Jesuit Mathletes Packet (ver.

1)
Christopher Eur October 23, 2011
This packet is created for training mathletes at Jesuit High School. Most of the problems are from various competitions and books, including Challenging Problems in Algebra, Challenging Problems in Geometry, A Shorter Way Mathematical Olympiad, Logos Series in Mathematics, etc. Answer keys are available upon request; the rationale behind omitting the answers to this packet is to promote perseverence and the ability to think by oneself without relying on the answer keys. For solutions or errors, please email chriseur@naver.com. It is my sincere hope that this packet will help anyone who is interested in mathematics and competitions but lacks the resources. Best wishes to all future mathematicians!

Contents
1 Diagnostic Test 2 Basic Skills 2.1 Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Factoring to make clean numbers . . . 2.1.2 Using variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Formulas to be memorized . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Few useful tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Quantitative Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Odds and evens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Box principle (or Pigeonhole principle) 2.3.3 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Arithmetics 3.1 Means / Averages . . 3.1.1 Key Concepts 3.1.2 Problems . . 3.2 Proportions . . . . . 3.2.1 Key Concepts 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 10

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4 Intermediate Algebra 4.1 Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Key Concepts . . . . . 4.1.2 Introductory Problems 4.1.3 Intermediate Problems 4.1.4 Advanced Problems . . 4.2 Algebraic Manipulations . . . 4.2.1 Introductory Problems 4.2.2 Intermediate Problems 4.2.3 Advanced Problems . . 4.3 Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Introductory Problems 4.3.2 Intermediate Problems 4.3.3 Advanced Problems . . 4.4 Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Introductory Problems 4.4.2 Intermediate Problems 4.4.3 Advanced Problems . . 4.5 Functions . . . . . . . . . . .

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11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 24

5 Elementary Number Theory 5.1 Base Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 5.1.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Divisibility: Primes and Composites 5.2.1 Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . 6 Trigonometry and Analysis 6.1 Exponents and Logarithms 6.1.1 Useful Formulae . . 6.1.2 Problems . . . . . 6.2 Trigonometry . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Useful Formulae . . 6.2.2 Problems . . . . .

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Diagnostic Test
1. The measure of an angle is 3 times the measure of its complement. Find the measure of the angle in degrees. 2. Three calculus books weigh as much as two geometry books. Seven geometry books weigh as much as nine algebra books. Six trigonometry books weigh as much as eleven calculus books. How many algebra books weigh as much as 21 trigonometry books? 3. Notice that the product of the digits of 124 is 8. For many other three-digit positive integers is the product of the digits equal to 8? 4. Steven takes his favorite number and adds 7, multiplies the resulting number by 6, squares the resulting number, and divides by 9. The nal result of these operations is 16. Given that Stevens favorite number is not 5, what is his favorite number? 5. Given that a, b, and c are all positive, and that ab = 21, ac = 18, and bc = 42, nd a + b + c. 6. If y x = , nd the value of 3y 4 3(xz)2 + 3. 4y 4z

created by Keone Hon from AoPS Community

7. Given the sequence 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 26, . . . , nd the 12th term. 8. Bill will be x years old in the year x2 . If Bill was born between 1900 and 2000, in what year was he born? 9. Five fair coins are tossed. What is the probability that exactly two heads and three tails turn up? Express your answer as a decimal. 10. Dene a strange number to be a number where each digit (other than the leftmost two) is equal to the sum of the two digits to the left. For instance, 11235 is a strange number because 2 = 1 + 1, 3 = 1 + 2, and 5 = 2 + 3. How many four-digit strange numbers are there? 11. Blues, Inc. sells jeans at the following prices: $15 per pair if you buy 1 10 pairs, $13 per pair if you buy 11 40 pairs, $10 if you buy 41 70 pairs, and $8 per pair if you buy 71 or more pairs. For how many values of n is it cheaper to buy a number of pairs greater than n than it is to buy exactly n pairs? 12. For what value of k will the equation x3 9x2 + kx have exactly two solutions? 13. In a group of 200 students, 170 are taking history, 190 are taking math, 160 are taking english, and 135 are taking art. What is the minimum number of students that must be taking all four of these classes? 14. Find the smallest value of x that satises x2 3x + x2 1 = 2. 15. At a cookie shop, four dierent kinds of cookies are sold: chocolate chip, macaroon, peanut butter, and white chocolate. In how many dierent ways can a person choose eight cookies? (Assume that the shop has an ample supply of each variety of cookie.) 3

