AU Powerlab

USER REFERENCE MANUAL

FOR
FAULT ANALYSIS
(DOCUMENT NO. ANFA –URM – 1.0)

MAY – 2004
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 025
 CONTENTS

Page No
About This Document (i)
(ii)
Preamble

1 GETTING STARTED

1.0 Introduction 1-1

1.1 The Opening Window 1-1
1.2 Opening Screen for Fault Analysis 1-1
1.2.1 Menu Bar Commands and its Uses 1-1
1.3 Tutorial Option 1-2
1.3.1 Running the Packaged Examples 1-2
1.4 Viewing the Results 1-4
1.5 Editing Packaged Examples and Saving your own copy 1-3
1.5.1 Viewing, Modifying and Deleting packaged example data 1-3
1.5.2 Adding New Data 1-4
1.5.3 Saving Your Modified Packaged Example Data 1-5

1.6 Running Fault Analysis Program with Edited Data / newly 1-6
created data
1-6
1.6.1 Viewing Results

2. CREATION OF DATA FOR A NEW SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction 2-1

2.2 Data Creation 2-2

2.2.1 Input Data Preparation Window Opening 2-2

2.3 Saving the Data Created 2-4

3. SAMPLE SYSTEM STUDY 3-1

 (i)
About This Document

This document briefly outlines the user-interface and helps for creating data, editing data, saving
created data, viewing output and archiving results. It is written specifically keeping in mind a
student in laboratory environment. The user interface is well planned and one can understand the
program easily.

Conventions used in this document : Menu items or button names are given in italics

Accompanying Documents

1. Laboratory Manual for Power System Simulation Lab Doc. No. ANFA-LM-1.0
 (ii)
Preamble

Why Fault Analysis?

Balanced and unbalanced fault levels at generating stations and substations are required to
check/size circuit breaker interrupting requirements and for design of protective systems. In
addition, the voltage levels at a station for a fault on some other station are necessary to asses the
“stiffness” of the system

Methodology
The program employs sparsity oriented admittance matrix approach to determine the driving
point and transfer impedances seen from a station which are directly related to the fault level of
that station, contribution to the fault from adjacent stations and post-fault voltage levels. Sparse
vector methods are employed to accelerate the solution process and minimize storage.

Features
* Fault levels at specified stations for balance faults and all types of unbalanced faults
(single-line-to-ground, line-line and double line-to-ground)

* Contributions to the faulted bus from buses which are at one branch radii

* No practical limitation on system size

* Fault currents and post fault voltages

* Extensive data error checking facilities like network discontinuity, isolated bus,
abnormal line parameters etc.

* Single-bus-fault mode option during which post fault voltages through out the
system and contributions from all buses (branch flows) for a fault on a single bus
can be obtained
 CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

1.0 Introduction
This chapter gives an overview of short circuit analysis program exposing to facilities available
for editing packaged examples, creating new data for short circuit analysis, running short circuit
analysis program and viewing results and finally archiving.

1.1 The Opening Window for AU Powerlab

Once the AU Powerlab software package is installed, the AU Powerlab icon will appear on the
desktop.

1. Click the AU Powerlab icon on the desktop. A window carrying Anna University frontage
will appear on the screen and will disappear within few seconds. Then the student Log-on
Window will appear (Fig.1.1).

2. Enter student information in the respective boxes. After entering all information, click enter
button. Then the Opening Window for AU Powerlab will appear (Fig. 1.2)

1.2 Opening Screen for Fault Analysis

1. Click the button ‘Fault Analysis’ in the opening window. Then the opening window for Fault
Analysis will appear (Fig 1.3)

1.2.1 Menubar Commands and its Uses

Main menu Submenu

Tutorial Lab. Manual Enables to read the Laboratory manual for Fault
Analysis

User Manual Enables to read the user reference manual for

Fault Analysis

Examples Enables to select a sample data from the list of

packaged example and edit or modify or run the
fault analysis program with the data.

Project New Enables creation of new data for fault analysis

Existing Enables selection of an existing project data for

editing or for running the fault analysis
program with the data.

Save the Project Enables saving the edited data

Save the Project as Enables saving the edited data or newly created
data in a new file name
1-1
 Edit the Project Enables editing the selected system data

Exit Project Enables to exit from the project and return to

opening window.

Run Enables running of fault analysis program

with the existing data or newly created data

View Output Enables viewing fault analysis result in

conventional text format

Voltage / Current Enables viewing of post fault phase voltages,

sequence voltages, phase currents, sequence
currents and sequence impedances.

Line Diagram Enables viewing the post fault MVA and current
feed through the lines connected to the faulted
bus.

