GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL WATERS IN HULULAIS GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT.

By *)

Bambang Budiardjo, Djoko Hantono, Heni Agus & Nugroho

*) Geothermal Division of Pertamina Kwarnas Building 6fl - Jl. Merdeka Timur 6, Jakarta, INDONESIA Phone: 021-3502150, Fax: 021-3508033 e-mail:dvpabep@cbn.net.id

ABSTRACT
The Hululais area is one of several Quartenary andesitic-dasitic volcanic centers of the Sumatera volcanic arc. The Hululais prospect area concentrates mostly on the West side of the major zone of crustal weaknesses created by the Northwest - Southeast trending Sumatera fault system. The Northwest - Southeast and Northeast - Southwest structures controll the existense of the Hululais volcanic system and the presence of thermal manifestations. The prospect area is characterized by the appearance of fumaroles, hotsprings and altered rocks. Fluids chemistry analyses on hotspring waters show a dilution of shallow meteoric groundwater and indicate that some may originate from a single hot water reservoir. However, hotspring waters located in the Southern parts contain higher ratio Cl/HCO3 than those located in the North indicating less shallow ground water contaminations. Higher HCO3/SO4 ratio in the Northern hot springs designates the fluids flows from South to North. The upwelling fluids mostlikely take a place beneath Suban Agung (North) and move laterally Northward to Semelako area (South). The presence of magmatic steam in Suban Agung fumarole is indicated by high content of N2, He Ar and isotopic data. Recharge area is located at about 600 meters above sea level. Mercury anomaly forms a lineation trending Northwest-Southeast that coincides with the main fault pattern in this area. The subsurface temperature estimates using solute and gas geothermometry were obtain ranges values of 240 - 300 C respectively. These are confirmed by isotope data which show enrichments in their isotopic content as a result of evaporation from high temperature fluids of more than 180 C. These analyses indicate that Hululais can be categorried as high enthalpy geothermal system. INTRODUCTION The Hululais geothermal prospect is located in Kabupaten Rejang Lebong administrative area or is situated in Bengkulu Province, Sumatera or about 160 kilometers northwest of Bengkulu, (Fig.1). It is geologically situated close to the Bukit Barisan Quartenary volcanic belt of Sumatera. Exploration surveys were carried out in 1994 (B. Budiardjo, Nugroho and A Rachman). Sixteen hot spring waters, two fumarolic gasses, sixty-eight soil airs and one hundred seventy-seven soil samples have been collected. Hot water and gas were analyzed by using spectophotometry, chromatography and titimetry methods. Mercury content in soil and air were analyzed by using spectophotometry and mercury analyzer with gold film detector. Oxygen-18 and deuterium in hot water samples were analyzed using mass spectometer. The purpose of these surveys was to understand hydrothermal activity in this area including fluid movement, fluid processes effect, subsurface temperature and hydrological model.