 16. The number 8 2 15 can be expressed in the form x y, where x and y are positive integers. Find 2x + y. 17. Bob is throwing turtles at a dartboard with two regions. If he hits the smaller region, he gets 15 points; if he hits the larger region, he gets 7 points. What is the largest score that Bob cannot get? 18. A tennis tournament starts out with 140 players. Each game is played between two players; at the end of the game, the winner advances and the loser is knocked out. There are no ties. If the tournament has a minimum number of byes, how many games must be played to determine a single winner? 19. How many positive integers less than or equal to 1000 are multiples of 2 or 3? 20. Find x2 + y 2 + z 2 if x+y+z =3 2x y + z = 5 3x + 2y z = 16 21. Find the length of the longest median of a triangle with sides of length 4, 7, and 9. 22. If x + 1 1 = 8, nd the value of x4 + 4 . x x

23. If the prime factorization of positive integer N is 24 39 11121 , then how many positive integer factors does N have? 24. If 216x
2 4x+7

= 16x

2 +2x+1

, what is x?

25. For certain integers n, n2 3n 126 is a perfect square. What is the sum of all distinct possible values of n? 26. The function f (x) is a cubic polynomial of the form ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Given that f (0) = 7, f (1) = 10, f (2) = 15, and f (3) = 28, nd a + 2b + 3c + 4d. 27. Suppose that f (x) = 13 + 23 + . . . + x3 and g(x) = 1 + 2 + . . . + x. Compute the value of f (1) f (2) f (99) + + ... + . g(1) g(2) g(99)

2
2.1

Basic Skills
Computation

Computation is fundamental to mathematics. It is many times overlooked nowadays with the advent of calculators, but the ability to compute quickly and eciently is one of the essential skill as a mathematician. Here we introduce few crucial tricks that have been directly or indirectly used in Mathletes problems. 2.1.1 Factoring to make clean numbers

2 5 = 10 7 11 13 = 1001 you need to know the powers of 2 and 5 Example Problems 1. 2 5 7 8 11 13 125 2. 99999 22222 + 33333 33334 3. 75 256 125 4. 99999 77778 + 33333 66666 2.1.2 Using variables

1. 3694 3692 36932 2. 1990 20002000 2000 19901990 3. 1991 1999 1990 2000 4. 2.1.3 9876543210 (9876543210)2 98765432109876543212 Fractions 1 1 1 = (n)(n + 1) n n+1 m m m = (n)(n + 1) n n+1 Example Problems 1. 2. 1 1 1 1 + + + ... + 12 23 34 1990 1991 2 2 2 2 + + + ... + 3 15 35 4004000 5

some useful knowledge:

2.2

Factorization

Some say that being skillful in factorization for algebra is equivalent of knowing the multiplication table for arithmetics. It is important to be skillful with all types of factorizations. Of course, the best way to become ecient at factorizing polynomial is through school curriculum; for a faithful math student, this section should mostly be a breeze.

2.2.1

Formulas to be memorized

a2 2ab + b2 = (a b)2 a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b) x2 + (p + q)x + pq = (x + p)(x + q), a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ), a3 + 3a2 b + 2ab2 + b3 = (a + b)3 , abx2 + (aq + bp)x + pq = (ax + p)(bx + q)

a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) a3 + 3a2 b + 2ab2 + b3 = (a + b)3

a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b + c)2 a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca) Example Problems 1. a(x y) + b(y x) = 2. ab + b2 ac bc = 3. 4x2 + 20xy + 25y 2 = 4. x2 4y 2 + 4xy = 5. x4 y 4 = 6. 1 x2 y 2 + 2xy = 7. x2 + 6x 16 = 8. x2 14x + 48 = 9. 6x2 + 5x 6 = 10. 4x2 + x2 y 2 2y 4 = 11. x3 + 8y 3 = 12. x6 + y 6 = 13. x3 y 3 + x2 + y 2 2xy = 14. x3 + y 3 1 + 3xy = 15. (a b)3 + (b c)3 (c a)3 = 16. a(b2 c2 ) + b(c2 a2 ) + c(a2 b2 ) 6 (hint: (1)3 = 1)

2.2.2

Few useful tricks

substitution 1. x4 4x2 + 3 = 2. (x2 + 5x + 4)(x2 + 5x + 6) 24 = 3. x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) 15 = synthetic division 1. x4 + 2x3 9x2 2x + 8 = 2. 3x5 3x4 13x3 11x2 10x 6 = 3. challenge: a, b, c, d add-and-subtract 1. x4 + 4 = 2. a4 + 4b4 = 3. x4 23x2 y 2 + y 4 = If 4x3 5x2 7x + 3 = a(x 2)3 + b(x 2)2 + c(x 1) + d, nd the constants

2.3

Quantitative Sense

Having a good sense of numbers is always helpful, in nding patterns, in guessing the right numbers, etc. Here we take a look at few introductory ideas. 2.3.1 Odds and evens