1.3 Tutorial Option

1. Click Tutorial option on the menu bar, then a drop down menu will appear (fig 1.4)
appears.

2. Lab. manual option displays the laboratory manual for fault analysis
3. User manual option displays the user reference manual for fault analysis

4. Examples option displays packaged examples i.e. data created for sample systems

1.3.1 Running the packaged examples

1. Point to Example, then the list of packaged example data appears.
2. Click the desired packaged example data. Then the editing option window will
appear (fig.1.5).

3. Click Run fault Analysis button. Then the program will be executed and a
message, ‘Program completed successfully’ will appear. Click ok to complete the
process and return to opening window.

1.4 Viewing the results

The short circuit analysis results can be viewed in two forms.
(i) Conventional text format
(ii) Bus-wise single-line diagram

1-2
The stepwise procedure to view the results are given below.
1. Click view button on the menu bar. Then a dropdown menu will appear ( Fig 1.6)

2. Click output button; then the conventional text output shown in fig 1.7 will appear. The
output command causes the conventional text output to be brought to notepad. The student
can take a printout of this results.

3. Point to voltage/ current button; Then a dropdown menu with phase voltages (p.u),
sequence voltages (p.u), phase currents (p.u) sequence currents (p.u) and driving point
sequence impedances (p.u) appears.

4. Click the button corresponding to your choice of output; then the desired results will
appear. (fig 1.8) (phase voltage). A print out of this results can be taken.

5. Results on Buswise Single Line Diagram.

Point to line diagram button on the menu bar, then a dropdown menu with MVA and current will
appear as shown in Fig 1.9.

6. Click MVA button and chose the bus name and fault type from the combo box shown in
Fig 1.10. A single line diagram with fault MVA flow in to the faulted bus from neighbouring
buses will appear.

7. Click current button and choose the bus name and fault type from the combo box, then a
single line diagram with post fault current flow into faulted bus from neighbouring buses will
appear. (fig 1.11). The single line diagram can be printed by copying it to the clipboard and
then pasting it on to paint.

1.5 Editing Packaged Examples and Saving your own copy

You can make changes in the packaged example system data and save your own copy of the
changed system data. A copy of the chosen sample system data is stored in a temporary file. The
changes in the data are made in the temporary file only. Before exiting the program; the copy of
changed data must be saved in a new file name.

1.5.1 Viewing, Modifying and Deleting packaged example data

You can modify the case title, general parameters; bus data, transmission line data, transformer
data, source impedance data and fault description data of the packaged example data and save the
changed data in a new file. The procedure for changing the data is given below.

1. Click tutorial button on the menu bar and point to examples; then a dropdown menu with
packaged examples will appear.

2. Click the desired example; then the editing option window will appears (Fig. 1.12)

3. Click view/ modify/delete data button; then the editing input window will appear. (Fig1.13)

1-3
 You can carryout changes in the following data
i. Case title
ii. General parameters
iii. Bus data
iv. Transmission line data
v. Transformer data
vi. Source impedance data
vii. Fault impedance data

The procedure for editing the above seven items of data are more or less the same. We will
demonstrate the procedure for changing the transmission line data.

4. Click the transmission line data button, then the window for editing transmission line
(Fig.1.14) appears.

5. Choose the line name from the dropdown list and do the desired changes in the respective
boxes.

6. Click save button if you desire to save the changes made and return to editing input
window.

7. Click delete button if you desire to delete the line chosen and return to editing input
window.

8. Click Quit button if you desire to abandon the editing of data and return to editing input
window.

9. Similarly the other items of data can be changed

1.5.2 Adding New Data

The packaged example network can be expanded by creating new buses and interconnecting
these buses to the network by new lines. You can add new buses, transmission lines,
transformers, source impedance and fault description data to the packaged example data. The
procedure for adding new data for the above five items are similar. Let us demonstrate by
considering the addition of a new bus data. The procedure is as follows

1. Click Add new data button, in the editing option window. Then the window shown for
adding input will appear (Fig.1.15)

2. Click bus data button. Then window for adding new bus data appears (fig 1.16)

The bus name and voltage rating are entered. When you click the Add button, the data gets added
and new window opens for next bus. When all the new bus data are entered, click quit button to

1-4
return to editing option window. Similarly new transmission line, transformer, source impedance
and fault description data can be added. Once all new data are added, click Quit button to return
to editing option window.

1.5.3 Saving Your Modified Packaged Example Data

After carrying out modification, deletion, addition of new data etc in the packaged example data;
the control will return to editing option window shown in fig 1.12. Now click save project as
button. Then the file-open-dialogue window will appear (Fig. 1.17). Type your own file name
and store in your folder.

1.6 Running Fault Analysis Program with Edited Data / newly created data

1. Click Project and then point to Existing button and click Select Project button.
Then file open-dialogue window will appear (Fig 1.18).

