Math 7275T Fa 2010

Problem set 3 TO: Professor Michael Meagher From: Godfrey Alsopp 6-Nov-11 Exercise 1.1
a. Calculate the sums of the first few positive odd integers: 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3+ 5, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7. Do you recognize the results as familiar numbers? b. Guess a formula for the sum 1+3+5+ + (2n1) of the first n positive odd integers. c. Now draw the following sequence of pictures: a single dot, a 2 2 array of four dots, a 3 3 array of 9 dots, and a 4 4 array of 16 dots. How many dots must you add to each array to obtain the next larger array? d. Using these arrays, explain how each square is built by a sequence of odd numbers, and how this explains the formula that you have guessed.

Solution: a. 1; 1+3=4; 1+3+5=9; 1+3+5+7=16; the results 1, 4, 9, and 16 are the squares of the first four natural numbers. 12=1; 22=4; 32=9; and 42=16. b. To find the sum of 1+3+5++ (2n-1) we need to know the number of terms in the expression or the last term. We see that when n=1, 2n-1= 2*1-1=1, when n=2, 2n-1= 2*2-1=3, when n=3, 2n-1= 2*3-1=5 and so on. Since we have the first term (1) when n=1, the second term (3) when n=2, the third term (5) when n=3, we can reason that we will be at the nth term when n=n or at the number 2*n-1= 2n+1. It therefore means that the expression has n terms. We therefore have to find the sum of the first n odd numbers which according to the result in part a above will be n2. c.

(i) To obtain the first array we add 1 dot; (ii) To obtain the second array we add 3 dots to the first array; (iii) To obtain the third array we add 5 dots to the second array; (iv) To obtain the fourth array we add 7 dots to the third array; 1

To obtain the next larger array we add 2n +1 dots to the present array, where n is the terms number. For example to get the fourth array we must add 2*3 +1 dots to the third array.

d. Each square is built from the sequence of odd number by squaring the term in the sequence, thus the sum of the first n odd numbers will be n2.

Exercise 2.2
Suppose n is a positive integer. a. What can you do to each of the numbers in the sum1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1) in order to obtain the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the first n positive even integers. b. Using this idea, and your formula for the sum of the odd integers from 1 to 2n 1, obtain a formula for the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the even integers from 2 to 2n c. Using the formula you just obtained for the sum of the first n even integers, perform a simple division to obtain a formula for the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + n of all the positive integers from 1 to n d. Using this formula, calculate Gausss sum 1 + 2 + + 100 Solution:

a.

In order to obtain the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the first n positive even integers we can add 1 to each of the numbers in the sum1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1). b. In order to obtain the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the first n positive even integers we can add 1 to each of the numbers in the sum1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1). Since both sequences have n terms and we have to add 1 to each term, we must add a total of n*1= n. 0Using the fact that the sum 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1) is denoted by the formula n2 then by adding n we have n2 +n, which = n (n+1). The formula for the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the even integers from 2 to 2n is therefore n (n+1).

c. The formula for the sum 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2n of the first n even integers is n (n+1) and the formula for the sum1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1) of the first n odd numbers is n2. The sum 1+2+3+4++n consists of the sum of the first n consecutive odd numbers and the sum of the first n consecutive even numbers. The sum of the first n consecutive odd numbers is n2 and the sum of the first n consecutive even numbers is n2 + 1/2 n. Adding them together to get the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + n of all the positive integers from 1
to n we get n2 +1/2 n, which equals n (n+1).

d.

In order to calculate Gausss sum 1 + 2 + + 100 we substitute the number of terms n, which is equal to 100 into the formula, S= n (n+1). Substituting, we have S= *100*(100+1), therefore S=50 *101 =5050. The sum 1 + 2 + 3 +4 + 100 is equal to 5050. Question 2 Use the technique we employed on page 2 of the class worksheet to find a formula for the following sum: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n-3 + n-2 + n-1 + n. b. Verify your formula for the following sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + 8 + 9 + 10 by adding the numbers together and then making the substitution n= 10 in your formula. c. Compare the proof with the one you did in exercise 2.2 above. Do they have any connection (other than they both end up with the same formula)? I.e. is there a connection between the processes of the proofs.

a.