o 101 BT SUMURUP o 2 LS

o 103 BT MUARABUNGO JAMBI

o 105 BT

BANGKO MUARAAMAN
LUBUK LINGGAU
GEDONG HULULAIS

PALEMBANG SEKAYU KRAMASAN PRABUMULIH CURUP CURUP

LAHAT

o 4 LS

BENGKULU

MUARAENIM BATURAJA MANNA

KOTABUMI BANDARLAMPUNG

GEDONG HULULAIS MAIN ROAD

KOTA AGUNG TARAHAN

100 KM

o 6 LS

Figure 1. INDEX MAP HULULAIS AREA, BENGKULU

GEOLOGICAL SETTING Sumatera lies along a NW-trending sector of the Sunda Trench, at the convergent boundary between the subducting oceanic India Plate Australia Plate and overriding continental Southeast Asia Plate. Sumatera at present forms of the oblique subduction between the Oceanic India-Australia plate and the Eurasia plate. The stresses result in the development of both volcanic arc and the major Sumatera transcurrent fault system, which axially bisects the Sumatera island along the axis of the Barisan Mountain (Rock et al., 1982). The Hululais geothermal prospect area is mostly concentrated on the west side of graben, along major zone of crustal weakness created by the Northwest -- southeast trending Sumatera fault system. The volcano of G. Bukit Hululais has developed on a base of Tertiary marine sediments and has been active throughout the Quartenary period. The local stratigraphy consist of marine sediments, diorite, andesitic and basaltic breccias, tuffs and lavas. Lithology of the Hululais prospect can be divided into three groups : Tertiary marine sediment and igneous rocks that consist of diorite and andesite, Pleistocene igneous rocks associated with tuff breccias, Holocene alluvium and hot spring deposits, Fig.2. There are no active volcanoes within the prospect area, but there are an extensive andesite-ryolite lavas and dacite-ryolite ash flow tuffs dated between 1.33 - 0.91 m.a. The youngest eruptive rocks in this region are 1100 years in age resulting in pyroclatic rocks and effusively Obsidian with activity center at the Bukit Pabuar. Volcanic activity remnant is also reflected by rim structure and lava dome at Bukit Hululais at the end of Pleistocene which is supposed as a heat source of the Hululais geothermal system. Some of Pleistocene volcanic rocks in this area has been hydrothermally altered in a manner which indicates mainly steam heating, but also the action of acid condensates. The structural geometry of the geothermal zone lies along NW-SE regional tectonic structure.

There are two main directions of fault presence here trending in NW-SE and NE-SW. The former is represent regional fault system of Sumatera that supposed as horizontal fault with relatively vertical dipping or possible gently dipping to northeast. The latter occurred as a normal fault which dipping to northwest. Both fault systems control the permeability the Hululais prospect and ascending the fluids to discharge as surface thermal features. GEOCHEMISTRY Surface thermal features in the Hululais prospect consist of several fumarole, steaming ground, mud pool and hot springs, which are mostly hot acid sulfate springs associated with fumarole at elevation 900 - 1020 meters above sea level. Thermal features are shown by fumarole complex with temperature of 95 - 98 C, hot mud pools with temperature of about 71 - 83 C, and neutral pH hot springs with a relatively high chloride-bicarbonate content at temperature of 50 - 83 C, steam heated waters with temperature of 70 - 85 C associate with acid alteration rocks. Sixteen hot springs and two gas samples were collected from selected sites during 1994 (Fig.3) Simple classification of the various fluid composition in terms of their major anions, this is conveniently done through a CL-SO4-HCO3 diagram (Fig.4) for the best indications on the likely origin of the springs. The CL-SO4-HCO3 diagram also allows for the indentification of mixing trends between different and large groups of water samples. A related emphasis in current qualitative assesment of water chemistry is ditermining the maturity of spring waters. The Giggenbach s Na-K-Mg ternary diagram is often used to identify the degree of fluid maturity of the thermal spring waters (Fig. 5) and assess their applicability for geothermometers. Another use of this diagram is delineation, in certain cases, of dilution trends among different thermal waters in a prospect that allow hydrologicallyconnected springs to lie along distinctive dilutions line such as those in Bukit Hululais. Considering their chemistry constituents of hot springs, they can be classified as sulfate,

185.000 9.655.000 mN
900

190.000

195.000

200.000

205.000 mE
1700

BT. LEKAT

MUARAAMAN
N HU TA KE A.

