personalized features, user interface and
services in any network and on any terminal (within the capabilities of the terminal),
wherever the user may be located.
By: Josue Valencia
December 20, 2000

3G Wireless Technologies

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3G Wireless Technologies

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December 20, 2000

These 3G systems will offer a plethora of telecommunications services characterized by mobility

2. FIRST GENERATION ANALOG WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS

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3. SECOND GENERATION DIGITAL WIRELESS CELLULAR SYSTEMS

3.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

3.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

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3.3 Code Division Multiple access (CDMA)

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4. THIRD GENERATION -3G- WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

4.2 IMT-2000 and 3G System Development

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IMT-2000 Goals for 3G (FPLMTS)

¥Global Mobility ¥Higher data rates

¥Multimedia Services ¥New Spectrum

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IMT- 2000 Spectrum Allocation Requirements

1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2160 2170 2200

1885 1895 1918.1 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

Europe DECT UMTS MSS UMTS UMTS MSS UMTS

4.3 3G Systems: Global Wireless Standards Evolution

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CDMA2000 Technology Summary

• Synchronous System (need GPS)

4.3.2 UWC 136 HS

UWC 136 HS Technology Summary

• 200kHz carrier, 8 TDMA slots

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4.3.3 UTRA / W-CDMA

UTRA/W-CDMA is based mostly on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

In Europe, UTRA/W-CDMA is aimed at supporting a substantially wider and enhanced range of

UTRA / W-CDMA Technology Summary

• Asynchronous system (no GPS timing is required)

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4.4 Comparison of 3G Technologies

Global Wireless Standards Evolution

GSM GSM GPRS W-CDMA

¥9.6 kbps Circuit ¥28.8 kbps Circuit

1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003+

CDMA2000 W-CDMA UWC 136HS

BTS Synchro Required Not Required Required

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5. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF cdma2000 and W-CDMA THIRD-GENERATION

5.1 North American cdma2000 System

1X refers to cdma2000 implementation within existing spectrum allocations for cdmaOne -

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1X can be implemented in existing spectrum or in new spectrum allocations. A cdma2000 — 1X

3X can also be implemented in existing or new spectrum allocations, but it utilizes a

cdma2000 Packet Core Network

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5.1.1 Radio Features of cdma2000

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5.2.1 FMA 2 (W-CDMA)

Radio Interface Protocol Description for WCDMA

Fig 1 OSI layering model for air interface protocol

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BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH

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