Solution

a. Step 1: Write the sum forward and backwards and add the corresponding terms.
1 n + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n-3 + n-2 + n-1 + n + n-1 + n-2 + n-3 + . . .+ 4 + 3 + 2 + 1

n+1 + n+1 + n+1+ n+1 + . . + n+1 + n+1+ n+1 + n+1 Step 2: Find the sum of the corresponding terms, the number of terms and the grand total. The sum of each corresponding term equals n+1 and since there are n terms the grand total equals n*(n+1) . Step 3: find the sum of the forward sum by dividing the grand total (which is equivalent to adding each term of the forward sum twice) by 2. The sum: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n-3 + n-2 + n-1 + n is therefore equal to 1/2 n * (n+1). b.
By adding all the terms the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + 8 + 9 + 10 is equal to 55. Using the formula, n (n+1), where n=10 we have: The sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + 8 + 9 + 10 is equal to *10 (10+1): this is equal to *10*11: this is equal to 55. We have thus verified the correctness of the formula ( n (n+1) for the sum of the first n consecutive positive integers.

c.

The proof of the correctness of the formula for the sum of the first n integer (1/2 n * (n+1)) in part b of question 2 is based on comparing the results of the sum of the first 10 integers, (1+2+3++ 8+9+10) obtained by adding all the numbers and substituting the value of n (the number of terms) into the formula 1/2 n * (n+1). On the other hand The proof of the correctness of the formula for the sum of the first n positive integers (1/2 n * (n+1)) in exercise 2.2, part c above is based on separating the positive integers into even integers and odd integers and adding the two formulae of their sums taking into consideration the fact that, for the n positive integers there will be n/2 terms of odd and n/2 terms of even numbers, to get the formula for the first n positive integers.

Exercise 2.7
Theorem 2.6. The following divisibility facts hold: 1. The integer 0 is divisible by every integer. 2. Suppose n, a, and r are integers, and n divides a. Then n divides ra. 3. Suppose n, a, and b are integers, and n divides both a and b. Then n divides a + b and a b. 4. Suppose r divides s and s divides t. Then r divides t. Theorem 2.7. Suppose a and b are integers divisible by an integer n. Then the integer ra + sb is also divisible by n for every pair of integers r and s. a. Solution: Prove the third and fourth parts of Theorem 2.6 above. b. Then use Theorem 2.6 to prove Theorem 2.7 below.

a.

Required to prove that if n, a, and b are integers, and n divides both a and b. Then n

divides a + b and a b. Step 1: n, a, b are integers .given Step 2: n|a, n|b (n divides both a and b).given Step 3: a= nm, b=np definition of divisibility

Step 4: a+b = nm+npaddition Step 5: a+b = n (mtp)factorization Step 6: therefore n divides a+bdefinition of divisibility. Step 7: a-b = nm-np.subtraction Step 8: a-b= n (m-p)factorization Step 9: therefore n divides a-b.definition of divisibility b. Required to prove that if a, and b are integers, divisible by an integer n. Then the integer ra + sb
is also divisible by n for every pair of integers r and s. Step 1: a, b, n, r, s are integers.given Step 2: n | a, n|b (n divides both a and b)given Step 3: a= np, b=nm..definition of divisibility Step 3: ra=rnp, sb= snmmultiplication by s and s. Step 4: ra +sb = rnp +snm..addition Step 5: ra + sb = n (rp +sm).factoring Step 6: Therefore ra + sb is divisible by n for every pair of integers r and s. Exercise 2.11 Theorem 2.10. For positive integers a and b, suppose q and r are nonnegative integers with r < a such that b = aq + r and suppose also that s and t are nonnegative integers with t < a such that b = as + t. Then q = s and r = t Prove Theorem 2.10. You may find the following outline useful. 1. Assume first that r t, so that t r 0. 2. Observe that in this case t r < a and use the given equalities to show that a divides t r. 3. Conclude, using the fact that 0 t r < a, that t r = 0 and t = r. 4. Deduce that q = s. 5. Assume next that r t and make a similar argument. 6. Conclude that since at least one of r t and r t is true, we have obtained the desired equalities. SOLUTION: Required to prove that for positive integers a and b, suppose q and r are nonnegative integers with r < a such that b = aq + r and suppose also that s and t are nonnegative integers with t < a such that b = as + t. Then q = s and r = t

proof 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

b = aq + r ; b = as + t r < a; t < a aq + r = as + t a(q-s) =t-r a(t-r)

given given
from 1. factoring definition of divisibility

but (t-r)<a a(<a) t-r = 0 t=r

from 2 substation from 5 and 7 from 8 4

10.q-s =0 11. q=s

from 4 and 8 from 10