BT. KOLENG

LEGEND :
BT. REGES
HOLOCENE

700

F2

B
1900

AGE

SYMBOL

ROCK TYPE Alluvium

F3
500

9.650.000

BT. PABUS

1500

BT. CUGUK

1100 6 0.893 x 10
6 0.895 x 10

9.645.000

BT. CEMEH BT. LUMUT

1700 1500 900 1100

A. B

F1

TURANLALANG

SUBAN GREGOK
1300 1500

F6
A. Mubai
A. Sa ma ng
00 11

MIOCENE

F4

TERTIARY

PLEISTOCENE

500

900

A. Menganyau

SEMALAKO

0.907 x 10 6 0.984 x 10 6 0.989 x 10 6 1.101 x 10 6 1.220 x 10 6 1.332 x 10

Pabuar Obsidian Lumut Andesite Pabus Tuff Hululais Andesite Tiga Andesite Koleng Andesite Lekat Andesite Resam Andesite Mubai Breccia Cogong Diorite

ung

QUARTERNARY

A. Bu yu ak

an Am A.

ai

an ant A. S

6 23.72 x 10

Cuguk Andesite

700

9.640.000

500

700

BT. HULULAIS

BT. RESAM

F8
SUBAN AGUNG 1700

F7
auh A. P

FUMAROLE
900

MUDPOOL

HOT SPRING Alteration COLLAPSE STRUCTURE

BT. BERITI KECIL

F5
9.635.000

BT. PABUAR

300

A
BT. TIGA

A. No ka n

FAULT A B CROSS SECTION

N

9.630.000

BT. COGONG 0 5 Km

B.B/94

Figure 2 : GEOLOGICAL MAP OF HULULAIS AREA

185.000

190.000

195.000

200.000

205.000 mT

9.655.000 mU

900

BT. KOLENG

LEGEND:
1700

MUARAAMAN
700

BT. REGES
1900

FUMAROLA/SOLFATAR MUDPOOL

N HU TA KE A.

500

A. Bu yu ak

9.650.000

1500

HOT SPRING

500

5 6

Ca-HCO3 -SO 4 900

2 3

Na-Cl-HCO3 A. Bungai
8

9.645.000

9
BT. LUMUT
1700 1500 1100 1100

BT. CEMEH HCO 3

TURUNLALANG

A. Menganyau

SEMALAKO

an Am A.

9.640.000

900

BT. HULULAIS

16

A. Pauh

SO 4

A. Mubai

14

A. Sa ma ng

an ant A. S

N
D. TES
0
700

10
12

11
13

5 Km

SUBAN GREGOK
1300

Na-Ca-Cl-SO -HCO 3 4

SUBAN AGUNG
700 500 1700 1500

SO 4 15

900
INDEKS MAP

JAMBI

BT. BERITI KECIL

BT. PABUAR
PALEMBANG

9.635.000

GEDONG HULULAIS

BT. TIGA

A. No ka n

BENGKULU

BANDARLAMPUNG

300

SURVEY AREA 100 KM

9.630.000

MANIFES/HLS/MN/97

Figure 3 . DISTRIBUTION MAP OF THE HULULAIS THERMAL FEATURES

bicarbonate, sodium chloride bicarbonate and sodium calcium chloride sulfate bicarbonate waters. This combination is typical of high temperature liquid water geothermal system in mountain terrain.
0C 25
30 0 C

