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2 Section A [40 marks] Answer all questions in this section.

1. Xenon is in Group 18 of the Periodic Table. The outer electron arrangement of xenon is shown below: 5s 5p 5d

(a) Xenon forms a fluoride with the formula, XeF4. (i) Write the outer electron arrangement for the xenon atom in order to form four covalent bonds in XeF4. [1 mark] 5s 5p 5d [1 mark] (iii) What is the total number of electron pairs around the xenon atom in XeF4? [1 mark]

(ii) How many lone pairs of electrons are present in the xenon atom of XeF4?

(iv)Sketch the shape for XeF4 molecule. [1 mark]

(v) Suggest the formula for one other fluoride of Xenon. [1 mark]

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(b) The thermal decomposition of phosphine (PH3) into phosphorus and molecular hydrogen is a first-order reaction: 4 PH3(g) P4(g) + 6H2(g) The half-life of the reaction is 35.0 s at 680C. (i) Write the rate equation for the above reaction. [1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction [2 marks]

(iii)

Calculate the time required for 95% of the phosphine to decompose. [2 marks]

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2. When steam is passed over white hot coke, a combustible mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases is produced according to the equation below:H2O(g) + C(s) H2(g) + CO(g) H = +131 kJ mol-1

(a) State and explain how the amount of carbon monoxide gas in the equilibrium mixture would change if there is (i) a decrease in the pressure [2 marks]

(ii) a decrease in the temperature [2 marks]

(b) When steam was passed over coke at 730oC, the following partial pressures were obtained at equilibrium: P(H2O) = 90.0 kPa ; P(H2) = 183 kPa. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at this temperature [2 marks]

(c) The value of Kc for the reaction : C6H5O-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)

C6H5OH(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) is 1.3 x 106 [2 marks]

(i) Identify the two acids for the reaction above.

(ii) Name the stronger acid and explain your answer [2 marks]

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3. All tetrachlorides of Group 14 elements (CCl4, SiCl4, GeCl4, SnCl4, and PbCl4) are colourless liquids under room conditions. (a) (i) Explain why all the tetrachlorides exist as liquids but not solids under room conditions. [1 mark]

(ii) Which tetrachloride has the highest boiling point? [1 mark]

(iii)

Which tetrachloride has the lowest thermal stability? [1 mark]

(iv)Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of the tetrachloride in (a)(iii). [1 mark]

(v) Freons are chlorofluorocarbons which can be obtained from CCl4. State one effect on the environment in the use of freons. [1 mark]

(b) The basic building block of all silicates is the tetrahedral SiO44- anions. These tetrahedral units can share oxygen atoms at their vertices to generate a large variety of structures. The diagram below shows a single chain silicate structure.

(i) Draw the Lewis structure for the SiO44- anion and state the bond angle of the O-Si-O bond. [2 marks]

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(ii) In the formation of single chain silicates, how many oxygen atom is/are shared? [1 mark] (iii) State the formula of the repeating unit in the single chain silicates structure. [1 mark]

(iv)When each of the SiO44- unit shares four oxygen atoms with other SiO44- units and the structure repeat itself in three dimensions, a giant structure is formed. What is the empirical formula for this structure? [1 mark]

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4. A Grignard reagent is an important intermediate in the synthesis of organic compounds. (a) State the reagents used, the conditions and write a balanced equation for the preparation of a Grignard reagent starting from 1-iodopropane. [3 marks] Reagents : .. Conditions : . Equation : (b) Write balanced equations for the conversion of CH3CH2CH2I to CH3CH2CH2COOH [2 marks]

(c) When phenol is warmed with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid, a product that is use as an explosive is formed. (i) Name the product and draw its structural formula. [2 marks]

(ii) Name the mechanism for this reaction. [1 mark]

(d) Explain why phenol is a stronger acid than ethanol. [2 marks]