Many problems espescially regarding ones that ask about existence or possibility can be solved very easily just using this concept of odd and even. The odd and even character of number seems entirely obvious and innocent, but becomes highly useful in many cases. odd odd = odd, odd odd = even, 2.3.2 even any number = even odd even = odd, even even = even

Box principle (or Pigeonhole principle)

Principle I: If n + 1 objects are put into n many boxes, at least one box has two or more objects. Principle II: If pn + r objects are put into n many boxes, at least one box has p+1 or more objects. Examples: If 50 students randomly board 49 buses, at least one bus has 2 or more students. If John has 21 pens, no matter how he puts them in 4 boxes, one of them will have 6 pens or more. (Note that 21 = 5 4 + 1) 7

2.3.3

Problems

The best to develop these skills is to do many problems. These use ideas introduced above and vary greatly in diculty. 1. John multiplied three consecutive numbers and got 693 and immediately knew it was wrong. How did he know? 2. The sum of two integers a, b is 11. Show that the sum of the squares of the two integers cannot be 60. 3. The sum of four integers a, b, c, d is 9. show that the sum of the cubes of the four integers cannot be 100. 4. There are n many integers. If their sum is 0, and their product is n, prove that n is divisible by 4. 5. 121 people took a mathematics examination consisting of 30 problems. Each persons score is determined as follows: 15 points are given as a free point for participation; for every correct answer, 5 additional points are given; for a wrong answer, -1 point; for an unanswered question, 1 point. What is the sum of scores of the 121 people? 6. Suppose there are 6 pairs of blue socks all alike, and 6 paris of black socks all alike, scrambled in a drawer. How many socks must be drawn out, all at once (in the dark), to be certain of getting a matching pair? (a) Suppose the drawer now contains 3 black pairs of socks, 7 green pairs, and 4 blue pairs, scrambled. How many socks must be drawn out to be certain of getting a matching pair? (b) Suppose there are 6 dierent pairs of cu links scrambled in a box. How many links must be drawn out, all at once (in the dark), to be certain of getting a matching pair? 7. Prove that, given 7 random integers, one can select two numbers such that either their sum or dierence is a multiple of 10. 8. People shook hands with each other in a meeting; prove that the number of people who shook hands odd number of times is even.

Arithmetics

This section covers wide variety of problems found especially in the arithmetics. It is broken into three parts; Means, Proportions, and Operations.

3.1
3.1.1

Means / Averages
Key Concepts

Arithmetic mean (AM) of n numbers is their total sum divided by n. More precisely, A.M. of n numbers a1 , a2 , ...an1 , an is:
n

ai AM = AM n = sum of the numbers.

i=1

a1 + a2 + ... + an1 + an n

One trick for nding AM quickly is to use an estimate and then calculate the error. - For example, suppose we have numbers {12, 15, 17, 23, 25, 31}, and we are to nd the AM. It is not hard to intuit that AM should be around 20. Then we nd the dierences between 20 and then numbers given: {1220, 1520, 1720, 2320, 2520, 3120} = {8, 5, 3, 3, 5, 11}. Finding the AM of these errors is much easier: 853+3+5+11 = 8+11 = 3, 36 = 0.5 Adding the error to the original estimate 20 + 0.5 = 20.5 we have that AM=20.5. Note that (12 + 15 + 17 + 23 + 25 + 31) 6 = 20.5 also. Geometric mean (GM) of n numbers is their total product to the 1/n th power. More precisely, G.M. of n numbers a1 , a2 , ...an1 , an is:
n 1/n

GM =
i=1

ai

a1 a2 ...an1 an

There is a trick for nding GM in a likewise way as we did for AM. It is not very useful however. See if you can nd the trick as a challenge. A useful fact: AM GM as long as ai > 0. In other words, AM = GM only when a1 = a2 = ...an ; otherwise, AM > GM 3.1.2 Problems

1. The arithmetic mean (AM) of a set of 50 numbers 32. The AM of a second set of 70 numbers is 53. Find the AM of the numbers in the sets combined. (a) Suppose now that there is a third set of 40 numbers with AM 36. What is the AM of all three sets combined? (b) In the original question, change AM to GM and solve. Leave the answer as a calculator-ready form. You do not need to (and cannot) calculate the result by hand. 9

2. Find the point-average of a student with A in mathematics, A in physics, B in chemistry, B in English, and C in historyusing the scale: A, 5 points; B, 4 points; C, 3 points; D, 1 pointwhen (a) the credits for the courses are equal (b) the credits for the courses are mathematics, 4; physics, 4; chemistry, 3; English, 3; and history, 3. 3. Johns four test scores were 87, 92, 97, and 76. What score must John get on his nal test to have average (AM) of 90 or higher if (a) all ve test scores are weighed? (b) the nal test is worth twice more than the rst four tests? 4. Let x, y, and z be consecutive even integers. If the product of 3 and y is 32 more than the sum of x and z, what is the AM of x, y, and z? 5. Three part question. (Hint: be careful!)
1 (a) Given n numbers each equal to 1 + n , and two numbers each equal to 1, nd their AM. 1 (b) Given n numbers each equal to 1 + n , and one number equal to 1, nd their AM.