Na/1000

80
Full equilibrium

C 200

150C

60
% Na

Partial equilibrium

5 3 7

40

Cl 7 6 3 5
Mature waters

6 14

20 13 11 4 9 2 10 8 1 80 15 12 Mg

Immature water

K/100

20

40
% Mg

60

14 13 50 Cl
vol can ic w ate rs

4 8

Figure 5. Na/K/Mg TERNARY DIAGRAM

50
l era iph per s ter wa

SO4 HCO3

2 12 steam heated waters SO4 15 50

10 9 11 HCO 3

Figure 4. CL/SO4/HCO3 Ternary diagram

These springs are found to the west and southeast of Bt. Cemeh at elevations between 700 and 850 m. The fluids indicate shallow groundwater heated by steam of hot deep fluid rich in CO2 content which going up to the surface. The hot spring was discharged from rock contact between andesitic lava and alluvial at Kotok river. No altered rocks occurred here but there is silica and bicarbonate deposit around the springs. Sodium Chloride Bicarbonate waters, characterized by high content of that ionic composition. This fluid found in six hot springs at Semelako, neutral acidity, temperature of about 40 - 70C (sample 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8). The Semelako groups of springs occurs in the Ngai river to the South of Talangsakti village at elevations of about 400 - 550 m. By using Na-K-Ca method, reservoir temperature estimated as high as 200C. Sodium Calcium Chloride Sulfate Bicarbonate waters, characterized particularly of high content those ions. The hot spring found in Suban Agung Hilir northeast of Suban Agung with temperature of about 46 - 53C, neutral pH, high chloride content (sample 13 & 14). These springs are found on the West side of the Kotok river to the Northeast of Suban Agung at elevations of about 1000 m.

Sulfate waters, characterized by high content of H2S. The sulfate content is highly variable due to derived from oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the vadose zone. This water type distributed in Suban Gregok, Beriti Kecil as hot mud pools and also in Suban Agung as fumaroles, acid hot spring with temperature of 70 - 83 C and 90 - 98 C, respectively (sample 12 & 15). Hot smoky steam blow up, residual silica and sulfur sublimation common occur at around Suban Agung fumaroles. Suban Agung, Beriti Kecil and Suban Geregok occurs directly to the East and the North of the main place of Bt.Hululais at altitudes between 1450, 1100 and 1050 m. Bicarbonate waters, characterized by high content of HCO3 found as warm springs at Bukit Cemeh, pH neutral with temperature of 35 - 44C (sample 9, 10 & 11).

 Calcium Bicarbonate Sulfate waters, this springs mainly high content of those ions. Discharge from alluvial plain of Punduk Badaro and Turun Lalang at altitudes of about 400 m. as warm springs with temperature of about 41 - 43C, neutral acidity. There is no deposit and sulfur smell be present here (sample 1 & 2). The chloride/boron ratios of hot spring's chemistry show similar values that indicate the fluids derive from one source, whereas the ratios of CL/HCO3 (Fig.6) demonstrate the Northern parts have higher ratio than the Southern ones which indicate the fluids in this part move more direct to the surface.
190.000 200.000 m T BT. KOLENG
1700

The comparison of HCO3/SO4 (Fig.7) increase from South to Northward (Suban Agung to Semelako), that reveal the fluids move out toward to North. GAS AND MERCURY ANOMALY. The distribution anomaly of mercury in soil air concentrated in the vicinity of fumarole complex at Suban Agung and likely lineament trending in Northwest - Southeast, presumably coincide with the main fault trend. Anomaly also found in Suban Gregok detected by mercury content in soil, (Fig.8). They could be controlled by faults that trending in similar direction.
190.000 200.000 m T BT. KOLENG
1700 1900

MUARAAMAN
700

N HU TA KE A.

MUARAAMAN

9.650.000 mU

700

1900

PUNDUK BADARO
A. Bu yu ak
1500

N HU TA KE A.

PUNDUK BADARO
A. Bu yu ak

9.650.000 mU

500

SEMALAKO
an Am A.

1500

SEMALAKO
an Am A.
500

900

10
7

5 6

TURUNLALANG
4 2 3
900

TURUNLALANG
A. Bungai

1100

BT. CEMEH SUBAN GREGOK

A. Bungai

20
BT. LUMUT
1700 1500 1100 900 1100 1300

BT. CEMEH
9 10
12 13

D. TES

D. TES

BT. LUMUT
1700 1500 1300 700

11

700

9.640.000

SUBAN GREGOK

A. Mubai

1100 900

3
A. Pauh

BT. HULULAIS SUBAN AGUNG

9.640.000

A. Mubai

BT. HULULAIS
16

A. Pauh

14

SUBAN AGUNG
700 500 1700 1500

700 500

1700 1500

15

BT. BERITI KECIL

N

BT. BERITI KECIL

N

LEGEND:
0
5 Km

LEGEND:

