ZETA DC/DC CONVERTER USED AS LED LAMP DRIVE

Jonas Reginaldo de Britto, Aziz Elias Demian Junior, Luiz Carlos de Freitas, Valdeir J. Farias, Ernane A. A. Coelho, Joo Batista Vieira Jr. FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF UBERLNDIA DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING POWER ELECTRONICS RESEARCH GROUP - NuEP Av. Joo Naves de vila, 2121, Campus Santa Mnica, Bloco "3N" CEP 38400-902, Uberlndia, MG, Brazil, +55-34-32394166 E-mail: batista@ufu.br

Keywords
ZETA Converter , LED lamp .

Acknowledgments
The Power Electronics Research Group, Federal University of Uberlndia, gratefully acknowledges FAPEMIG, CNPq, CAPES, for their financial support.

Abstract
This paper presents a new proposal of LED lamp driver using the ZETA DC/DC converter. The main focus is to improve the LED drive characteristcs using the DC/DC converter ZETA, therefore, greater durability and efficiency can be achieved. Through the result experimental it is possible to verify the performance of the converter as well as the luminous efficiency of the LED Lamp.

Introduction
In recent years interest for the use of LEDs in illumination applications has increased very much.. The two main factors that collaborate with the increasing in using LEDs as lamps are: long life and low energy consumption [1]. According to [2], LED lamps have the following advantages: Extremely long life, c. 100.000 hours. However, lamp life must be redefined for LEDs as a lamp module is composed of many LEDs, when one LED fails there are many more for back-up. Extreme robustness: as there are no glass components or filaments they are virtually insensitive to vibration and movement. No need for an external reflector because it is enclosed in the lamp casing to a predetermined beam width. A modular construction, whch can be chosen to provide any required shape or light output. Relatively high efficacy compared with other coloured light sources as there is no need for coloured filters. A red filter, for example, reduces the output of a tungsten filament lamp by a factor of 4, a blue filter by a factor of 3. No UV or IR output. They can be dimmed smoothly from full output to off.

Other advantage is the supply system for LED lamp, where the circuits are relatively simple [3]. Previous works had presented proposals to drive LED lamps from batteries for application in emergency lighting systems [3-4]. The proposal of this work is to present a new alternative to drive LED lamps. The proposed circuit shows a very high efficiency beyond keeping constant current through the LED. According to [5], when applying white LEDs for display backlighting or other illumination applications, there are two reasons to drive them with constant current: 1- To avoid violating the Absolute Maximum Current Rating and compromising the reliability. 2- To obtain predictable and matched luminous intensity and chromaticity from each LED. It is important to note that a white LEDs luminous intensity and chromaticity (color) are tested and best controlled by driving it with constant current.

Proposed Topology
As it can be seen in fig.1, the topology proposed is a ZETA converter. According to [6], the circuit has the following properties: 1) The transformerless version of the converter has a positive dc voltage transfer function M, i.e., the circuit is a noninverting converter. 2) The dc voltage transfer function M can be either less or greater than 1, depending on the value of switch duty cycle D; M 1 for D 0.5 and M > 1 for D > 0.5. 3) The transfer function M is independent of the load resistance RL in the continuous mode of operation neglecting power losses), while it is proportional to the square root of RL in the discontinuous mode of operation. 4) In both transformerless and transformer versions of the converter, the entire dc input energy is first converted into ac energy and then the ac energy is converted into the dc output energy.

Figure 1 Schematic of the ZETA converter. In the proposed topology, the converter operates in continuous mode that consists of two stages.

The figure 2 show the first stage, where the Switch S is conducting, the line source supplies energy to inductance Li and Capacitance Ca supplies energy to Lo, currents iLi and iLo increase linearly. Voltages VCo and VCa are considered constant and equal to Vo.

Figure 2 Operation of the ZETA converter in first stage.

The figure 3 show the second stage, where the S is turned off and diode Do starts to conduct allowing that Li and Lo transfer their energy to Ca and Co respectively.

Figure 3 Operation of the ZETA converter in first stage.