(c) Which of (a) or (b) is larger? 6. Express the dierence of the squares of two consecutive even integers in terms of their arithmetic mean (AM). 7. The dierence between AM and GM of two numbers is 4. If one of the numbers is 2, what is the value of the other number?

3.2
3.2.1

Proportions
Key Concepts

Ratio between two quantities is an intuitive and convenient tool in mathematics. Suppose we have two similar polygons P and Q. Suppose the ratio of a length of a side of A to its corresponding side on B is p : q, then the following holds true: Perimeter length of P : that of Q = p : q Area of P to Q = p2 : q 2 Proportionality can be tricky at times and ne attention must be paid to the dimensionality. For example, in the case weve just seen, the ratio of the areas is no longer p : q but p2 : q 2 .

10

Intermediate Algebra

This section covers most topics in algebra broken into ve parts: basic set theory, algebraic manipulations, equations, inequalities, and functions. Throughout these sections, word problems need be emphasized when working on the problems, since math competitions will usually go for word problems that requires good problem solving skills. Because basic concepts of algebra is covered well in high school curiculum, the best way to become better in competition math algebra is through solving many problems. Each section has problems divided into three levels of diculty, and important theorems and concepts are imbedded in the problems themselves.

4.1
4.1.1

Set Theory
Key Concepts

Definition: A Set (S) is a group of clearly denable elements, notated S ={elements} For example, The following are NOT sets: {group of tall people}, {group of small numbers}. The notion of tall and small is not a precisely dened term. The following are sets: {group of people with height over 6}, {non-negative integers less than or equal to 3}. Notation: Sets are notated in two dierent ways. The rst is simply listing all the elements in brackets, and the second is providing the condition for the element. To show that an element e belongs to a set S, we write e S. A null set (set without any elements) is denoted . e.g. 1. A={1,2,3,4,5}, B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ... } e.g. 2. A={x: x is natural number less than 6}, B={2n, n 1, n N} e.g. 3. 2 A, 8 A, / 26 B

Definition: A Subset S of a set S is a set in which everyone element in S belongs to S as well. In this way, the subset S belongs to S and is notated S S. N.B. A null set is always a subset of the original set. For example, {1, 2, 3} subset of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Definition: A Union of two sets A and B consists of the elements that belong to A or B, and is denoted A B. A Intersection of two sets A and B consists of the elements that belong to both A and B, and is denoted A B. For example, given that A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ... }, A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...} A B = {2, 4} Notation: Given a set S, n(S) or |S| is used to denote the number of elements in the set S. For example, given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, n(A) = 5. Note: Van Diagram is a highly useful tool in set theory. 11

4.1.2

Introductory Problems

1. Which of the following are real sets in the sense we dened above, and which are not? (a) A set of tallest people from each class. (b) A set of tall buildings in Boston (c) A set of months with average temperature above 92 degrees. (d) A set of natural numbers less than 1 (e) A set of great books. 2. Express the given set in a dierent way; that is, if given a set with a list, give a condition. If given a condition, make it into list. (a) {x x is factor of 6} (b) { . . . , 3, 1, 1, 3, 5, . . . } 3. Given X = {1, 2}, nd the number of pair of sets (Y, Z) such that X Y Z. 4. Given sets A, B, C and that n(A) = 13, n(B) = 22, n(C) = 19, n(AB) = 27, n(B C) = 29, n(C A) = 25, n(A B C) = 5, nd the value of n(A B C). 4.1.3 4.1.4 Intermediate Problems Advanced Problems

4.2
4.2.1

Algebraic Manipulations
Introductory Problems xc x2
3

1. Find values of a, b, c where (x3 y a )4 = xb y 8 and

=1

2. Find all values that the expression (1)a 1a + 1a+1 + (1a+1 ) can have where a is an integer. 3. Foil these expressions: (a) (a + 2b)(a + 2b) (b) (2a b)2 (c) (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) (d) (x + y)3 4. Find the value of x2 + y 2 if (a) x + y = 3, xy = 2 (b) x + y = 6, xy = 4 (c) x3 + y 3 = 45, x + y = 3

12

1 1 (b) 5. Rationalize the denominators for the following: (a) 5+ 3 3+ 7 5 21 5 + 21 ,y = , nd the value of x2 y 2 6. x = 2 2 4.2.2 Intermediate Problems 1 1 + a b