20

5 Km

RATIO CL / HCO3 MUDPOOL

FUMAROLA/SOLFATAR
FUMAROLA/SOLFATAR HOT SPRING

MUDPOOL

HOT SPRING

Hg Anomaly (soil air)

Hg Anomaly (soil)

Figure 6 . RATIO CL / HCO3 DISTRIBUTION MAP

Figure 8 . MERCURY ANOMALY MAP

190.000

200.000 m T BT. KOLENG

1700 1900

MUARAAMAN
700

PUNDUK BADARO
1
A. Bu yu ak
1500

SEMALAKO
an Am A.
5 6

40 500
7

4 3

TURUNLALANG
2

900

BT. CEMEH
9 10
12 13

D. TES

BT. LUMUT
1700 1500

20
1100 1300

11

700

SUBAN GREGOK

9.640.000

A. Mubai

1100 900

BT. HULULAIS
16

SUBAN AGUNG
700 500 1700 1500

15

A. Pauh

14

The composition of gases from mature hydrothermal reservoirs differs significantly from those leaked from a degassing magma or a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Gases from the latter system often contain significant quantities of SO2, HCl and HF. In cases where such species are absent, gas ratio of CO2/N2 and N2/Ar can indicate magmatic affinity by comparation with values from active degassing valcanoes or known acidic magmatichydrothermal systems. Another gas chemistry application is the use of CO2/H2S ratio to qualitatively infer location of upwelling zones and charactrize system permeability. For non-acidic systems, low values are often found in upstream part of the reservoir with lower values associated with outflows and

N HU TA KE A.

9.650.000 mU

BT. BERITI KECIL

A. Bungai

LEGEND:

20

RATIO HCO3/SO4 MUDPOOL

5 Km

FUMAROLA/SOLFATAR

HOT SPRING

Figure 7 . RATIO HCO3 / SO4 DISTRIBUTION MAP

margins. Uniform values of widely scattered gas dicharges may thus imply a fairly wellconnected and permeable reservoir. Exploration application of gas chemistry is calculation of gas geothermometers.

N2

HL5A HL4 50
N2/100

50

Air Air saturated groundwater

M5 Magmatic HL5A HL4

WI

WI
Typical field of magmatic systems

CO2/100
50
WK

50

100 Ar

50
Figure 10. N2 - Ar - CO2 TERNARY DIAGRAM

NG

Meteoric

ISOTOPE
stal Cru

10He 50
Figure 9 . N2/He/Ar TERNARY DIAGRAM

Ar

Two sample gasses have been taken from Suban Agung and Suban Gregok fumarole. There is evidence for the presence of magmatic steam in those fumarole, it is indicated by high content of N2, He and Ar. The N2/Ar ratios in the samples were quite high. The ratio at Suban Agung is between 1072 and 1136. High ratios frequently indicate a high magmatic or crustal component. Figure 9 taken from Giggenbach (1989) illustrates this point. It appears that the steam from Suban Agung is derived directly from a solidifying magma rather than a geothermal reservoir consisting mainly of meteoric water. In respect to this, the H2/Ar geothermometer gives a value of 385C, also indicating a high temperature origin more commensurable to a cooling magma than a convective geothermal system. The low CO2/H2S ratios usually indicate the most direct migration from the reservoir (K. Nicholson,1987). The ratio of CO2/H2S from fumarole at Suban Agung is 40, relatively low. Therefore, presumably this area close to the upflow zone. By using D AmourPanichi geothermometer was obtained 272 292C.