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Section B [60 marks] Answer any four questions in this section. 5. By using the standard reduction potential values from the Data Booklet, predict whether the pair of reagents given below will react when mixed together. (a) (i) FeCl3(aq) and KI(aq) (ii) Ag(s) and Fe(NO3)3(aq) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction you predict will happen. [6 marks] (b) To replace the silver metal that has peeled off from a silver trophy, 0.60 g of silver metal need to be electroplated on it. Calculate the time required if a current of 0.25 A is allowed to flow through the electrolytic cell in order to accomplish this task. [Relative atomic mass Ag, 108 ; Faraday constant, 96500 C mol-1] [3 marks] (c)(i) Draw a Born-Haber energy cycle for the formation of CaF2 from its elements. [4 marks] (ii) Using the above energy cycle and together with the data given below, calculate the lattice energy of CaF2(s). Enthalpy of atomisation of Ca First ionization energy of Ca Second ionization energy of Ca Enthalpy of atomisation of F Electron affinity of F Enthalpy of formation of CaF2 = + 178 kJ mol-1 = + 590 kJ mol-1 = + 1150 kJ mol-1 = + 158 kJ mol-1 = - 328 kJ mol-1 = - 1220 kJ mol-1 [2 marks] 6. (a) Describe the formation of bonds in the molecule CHF3 using the concept of hybridisation and the overlapping of orbitals. [6 marks] (b) State whether the molecule CCl4 is polar or non-polar. Explain. [4 marks] (c) Explain qualitatively: The change in the first ionisation energy of the elements moving across Period 3 of the Periodic Table [5 marks]

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7. The resistance of Aluminium to corrosion is further improved by a process called anodisation (a) (i) Explain why the Aluminium metal is resistant to corrosion (ii) What do you understand by the term anodisation (iii) Draw a fully labeled diagram of the experimental set-up to show the anodisation process . Write equations for reactions at anode [5 marks] (b) Explain why aluminium oxide is amphoteric and write equations to show the amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide [4 marks] (c) Nitrogen gas is used as an inert gas in gas-liquid chromatography. Explain why nitrogen gas is inert. [1 mark] (d) (i) A compound of nitrogen is ammonia. Ammonia dissolves readily in water to give an alkaline solution. Write an equation to show the dissociation of ammonia in water and then explain why ammonia is a Bronsted-Lowry base as well as a Lewis base. (ii) Ammonia reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride. Explain why an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is acidic. [5 marks] 8 (a)The electron configuration of an element X is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 . In which group and in which period can X be found in the Periodic Table. State one physical property and one chemical property of X. [4 marks] (b) (i) What is a phase diagram? (ii) Sketch and label the phase diagrams for water and oxygen. (iii) Describe the phase changes that occur when increasing pressure is applied to a sample of water vapour at constant temperature : 1. for temperatures below the triple point 2. at the triple point temperature 3. for temperatures above the triple point (iv) Describe two ways how solid oxygen can undergo sublimation. Draw the two

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pathways in the phase diagram drawn in (b)(ii). [11 marks] 9. (a)The compound 1,4-diaminobutane, Z, can be synthesized by the following route HO2CCH2CH2CO2H W I ClCOCH2CH2COCl X II C4H8N2O2 Y III NH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Z (i) Suggest reagents for step I and II [2 marks] (ii) Name the functional group present in Y and draw the structural formula of Y. [2 marks] (iii) What type of reaction occurs in step III? [1 mark] (iv) Z can react with X to form a polymer. Name the type of polymerization taking place and draw the structural formula of one repeating unit of the polymer formed. [2 marks] (b) An organic compound, A , has the following composition by mass : C, 40.0% H, 6.7% O, 53.3% (i) Determine the empirical formula of A. [2 marks] (ii) A shows the following properties. - it is optically active - it gives a brisk effervescene with sodium carbonate - it gives a yellow precipitate when warmed with alkaline aqueous iodine What can be deduced from the above set of properties? [3 marks] (iii) What is the molecular formula of A, draw its structural formula and give its name [2 marks]

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10. A hydrocarbon with the empirical formula of C7H6 has a relative molecular mass of 180. (a) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. [2 marks]

(b) The hydrocarbon has two structural isomers W and X that contain two benzene rings respectively. W exhibits geometrical isomerism but X does not. In their reaction with HBr, W forms Y that is optically active, while X forms Z that is optically non-active. (i) Draw the geometrical isomers of W. (ii) Draw the structural formulae of X, Y and Z. (iii) Draw the structural formulae for the enantiomers of Y. [7 marks] (c) 2-Oxopropanal, A, is one of a number of compounds responsible for the characteristic smell of burnt sugar. HC=O | CH3 C=O A Describe what you might observe when this compound is (i) warmed gently with Fehlings solution, (ii) heated gently with acidified potassium dichromate(VII), (iii) added to alkaline aqueous iodine and warmed. In each case, write equations to show the formation of the organic products [6 marks]

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