1. If a + b = 91, ab = 7, nd the value of

2. If a + b = 3, ab = 2, nd the value of a3 b + ab3 3. Two of the factors of 248 1 is between 60 and 70. Find these two factors. 4. a = 1, b = 10, c = 100, d = 1000, nd the value of (a + b + c d) + (a + b c + d) + (a b + c + d) + (a + b + c + d) 5. If the ratio between 3x 2 and y + 15 is constant, and x = 2 and y = 3, nd the value of x if y becomes 12. 6. Show that for positive real numbers a and b, (a + b) 2 ab = a b. Then, simplify the following: (a) 5 + 2 6 (b) 20 4 21 (c) 6 + 35 7. Find the value of a, b, c if the equation (ax + b)(x + c) bx = 1 (4x + 7) 2(x + 1)(x 2) + x 2 is true for all x. 8. Find the value of a b if a and b are constants that make the equation 2 10x + 3 for all x. (10x 1)(10x + 2) 10x b a + x = 1 10 + 2

c 9. When x is added to both the numerator and the denominator of a , the result is d . Express b the value of x in terms of a, b, c, d.

4.2.3

Advanced Problems 1 1. Simplify: 1 1 1 x1 2. Given a + a1 = 2, nd the value of a2 + a2 5 3+ 2 5+ 3 2 3. If x = ,y= , nd the value of (x + y)2 (x y)2 2 2 4. Given 0 < 2x < y, simplify the expression 13 (y x)2 + (2y x)2 + (x 3y)2

5. The volume of a box is 64, its surface area 112, and its dimensions a, b, c, satisfy b2 = ac. Find the value of a+b+c. 6. The sum of the surface area of two cubes is 204, and the sum of all the sides is 96. Find the sum of the volumes of the two cubes. 7. Given a + b + c = 8. Given 1 1 1 1 and + + = 1, nd the value of (a 1)(b 1)(c 1). 3 a b c

a+b b+c c+a ab + bc + ca = = = k = 0, nd the value of 2 3 4 5 a + b2 + c 2

9. Dene function p(n) for n a natural number as follows: p(n)=(product of all the digits of n). For example, p(24) = 2 4 = 8. Find n 50 such that p(2n) = 2p(n) = 0. 10. Given that real numbers x, y, z satisfy the two conditions below, nd the value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 . (a) x + y + z = 3 (b) x2 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + y2 + + + z2 y z z x x y = 3

4.3

Equations

This section is arguably the heart of algebra. Make sure that you master this section well. 4.3.1 Introductory Problems

1. Solve for x or (x, y) in the following: (a) 3x 2{(3x + 1) 5(x + 1)} = 5 3x + 5 6 x x1 = + (b) 3 2 12 4 2(x + 1) (y 1) = 8 (c) 3(x + 1) + 2(y 1) = 5 1x +y =2 5 (d) 1y +x=0 4

2. The system of equations

x+y =6 has a solution (2, b). Find the values of a and b each. x 2y = a

3. Explain how D = b2 4ac (the expression inside the square-root in the quadratic formula) can be used to tell how many roots the equation has. More specically, given ax2 +bx+c = 0, (a) D < 0: no real solution for x (b) D = 0: one real solution for x (c) D > 0: two real solutions for x

14

4. Using D = b2 4ac from the quadratic formula, determine if the following equations have no real solution, one real solution, or two real solutions. (a) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 3x + 2 = 0 (c) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 (d) x2 = 3x 3 (e) x2 6x = 9 5. When the equation x2 3x + 2a + 1 = 0 has one real solution, nd the value of a. 6. The sum of two solutions to x2 px + p + 1 = 0 is 2. Find p.
b 7. Suppose , are two roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0. Show that + = a and = c a

8. The product of two consecutive natural numbers is 30. What are the two numbers? 9. 100g of 5% salt water has the same amount of salt as a 2% salt water of volume V . What is the value of V ? 10. Driving over an enormous hill, John drives 20km/hr when going uphill and 30km/hr going downhill. If John spent 6 hours travelling over and back a hill, what is the total distance he travelled? 11. Solve for x: |x| 1 = |2x| in two ways: (a) using graph; (b) dividing up into cases (x 0 and x < 0) 4.3.2 Intermediate Problems

1. Find the solutions for the equations: (a) x2 (p + pq + q)x + p2 q + pq 2 = 0 (b) 4x2 4ax + a2 b2 = 0 2. Of the two roots of x2 + 2x 48 = 0, the greater one is also a root of x2 3x + a = 0. Find the other root of the latter equation. 3. Find all solutions for x2 4|x| + 3 = 0. 4. On a particular month, the sum of the dates of the second Thursday and the fourth Monday was 31. Find the date of second Thursday. 5. A two digit number has the following property: it is 7 times the sum of its digits; it is 36 less than the number when the two digits are switched. Find the two digit number. 6. A frog can jump either 5 units forward or 3 units backwards per jump. The frog starts at the origin and after 20 jumps arrives at +4. Find the number of forward jumps.