Isotope analysis was demonstrated by oxygen 18 and deuterium that was taken from some hot spring samples in vicinity of the area. Plotting of versus O-18 show the trajectories of data D sets with slopes other than horizontal from sample 7 to 13 that indicate effect of mixing (Fig. 11). Mixing effect is also confirmed by their composition that trending to the bicarbonate water from sample 7 (chloride water) to 13 (bicarbonate water). Sample 7 is chloride water and positive shifting for its O-18 content, therefore the composition of original deep chloride water close to this sample. Other plotting is chloride content against D and O-18 showing linear array (from sample 9 to 7) where chloride decreases and also depleted in oxygen - 18, but relatively constant in deuterium (Fig.11).
- 20 Chloride water Chloride bicarbonate water - 30 Bicarbonate water DEUTERIUM (o/oo) Sulfate water - 40
ater ric w eteo al M Loc tra uma S

29

- 50 19 - 60 7

23 28

6, 27 180C

21 140C

= 1.7X - 40.4 Mixing line Y

85,100C 160C 120C

Geothermal line

Evaporation trend line

- 70 - 10

-9

-8

-7 OXYGEN-18 (o/oo)

-6

-5

-4

Figure. 11 : OXIGEN - 18 VS DEUTERIUM DIAGRAM

This straight line trend indicates effect of boiling. Intersection of these trend lines and the ordinate represent the end member of isotopes content shown by deuterium and oxygen -18 values at about -54 and -9.3 o/oo respectively, similar to surface water isotopic content. This values are close to the isotope composition of sample 4 and 13. Considering this reason supposed the recharge area is situated around those sample locations at elevation about 600 meters above sea level. Evaporation trend line presumably follows linear equation that is Y = .7 X - 40.4. With slope value 1.7 suppose the high enthalpy evaporation occurs at temperature more than 180 C. According to thermal separation of the geothermal fluids, the isotopic composition of the reservoir is about - 56 o/oo for deuterium and - 8.25 - 7.9 o/oo for oxygen - 18. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The Prospect occurs in moderate-high terrain of Quartenary volcano, with the presence of some discharges such as boiling neutral springs, fumarole and acid alteration rocks. There are two principle local structural trends i.e NW trending fault, paralel to the Sumatera faults system. The second structure is NE trending faults, which is associated with intensive altered rock and some fumaroles and hot springs. This faults likely control the permeability of the geothermal system in this area. The reservoir is infered to be associated with fractured Tertiary marine sediments basements overlain by Quartenary volcanics. The distributions of thermal feature mainly developed at north flank of the Bukit Hululais. This phenomena could be observed beginning from high elevation fumarole at Suban Agung and acid sulfate hot mud pool at Suban Gregok, then going down to Northward at Bukit Cemeh bicarbonate warm spring, sodium chloride bicarbonate water type take place at Semelako and finally calcium bicarbonate sulfate water type take a place at Lower elevation Turunlalang. High sodium chloride contents as found in Suban Agung Hilir and Semelako hot s spring indicate that the geothermal fluid system dominated by hot water.

The estimation of geothermal center activity situated at Bukit Huluais from which fluids flow out to Northward represented by distribution of the ratio of HCO3/SO4. Distributions of this ratio indicate that the highest ratio is in Semelako hot spring (sample 3 & 4), whereas the lowest one is situated at Subang Agung and Bukit Beriti Kecil. These phenomena also indicate that the fluids already migrate long away from its source which is situated beneath Bukit Hululais or Suban Agung, then likely flowing out to Northward at Semelako. However, the ratios of CL/HCO3 show that the Northern parts (Semelako complex) have higher ratio than the Southern part (Suban Agung Hilir complex) which indicate that the fluids move more direct and hotter in the northern complex. The ratios of chloride/ boron show similar ratio as demonstrated by Suban Agung Hilir and s Semelako hot springs, indicating that they are s derived from a single reservoir. This distribution seems to reflect the hydrology of geothermal system which show the upflow zone situated beneath Bukit Hululais or Suban Agung. The fluids are likely to flow Northward and exposed on the surface as Semelako hot spring. (fig.12). High boron concentrations relative to chloride and high calcium and magnesium values suggest the composition of waters that are controlled by local sedimentary rocks. The presence of marine sediments and limestone control the composition of the local hot waters. Deuterium - oxygen-18 correlation indicates that geothermal fluids are affected by boiling and mixing processes, this interpretation is substantiated by plot of those isotopes against chloride. Suban Agung has an isotopic composition close to magmatic andesitic water (AW) of Gigenbach (Fig.13). There is evidence for the presence of magmatic steam in those fumarole, it is indicated by high content of N2, He, Ar and isotope ( Fig.9). High ratios of N2/Ar frequently indicate a high magmatic or crustal component. The H2/Ar geothermometer (Gigenbach) gives a value of 385 C again indicating a high temperature

