Objective 1) To differentiate construction and winding of single or three phase tramsformer.

2) To develop connection wiring for single and three phase transformer. 3) To conduct test on transformer for single and three phase transformer. Abstract The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils. If a load is connected to the secondary winding, the load current and voltage will be in the directions indicated, given the primary current and voltage in the directions indicated (each will be alternating current in practice).

Introduction To predict the performance of the transformer used the equivalent circuit parameters. The equivalent circuit can be used for the above purpose so all the circuit parameters must be known. These parameters can be easily determined by performing tests that involve little power consumption. Two test, a no-load test(open circuit test) and short circuit test will provide information for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit.

Open Circuit Test An ideal transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance. An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The The transformers are design to determine the series impedances for this test. The rated current is allowed to flow into the transformer from the primary side and the secondary side of the transformer is short circuited. It is more convenient to apply the short circuit. On the low voltage side, since the current is smaller on the high-voltage

side. In figure 1(c) is shown a test arrangement with all instrument inserted on the high-voltage side with a short circuit on the low-voltage side. The winding resistance (Req) and leakage reactance(Xeq) of the transformer can be determined by varying the input voltage on high voltage side for example by turning the variac until it reach the rated current on low voltage side(at short-circuited side). As rated current in short-circuited connection is quickly reached the peak and could bring permanent damage to transformer is a in practice, the voltage rating is set to a fairly much lower rating compared to the voltage rating during the open-circuit test. To calculated the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer the reading of Vsc, Isc, and Psc at this point as shown in figure 1(d).

or differently (delta-wye or wye-delta). The impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency and similar calculation for three phase transformer are done on per-phase basics. Figure 2 show connection for a wye-delta.

Experiment details A) Single phase transformer 1) The single phase transformer winding was constructed according to Figure 3(a) for open-circuited. The input voltage was kept to zero for the initial setting. 2) Before switching on the equipment, the connection is checked the the instructor. 3) The input voltage was increased until the voltmeter reads the rated voltage on high voltage side. 4) Power, voltage, current and cos were measured and record for opencircuit test. B) Three phase transformer 1) The single phase transformer winding was constructed in according to Figure 4. Before switching on the equipment, the connection is checked by the instructor. 2) The voltage rating is reduced to the lowest rating as in short circuit winding. (The maximum rated current is 5A). 3) The secondary current must not exceed 5A

Three Phase Transformer A basic 3-phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each phase, and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3phase unit. The primary windings are connected in one of several ways. The two most common configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the wye, in which all three non-polarity (or polarity) ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same (delta-delta or wye-wye),

4) Power, voltage, current and cos were measured and recorded for open-circuit test. 5) Analysis is done on recorded data to obtain transformer parameters. C) Three phase transformer (open circuit test) 1) Firstly, the voltage is set to zero position on the three-phase adjustable power supply module. 2) The connection is checked before switching on the equipment. 3) Then, the connection of the transformer for primary and secondary is determined the line voltage, phase voltage, line current, and phase current were measured. 4) Power, voltage, current, and cos for open-circuit test were measured and recorded. 5) The voltage rating is reduced to lowest rating and the data was analyzed.

Result and Discussion Single Phase Transformer Open Circuit Test Input voltage, E1= 240V POC 6.42W VOC 171.9V IOC 0.10A cos OC -0.392

Short Circuit Test Maximum current= 4.8A PSC 13.29W VSC 12.05V ISC 1.13A cos SC -0.98

Three Phase Transformer Open Circuit Test Input voltage= 200V POC 5.04W VOC 201.9V IOC 0.04A cos OC -0.51

D) Three Phase Transformer (Short Circuit Test) 1) Connection is constructed as in Fig.3 for short circuit test. Then, voltage rating is reduced to the lowest rating. 2) Setting the secondary current must not exceed max rated current of 5A. 3) Connection is checked before switching on the equipment. 4) Power, voltage, current and cos for short circuit test were measured and recorded. 5) Lastly, the data was analyzed.

Input voltage= 350V PLOC 3.31W VLOC 345.4V ILOC 0.04A cos LOC -0.17

Short Circuit Test PSC 2.18W VSC 12V ISC 0.27A cos SC 0.945

Input voltage= 240V PLSC 40W VLSC 37V ILSC 1.1A cos LSC 0.98

A single phase transformer (open circuit test)

OC= cos -1( = cos -1*( OC = 68.07

)
)(

IC = 0.1 COS 68.07 IC = 0.03735 A RC = RC = 2 34k

A single phase transformer (short circuit test)

Xn = Im = IOC sin OC = 0.1 sin 68.07 Im = 0.093 A Xn = Xn 1 85k

Figure 1 Single Phase Calculation: Apparent power, VA

Voltage Regulation, VR

VR = * pf= 0.85 cos 0 85 = 31.79

+ x 100%

= (171.9)(1.13) VA = 194.247 V RC = IC = IOC cos OC

pf

PSC = VSCISC SC SC = cos-1 = cos-1(

)( )

SC = 12.57 Zeff = ( =( Zeff

) SC ) 12 57

Three Phase Calculation: Open Circuit Test

V; RC =
) ( )

10 66 12 57
(

VR = * VR = 4.74%
Efficiency,

+ x 100%

= RC =

24 26k , P1=POC = 120.66

)

FL = ( =
( ( ) )

) x 100%

OC = cos-1(-0.51) Xm = (( =(
)

x 100%

FL = 89.34% HL = ( =(
( )( )( )( ) (

) x 100%
)( ) ( ) )

Xm VL;

10 16k

cos OC = -0.17 OC = 99.79

HL = 89.44%
During the experiment, the students increase the voltage gradually to see the changes as the voltage varies. Besides, the students were advised to keep the current below 5A during short circuit test which is the maximum rated current because the circuit would be permanently damage if it exceed the limit.

VOC = RC = = RC Xm =
(

= 202.07V

37k

Im = IOC sin OC Xm =

5 13k

Short Circuit Test

FL =

( )

x 100%

V; cos = 0.945 = VOC = VSC Req = Xeq =

( )

FL = 88.31% = 19.09 HL = (
)( ( )( )( ) )( ) ( ) ( )

HL = 92.48%
Conclusion

182 90

14 54

VA = (350)(1.1) = 385 V\ VL; VSC =

= 20.21 V

ISC = ISC Zeff = cos 0 98 SC

As a conclusion, all the objectives of this experiment have been achieved. The students have been able to construct and differentiate winding of single or three phase transformer during the experiment. Besides, students have been able to connect the wiring of single and three phase transformers based on the laboratory sheet given. The student also able to conduct test on transformers for both single and three phase. Open and short circuit test are essential in obtaining the transformer parameters. With this experiment, students have been able to understand the performance of single and three phase transformer better. References
1) Wikipedia, Basic Principles,

= 11.48

Zeff =

11 48

Zeff = 6 3 11 48
Voltage Regulation, VR
2)

VR = * =* VR = 5%
(

+ x 100% + x 100%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfo rmer Stephen J.Chapman, ELECTRIC MACHINERY and POWER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS, New York, 2002