15

7. Given that and are the two solutions to 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0, nd the equation that has + 1 and + 1 as the two solutions. 8. After a dinner, two brothers drank orange juice from a bottle. The elder drank 80ml and 1 then the younger drank 4 of what was left. In the end, the amount of orange juice left was 2 3 the beginning. Find the amount of juice at rst. 9. A train that is xm long spends 20 minutes to enter and completely exit a tunnel that is 600m while travelling at the speed of 1.6km. Find x. 10. A boat that travels 5km/hr on a currentless water travels upstream to a station and comes back in 8 hours. How fast is the current on the river? 11. Given that the equation (k + 1)x2 2(k + a)2 x + 2(k 2 + b) = 0 has a solution x = 1 no matter what value k takes, nd the value of a and b. 4.3.3 Advanced Problems

1. Given that and are the two roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0, we dene Sn = n + n . Find the value of Sn + Sn+1 + Sn+2 . 2. Given that x + 1 = a + b and x2 2ax + 2x + a2 2a 3 = 3b, nd the sum of values that b can have. 3. When John looked at the clock the minute-hand and the second-hand coincided. Find the minimum amount of time past when this happens again. 4. Solve the system of equations: x2 + y 2 = 13 x2 xy + y = 1

5. On a 13 cm cube, John writes numbers 1 through 6, one number on each faces. Next, on a 23 cm cube, John writes numbers 7 through 12. Then, on a 33 cm cube, he writes 13 through 18. He keeps doing this until he is done writing on a n3 cm cube. He nds that the sum of all the numbers he wrote is 381. Find n. 6. A road starts at town A continues on to town B and ends at town C, spanning a total of 125km. Normally, when Chris drives from A to B at 30km/hr and then from B to C at 40km/hr, it takes 3 hours and 45 minutes. The lessen the travel time by 15 minutes in this whole course, Chris changes from 30km/hr to 40 km/hr at some point on the road between A and B. Find the distance Chris travels at 40km/hr as he travels from A to C now. 7. 24 cows can eat all the grass in a given grazing area in 6 days. 21 cows can eat all the grass in the same grazing area in 8 days. Determine the maximum number of cows allowed so that they can eat in the same grazing area forever. (Here we assume that the daily growth of the grass is a constant, and that each cow consumes the same amount of grass per day.) 8. After a soccer game, the two teams line up and march inopposite directions saying good game to each other. Team A has 20 players and team B has 18 players. Suppose that the team A line is moving twice as fast as the team B line does and it takes any given B player 16

12 seconds to go through the whole team A line, how long does it take any given A player to go through the whole team B line? 9. Fifteen people sat around at circular table; each asked the two sitting next their favorite number and nds the average of the two, and announces it going around in the clockwise order starting from a designated person. The result was that starting from 0 at rst, the next was 1, the next 2, ..., the next and last 14. Find the favorite number of the person who announced 10. 10. On a straight road, an inspecting ocer traveled from the rear to the front of an army column, and back, while the column marched forward its own length. If the ocer and the column maintained steady speeds, what was the ratio of their speeds, faster to slower?

4.4
4.4.1

Inequalities
Introductory Problems

1. Given that a, b, c = 0 and ab < 0, bc < 0, a > 0, nd the signs of b and c. 2. If the solution for the inequality ax 1 < 0 is x > 1, what is the value of a? 3. How many integers satisfy the inequalities 2x 1 4 and x + 2 1? 4. Solve the following inequalities: (a) 2x 6 5x 3 2x 1 1 3x 5 + 13 (b) 2 6 3 (c) 1 |x 3| 6 5. Given 3 < a < 8, 2 < b < 5, nd the range of a b. 4.4.2 Intermediate Problems

Two primary ways of comparing two quantities are dividing and substracting. To compare A and B, we see whether A B > 0 or A B < 0, which implies A > B or A < B, respectively. A A To compare A and B when both are positive, we see whether > 1 or < 1, which implies B B A > B or A < B, respectively. 1. Compare the quantities using either one of the methods introduced above. Choose your method carefully. (a) 7 13 17 + 3 5 91 and 7 13 16 + 3 7 91 (b) 7!3! and 6!4! (c) a + b and a2 + b2 17