A
BT. HULULAIS
SUBAN AGUNG

SUBAN GREGOK
SO4

BT. CEMEH
HCO3-SO4

F1

SEMALAKO
NaCl HCO3

PUNDUK BADARO
CaHCO3 Water

x x x x x + +

F8 F5 F3

F2

flow Out

x x x

x x

Sedimentary rocks 150C 200C 250C

0 5 Km

x + + x + x + +

Alluvium Hululais Andesite Tiga Andesite Koleng Andesite

Resam Andesite Mubai Breccia Cuguk Andesite

Fumarola/Solfatara Hot Spring Mudpool

Sedimentary rocks

Figure 12. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE HULULAIS HYDROTHERMAL PROSPECT

origin more commensurable to a cooling magma than a convective geothermal system Plot of N2-CO2-Ar and N2-Ar-He Suban Agung fumarole taken from Gigenbach fall into magmatic (Fig.10).

estimated temperature of 180C. Minimum reservoir temperature is inferred close to 200C. These values suggest that the Hululais geothermal prospect can be groupped into high enthalpy geothermal system. Acknowledments

0 - 10

DEUTERIUM (o/oo)

Lo ca lM ete or ic

- 20 - 30 - 40 - 50 - 60 - 70 23 27 19 7 2

ANDESITIC WATER

HVTG

We would like to thank the Management of Pertamina for their permission to publish this paper. References Abidin Z, Wandowo, Amir F, 1989, Estimasi Suhu Reservoir Berdasarkan Evaluasi Data Isotop O-18 dan D Mataair panas dan Fumarol, Simposium IV Aplikasi Isotop da Radiasi, PAIR-BATAN, Jakarta-Indonesia Budiharjo B, 1994, Geologi Detil Daerah Hululais, Bengkulu, PERTAMINA, internal report, unpublished. Delfin Jr. FG, 1997, Exploration methods for High Enthalpy Geothermal Resources in

g line Mixin

21 1

- 10

- 5

0 OXYGEN-18 (o/oo)

10

Figure. 13 : OXIGEN - 18 VS DEUTERIUM DIAGRAM

Chemical and isotopic geothermometers were used to estimate reservoir temperature. Result for both liquid (Na-K-Ca) and gas ( D AmourPanichi) geothermometers indicate minimum reservoir temperature between 240C and 300C. Isotope geothermometers yield an

The Philippines, PNOC-EDC, FT. Bonifacio, Makati City, Philippines. Giggenbach W.F, 1992, Isotopic and Chemical Composition of Water and Steam Discharges from vulcanic-magmatichydrothermal systems of the Guanacaste Geothermal Province, Costa Rica, Applied Geochemistry, vol.7, pp. 309-332, Pergamon Press Ltd. Giggenbach W.F, 1988, Geotherma solute equilibria.- Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca Geoindicators, Geochim. cosmochim. Acta 52, 2749-2765 Nugroho, 1994, Laporan Akhir Survei Geokimia Daerah Hululais Bengkulu, PERTAMINA, internal report, unpublished. Vorekamp J.C. and Buseck P.R., 1983, Hg Anomalies in Soil : A geochemical Exploration methode for Geothermal Areas, Geothermics vol.12 No. 1, pp 29-47, Pergamon Pres Ltd, Great Britain.