Control Strategy
The average current mode control is characterized by the presence of a pole in the origin of the response in frequency of the loop compensation of the current. The mains attractives in the employment of this controlling method are [7]: High degree of accuracy in the reproduction of reference; It monitors and controls the current in any part of circuit including the current in the switch and the diode; Indifferent concerning the operation mode of the converter, CCM or DCM. The implementation of the average current mode control through a dedicate integrated circuit [8] becomes simple allowing the total control of the structure due to the functions that this integrated circuit incorporates. The stage of control is performed by the CI regulating PWM UC3524 as it can be perceived in the fig.4.

Figure 4 Schematic of the proposed control.

Experimental Results
With the objective of evaluating the employed topology, a laboratory prototype shown in figures 5 and 6 was implemented following the same specifications acord to table I. The analysis of the experimental results is based on the performance of the converter in the regulation of the output current as well as in the luminous efficiency of the LED Lamp. Through the figures 8, 9 and 10, it is possible to observe to the good performance of the converter in the control of the output current in function of the variation in input voltage Vi.

TABLE I. Parameter set employed in the prototype

LED lamp Parameter Value Nominal voltage 170 V Nominal current 20mA ZETA Converter Input DC voltage Vi = 311 V Switching frequency Fs=100 KHz Switch S IRFBG30 Inductor Li 10 mH Inductor Lo 10 mH Capacitor Ca 2,2nF Capacitor Co 10nF Diode Do HFA08TB60 CONTROL CI UC3524

Figure 5 Converter.

Figure 6 Off LED Lamp. The figure 7 shows the on LED Lamp, where it was possible to effect the measurements of luminous flow. With the maintenance of the output current in 20 mA and of the output voltage in 170 V, the LED Lamp was capable of to supply a approached luminous flow of 980 Lmens with angle of spread of 20. Therefore the LED Lamp presented an approached luminous efficiency of 272,2 L/W.

Figure 7 On LED Lamp

Figure 8 Top: waveform current in LED Lamp, Bottom: waveform of Voltage VS for Vi=282V.

Figure 9 Top: waveform current in LED Lamp, Bottom: waveform of Voltage VS for Vi=311V.

Figure 10 Top: waveform current in LED Lamp, Bottom: waveform of Voltage VS for Vi=339V.

Conclusion
Through the analysis of the experimental results with the prototype, it is possible to prove that the Zeta converter presents a good regulation of the output current, thus guaranteeing, the useful life and the high luminous efficiency of the LED Lamp. It was possible also to prove the high luminous efficiency of the LED Lamp, making possible the application of the same one in different lighting systems. Uniting these characteristics with the low energy consumption and not the emission of infra-red and ultraviolet rays, it has a trend of that in the future the actual lamps will be substituted by LED lamp.

References
[1] N. Narendran, Y. Gu,Life of LED-BASED White Light Source, IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology, vol. 1, Sept. 2005, pp 167 - 171. [2] Cook, B., New Developments and Future Trends in High-Efficiency Lighting, IEE Engineering Science and Education Journal, vol. 9, Oct. 2000, pp 207 - 217. [3] A.J. Calleja, M. Rico-Secades, J. Cardesn, J. Ribas, E.L. Corominas, J.M. Alonso, J. Garca, Evaluation of a High Efficiency Boost Stage to Supply a permanent LED Emergency Lighting system, Industry Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting, October 2004, pp.1390-1395, vol. 2 [4] M. Rico-Secades, A.J. Calleja, J. Cardesn, J. Ribas, E.L. Corominas, J.M. Alonso, J. Garca, Driver for High Efficiency LED Based on Flyback Stage With Current Mode Control for Emergency Lighting System, Industry Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting, October 2004, pp.1655-1659, vol. 3 [5] Dallas Semiconductor Corp., Why Drive White LEDs Whith Constant Current?, http://www.maximic.com/an3256, Jun. 2004. [6] Jacek J. Jozwik, Marian K. Kazimierczuky, Dual Sepic PWM Switching-Mode DC/DC Power Converter, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, Vol. 36, No. I, Febr. 1989, pp 64 - 70. [7] DIXON, L., Average Current Mode Control of Switching Power Supplies, Application Note, Unitrode. [8] National Semiconductor, Applications of the LM3524 Pulse-Width-Modulator, Aplication Note 292 http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-292.pdf.