2. This problem will prove the well known theorem of AM GM HM for two elements, where AM, GM, HM are arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means. Harmonic mean is sum of reciprocals over number of elements. 2 a+b ab. (Hint: note that a = a) 2 2 (b) For any real numbers a, b > 0, prove that ab 1 1 +b a (a) For any real numbers a, b > 0, prove that - As noted before, AM GM HM is also true for cases with more than two elements, as long as the elements are positive real numbers. For example, with three elements, it would be: 3 a+b+c 3 abc 1 1 1 3 +b+c a 3. Find the complete range of a such that ax + 4 > 2x + a is true for all x. 4. Find the condition for a and b under which 2x + a ax b has no solution. 5. A class 10 students, 6 male 4 female, is taking a group test, and in order to pass their average must be greater than or equal to 67. If the average of male students was 65, what is the minimum average score of the female students? 6. In planning the PACE Auction, Ms. Latko realizes that if 5 people sit per table, 9 people wont have a seat. If 6 people sit per table, 5 chairs will be empty. Find all possible number of people coming to the auction. 7. Find the range of k for which x2 3x + k + 2 = 0 does not have two distinct solutions. 8. Find the value of x for which x, x + 2 and x + 4 are lengths of three sides of a right triangle. 4.4.3 Advanced Problems

1. Adam, Bob, Charles, Danny, and Ethan arrived at school at dierent times one day. Adam arrived 4 minutes after Danny. Bob and Charles saw each other on highway, but Bob took a wrong turn and arrived 7 minutes after Charles and 4 minutes after the bell. Danny arrived 11 minutes before the bell. Ethan knew it takes 10 minutes to get to school, and he left his house to arrive at school 15 minutes before the bell but his watch was actually running 10 minutes late. List the ve guys in the order they arrived at school. 2. Pencils are being distributed in a class. If each student receives 3 pencils, then there will be 37 pencils left over. If each student receives 5 pencils, the last one receiving will receive at least one but not ve. If the number of students is a and the number of pencils is b, nd the value of a + b. (The number of students is odd.) 3. Find the minimum value of n a natural number for which n2 + 4n > 106 . 4. Given 0 < a < b < c < d, list from least to greatest: a c a + c ac , , , d b b + d bd

18

5. Prove that for all positive real numbers x, y, z, the following inequality x3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz 0 is always true in two ways: (a) By using AM GM . (b) By using the formula given in 2.2.1. 6. In the following problems, we introduce how to use AM GM property to solve problems that would normally require calculus. (a) Prove that for positive real numbers a and b, a+b > ab if a = b and a+b = ab if 2 2 a = b. This implies that GM is always smaller than AM unless all the elements are equal; Moreover, GM is thus at maximum when it equals AM . This can be further extended to more than two elements. (b) Using only the identity sin2 + cos2 = 1, prove that the maximum value of sin cos is 0.5 given that 0 2 (c) A construction company is granted 40 feet of fences to enclose a rectangular shaped region. If the length and the width of the region is x and y, nd the values for x and y such that the area of the region enclosed is maximized. (d) Of all the boxes that can be enclosed in a sphere of radius 3, nd the surface area of the one that has the maximum volume. 7. For all positive real numbers a, b, c such that ab 1, bc 1, ca 1, prove that the following inequality is always true. (Hint: The tools you need are #1 and #2 of the 4.4.2 Intermediate Problems, and as always, have fun.) (a + b + c) 1 1 1 + + 2 2 1+a 1+b 1 + c2 b2 c2 a2 + + 1 + a2 1 + b 2 1 + c 2 1 1 1 + + a b c

8. Given that a, b, c are three sides of a triangle, prove that 8abc (a + b c)(a b + c)(a + b + c)

4.5

Functions

19

Elementary Number Theory

This section provides an extensive coverage of concepts in number theory. It is broken into three parts: Base Systems, Divisibility, GCD and LCM, Modulo Arithmetics.

5.1
5.1.1

Base Systems
Key Concepts

a number N in base m is denoted N = an an1 ...a2 a1 a0( m) = an mn + an1 mn1 + . . . + a2 m2 + a1 m + a0 - For example, our decimal system (base 10) works in this way: 453679 = 4 106 + 5 105 + 3 104 + 6 103 + 7 102 + 9 100 The number of zeros at the end of a number n is equal to the number of times n can be divided by the base number. - For example, the number 384000 (in decimal) can be divided by 10 evenly three times. (384000 10 = 38400. 38400 10 3840. 3840 10 = 384). It has three zeros at the end. Likewise, if 432(= 63 2) is expressed in base 6, it has zeros; that is, 432(10) = 2000(6) . 5.1.2 Problems (ai < m)

1. When 7 was written in base n, the result was 21(n) . What is the value of n? 2. Find the base b such that: (a) (a) 72(b) = 2(37(b) ) (b) (b) 72(b) = 3(27(b) ) 3. How many zeros are at the end of 5! in base 6 number system? 4. When 10! is written in base 12, it has k zeros at the end. What is the value of k? 5. Let N1 = 0.888 . . ., written in base 9, and let N2 = 0.888 . . ., written in base 10. Find the value of N1 N2 in base 9.