2. Select the file where the edited data is stored and click open. Then editing
option window will appear (Fig 1.19)

3. Click Run Fault button; then the program will be executed and the message, ‘Program
Completed Successfully’ will appear. End the process by typing Ok button.

1.6.1 Viewing Results

Viewing the result is same as that explained in section 1.4

1-5
Fig 1.1 Student log-on window

Fig. 1.2 AU Powerlab Opening Window

 Fig. 1.3 Menu Screen for Fault Analysis

Fig. 1.4 Dropdown Menu for Tutorial Option

 Fig. 1.5 Editing Option Window

Fig. 1.6 Dropdown Menu for Viewing Results

 Fig. 1.7 Conventional text output

Fig. 1.8 Text format output phase voltage

 Fig. 1.9 Dropdown Menu for Single Line Diagram

Fig. 1.10 Window for Selecting Bus and Fault Type for Single Line Diagram
Fig. 1.11 Single Line Diagram with Fault Current

Fig. 1.12 Editing Option Window

 Fig. 1.13 Editing Input Window

Fig. 1.14 Window for Editing Transmission Line Data

Fig. 1.15 Window for adding new data

Fig.1.16 Window for Adding Bus Data

 Fig. 1.17 Window for Saving Project

Fig. 1.18 Window for Opening the Existing Project

Fig. 1.19 Editing Option Window
 CHAPTER 2: CREATION OF DATA FOR A NEW SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction

In this chapter we will see the step by step procedure for creation of data for a new system for
fault analysis. Before starting the task of creating data, you must prepare the following data
required for fault analysis.

Maximum Dimension:
- Maximum number of buses, lines, generators and two winding transformers
for your system.

Case Title:

- The case title is the alphanumeric text used to identity the case study chosen.

General Parameters:
- Base MVA, input data print, detailed output print, multibus fault mode etc are to be
specified.

Bus Data :
- Bus name (Max. 8 characters) and voltage rating in kV of all buses.

Transmission line data:

- The line name, from bus and to bus name, positive sequence resistance and reactance, zero
sequence resistance and reactance, positive sequence half – line charging and zero
sequence half line charging are to be given for each line.

Transformer data: (two and three windings)

- Transformer name, (max. 8 characters), from bus and to bus name, type of connection at
from and to bus; positive sequence resistance and reactance, zero sequence resistance and
reactance and phase shift from primary to secondary. Negative sequence impedance is taken
as equal to positive sequence impedance

Source Impedance Data:

- Source bus name, nominal voltage rating in kV, positive sequence resistance and reactance
in (p.u), zero sequence resistance and reactance in (p.u).

Fault Description Data:

- Name of the bus and the type of fault to be simulated.

2-1
2.2 DATA CREATION

The data items are self explanatory and then there help buttons are provided against certain
items. The respective buttons may be clicked to get explanatory notes. Some of the buttons in the
windows are disabled and these buttons correspond to features beyond the scope of
undergraduate syllabus. However these features can be enabled as a special case for interested
institution. The procedure for itemwise data entry is explained below.

2.2.1 ‘Input Data preparation’ Window opening

1. Click the AU Powerlab icon on the desktop, then the AU Powerlab main window
appears (Fig 1.2)

2. Click the Fault Analysis button. Then the menu screen for fault analysis appears, (Fig 1.3)

3. Point to Project button on the menubar. Then the drop down menu with New, Existing,
Save project, Edit project and Exit project appears.

4. Point to new and click data preparation. Then a confirmation messages appears and
confirm by clicking ok (click cancel if you desire to abandon data preparation ). Input
data preparation window appears (Fig 2.1)

Maximum Dimension
1. Click, Maximum Dimension button. Then the window for maximum dimension entry shown
in appears (Fig 2.2).

2. Enter the maximum dimension desired in the boxes against the respective items or click the
default button if you desire to use default values. After typing the last dimension data, enter
return; then only save button will be activated.

3. Click save button to save the entered values or default values and return to window for input
data preparation main window for data entry. If you desire to abandon the maximum
dimension data entry; then click quit; then control will return to window for Input data
preparation window.

Case Title

1. Click Case Title button. Then the window for case title entry appears (Fig 2.3). Enter the
case title in the box. A maximum of 80 characters may be entered.

2. Click Ok button. The control will return to input data preparation window.
3. Click Cancel if you desire to abort the case title entry.

General Parameters:
1. Click General Parameter button. Then the general parameters data entry window will
appear (Fig 2.4). Enter the required data in the boxes against respective items.
2-2
2. Type a non – zero value for multibus fault mode and 0 or blank for single bus fault mode.
3. Click Default button; if you want to use default values and options.
4. Click Save button: The entered data are saved and control will return to window for input dta
preparation.
5. Click Quit button. if you desire to abort general parameters data entry process.