5.2
5.2.1

Divisibility: Primes and Composites

Key Concepts

Primes and Composites A prime number is dened as an integer that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. Composite number is dened as an integer that can be expressed as a product of 2 or more primes. Fact: There are innitely many prime numbers. Challenge: Prove it. 20

 Fact: For any integer, there exists a unique prime factorization. That is, any integer n can be express as the following where P1 , P2 , . . . , Pk are distinct primes and 1 , 2 , . . . , k are whole numbers: n = P1 1 P2 2 . . . Pk k 1. Theorem 1: Number of positive divisors (factors) of n, denoted d(n), is: d(n) = (1 + 1)(2 + 1) . . . (k + 1) 2. Theorem 2: The sum of all positive divisors of n, denoted (n), is:
2 2 2 (n) = (1 + P1 + P1 + . . . + P1 1 )(1 + P2 + P2 + . . . + P2 2 ) . . . (1 + Pk + Pk + . . . + Pk k )

Divisibility For integers a and b, if there exists an integer k such that b = ka, we say that b is divisible by a or a divides b, denoted a|b. Mathematically put, For a, b Z, k Z such that b = ka a|b

Properties of divisibility (try to see why these are true and try out examples): 1. If a|b, then a|bc where c is a non-zero integer. 2. If a|b and a|c, then a|k1 b + k2 c where k1 , k2 are integers. 3. Caution: the converses are not true: (a) NOT: If a|bc, then a|b or a|c. (e.g. 6|12(= 3 4) but 6|3 and 6|4 is certainly not true) (b) NOT: If a|k1 b + k2 c, then a|b and a|c. (Can you nd an example?) 4. If a|b and a | b + c, then a|c. 5. If a|bc and gcd(a, b) = 1, then a|c. 6. If a b = c d and e|a, e|b, and e|c, then e|d. 7. It is important that you workout examples of these properties on your own Divisibility Tests: 2: any even number is a multiple of 2. 3: if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3, it is divisible by 3. 4: if the last two digits are divisible by 4. 5: all numbers with unit digit (the ones digit) 0 or 5. 6: if divisible by 2 and 3. 8: if the last three digits are divisible by 8. 9: if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9. 11: if the dierence between sums of odd digits and even digits is a multiple of 11. 21

5.2.2

Problems

These problems will be dicult and may take quite some time since you are not familiar with number theory. It is important that you try to think everything out yourself, and as always, especially for proofs, trying out examples with numbers can get you a sense of how things work. 1. Prove that if ab + cd is divisible by a c, then ad + bc is also divisible by a c. 2. Of numbers that only consist of odd numbers, nd the smallest six digit one that is divisible by 125. 3. If the seven digit number 62xy427 is a multiple of 99, nd x and y. 4. Using the fact that 782 + 8161 is a multiple of 57, prove that 783 + 8163 is also a multiple of 57. 5. If the sum of squares of a prime number and an odd number is 125, nd the two numbers. 6. If the product three prime numbers p1 , p2 , and p3 is ve times their sum, nd the three prime numbers.

22

6
6.1
6.1.1

Trigonometry and Analysis

Exponents and Logarithms
Useful Formulae
a a

(a) a a = a+ ,

= a ,

(a ) = a

(b) ax = y loga y = x (c) logam bn =

n m

loga b,

aloga x = x,

loge x = ln x
a b

(d) logn a + logn b = logn ab, (e) 6.1.2 loga b = logc b, loga c Problems

logn a logn b = logn

1 = logb a loga b

1. Prove all the logarithm properties (c), (d), and (e) using (a) and (b) 2.

6.2
6.2.1

Trigonometry
Useful Formulae ABC be a triangle where a, b, c denote the sides BC, CA, AB,

For the formulae in the following, let respectively. Must-knows sin = tan , cos

sin() = sin ,

cos() = cos tan2 + 1 = sec2

sin2 + cos2 = 1,

1 + cot2 = csc2 ,

Law of Sines 1: ABC is Given two sides a, b and the angle between them of a triangle, the area of the triangle is: 1 ABC = ab sin 2 . Law of Sines 2: Let, R be the radius of the circumcircle of a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C Law of Cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C Advanced sin( ) = sin cos cos sin , sin(2) = 2 sin cos 23 ABC, then:

 cos( ) = cos cos tan( ) = 6.2.2 Problems

sin sin ,

cos(2) = cos2 sin2

= 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 cos2

tan tan 1 tan tan

24