Bus Data:

1. Click Bus Data button. Then the bus data entry window will appear (fig 2.5).

2. Enter bus name and voltage rating of the bus in the respective boxes and click next
button to get new window for the next bus and so on. After completing data entry for all the
bus, click End Bus Details button.

3. Click Save button; to save the entered data and return to window for input data preparation
window.

4. Click Quit button, if you desire to abort bus data entry process.

5. Click Previous button, to view the previous bus data

Transmission Line Data

1. Click Transmission Line Data button. Then the window for line data entry will appear,
Fig.2.6

2. Enter the line name, select the From and To bus names; enter the positive and negative
sequence resistance etc in the respective boxes. Click Next button; then a new window opens
for next line data entry. Once all the line data are entered; click End Line Data button.

3. Click Save button to save the entered data. The control will return to the window for input
data entry.

4. Click Quit button; if you desire to abort the line data entry process.

5. Click Previous button to view the data for previous line.

Transformer Data

1. Click Transformer Data button. Then a message ‘Is System Having Any Transformer ?’,
will appear. If there are transformers in the system; then type Yes or else type No, then the
window for transformer data entry appears (Fig 2.7).

2-3
2. Enter the transformer name, select the from and to bus names from the dropdown list and
also select transformer connection type at from bus and to bus. Enter the positive and
negative sequence resistance etc. in the respective boxes. Enter the phase shift depending
on transformer connection (Refer help).

3. Click next button, a new window appears for next line data entry. Once the data entry for
all transformer is completed; click End Transformer Details button;

4. Click save button, to save the entered data and return to window for input data entry.

5. Click quit button, if you desire to abort the transformer data entry process.

Source Impedance Data

1. Click Source Impedance Data button. Then the window for source impedance data entry will
appear (Fig. 2.8).

2. Choose the bus name from the dropdown list.

3. Enter the nominal voltage, positive sequence resistance and reactance and the zero sequence
resistance and reactance in the respective boxes. Click Next button, then a new window
appears for next source impedance data entry. Once the data entry for all the sources are
completed click ‘ End Sequence Impedance Data’ button.

4. Click Save button, to save the data entered and return to window for input data entry.
5. Click Quit button, if you desire to abort the source impedance data entry process.

Fault Description Data

1. Click Fault Description Data. Then the window for fault description data entry shown in
the will appear (Fig 2.9).

2. Select the bus from the dropdown list and select either one, or more or all faults clicking
the respective button. Click next, then a new window appears for next fault description
data entry. Once all data entry for all the faults is completed, Click End Fault Description
button;

3. Click Save button, to save the data entered and return to window for input data entry.

4. Click Quit button, if you desire to abort fault description data entry.

2.3 Saving the data created

You may enter all the eight data items in one sitting or you may enter say few data items in one
sitting and may wish to complete the data in another sitting. In both cases the entered data is
saved as follows.
2-4
1. Click project on the menubar and click save project as button. Then the file-save-dialogue
window will appear (Fig 2.10).

2. Type a file name to save the data entered and then click save. This file may be used for fault
analysis or editing later.

Running the Fault Analysis Program with Data Entered

1. After completing the entry of all items of data or a few items of data, click Quit button in
the window for input data entry and then the control will return to main window shown in
Fig. 1.3

2. Click Run button. Then the program will be executed and a message ‘Program completed
successfully’ will appear. End the process by typing o.k. The results of fault analysis can
be viewed as explained in section 1.4.

Note:
The user may not be able to complete the data entry in a single sitting especially when thesystem
is large. In some cases the user may want to run the Fault analysis program with data for some
groups changed. This can be accomplished by the edit option. Note that if you have changed the
project then you must specify the saved project name. If you are editing after a fresh data entry
without saving the project the editing option changes are done in a temporary file and you must
save it if you want the changes to be retained. The step-by-step procedure for editing the system
data created by the user is exactly the same as explained in section 1.5.

2-5
 Fig. 2.1 Window for input data preparation

Fig. 2.2 Window for maximum dimension data entry

 Fig 2.3 Window for case title entry

Fig. 2.4 Window for general parameter data entry

 Fig. 2.5 Window for bus data entry

Fig. 2.6 Window for transmission line data entry

 Fig. 2.7 Window for input data entry

Fig. 2.8 Window for source impedance data entry

Fig. 2.9 Window for fault description data entry

Fig.2.10 Window for saving data in a file

 Reference

[1] HW Dommel, NOTES ON POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS, The University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 1975.

[2] J Arrillaga, CP Arnold, BJ Harker, Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, A

Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, 1983.

[3] LO Chua, PM Lin, Computer-aided Analysis of Electronic Circuits, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA,
1975.

[4] R Ramanujam, R Raghunatha, “Fault Analysis – Theoretical Development”, unpublished

document based on the above references, 1989.