Algorithms Lab Manual

1. Implement Recursive Binary search and Linear search and determine the time taken to search an element. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be searched and plot a graph of the time taken versus n. /* Implementation of recursive binary search and sequential search */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<time.h> #include<stdlib.h> #define max 20 int pos; int binsearch(int,int[],int,int,int); int linsearch(int,int[],int); void main() { int ch=1; double t; int n,i,a[max],k,op,low,high,pos; clock_t begin,end; clrscr(); while(ch) {
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printf("\n.....MENU.....\n 1.Binary Search\n 2.Linear Search\n 3.Exit\n"); printf("\nEnter your choice\n"); scanf("%d",&op); switch(op) { case 1:printf("\nEnter the number of elements \n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter the elements of an array in order\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); printf("\nEnter the elements to be searched\n"); scanf("%d",&k); low=0;high=n-1; begin=clock(); pos=binsearch(n,a,k,low,high); end=clock(); if(pos==-1) printf("\n\n Unsuccessful search"); else printf("\n Element %d is found at position %d",k,pos+1); printf("\n Time taken is %lf CPU1 cycles\n",(endbegin)/CLK_TCK); getch();
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break; case 2:printf("\nEnter the number of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter the elements of an array\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); printf("\nEnter the elements to be searched\n"); scanf("%d",&k); begin=clock(); pos=linsearch(n,a,k); end=clock(); if(pos==-1) printf("\n\n Unsuccessful search"); else printf("\n Element %d is found at position %d",k,pos+1); printf("\n Time taken is %lf CPU cycles\n",(endbegin)/CLK_TCK); getch(); break; default:printf("\nInvalid choice entered\n"); exit(0); }

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Algorithms Lab Manual

printf("\n Do you wish to run again (1/0) \n"); scanf("%d",&ch); } getch(); } int binsearch(int n,int a[],int k,int low,int high) { int mid; delay(1000); mid=(low+high)/2; if(low>high) return -1; if(k==a[mid]) return(mid); else if(k<a[mid]) return binsearch(n,a,k,low,mid1); else return binsearch(n,a,k,mid+1,high); } int linsearch(int n,int a[],int k) { delay(1000); if(n<0)
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Algorithms Lab Manual

return -1; if(k==a[n-1]) return(n-1); else return linsearch(n-1,a,k); }

OUTPUT Case 1 .....MENU..... 1.Binary Search 2.Linear Search 3.Exit Enter your choice 1 Enter the number of elements 3 Enter the elements of an array
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4 8 12 Enter the elements to be searched 12 Element 12 is found at position 2 Time taken is 1.978022 CPU1 cycles Case 2 .....MENU..... 1.Binary Search 2.Linear Search 3.Exit Enter your choice 2 Enter the number of elements 4 Enter the elements of an array 3 6 9 12 Enter the elements to be searched 9
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Element 9 is found at position 3 Time taken is 3.021978 CPU cycles

2. Sort a given set of elements using the Heap sort method and determine the time taken to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken versus n.

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<time.h>

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Algorithms Lab Manual

void heapcom(int a[],int n) { int i,j,k,item; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { item=a[i]; j=i; k=j/2; while(k!=0 && item>a[k]) { a[j]=a[k]; j=k; k=j/2; } a[j]=item; } } void adjust(int a[],int n) { int item,i,j; j=1; item=a[j]; i=2*j; while(i<n) { if((i+1)<n) { if(a[i]<a[i+1]) i++; } if(item<a[i])
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{ a[j]=a[i]; j=i; i=2*j; } else break; } a[j]=item; } void heapsort(int a[],int n) { int i,temp; delay(1000); heapcom(a,n); for(i=n;i>=1;i--) { temp=a[1]; a[1]=a[i]; a[i]=temp; adjust(a,i); } } void main() { int i,n,a[20],ch=1; clock_t start,end; clrscr(); while(ch) { printf("\n enter the number of elements to sort\n");
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scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the elements to sort\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); start=clock(); heapsort(a,n); end=clock(); printf("\n the sorted list of elemnts is\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) printf("%d\n",a[i]); printf("\n Time taken is %lf CPU cycles\n",(end-start)/CLK_TCK); printf("do u wish to run again (0/1)\n"); scanf("%d",&ch); } getch(); }

OUTPUT enter the number of elements to sort 5 enter the elements to sort 8 5
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Algorithms Lab Manual

6 3 1 the sorted list of elemnts is 1 3 5 6 8

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3. Sort a given set of elements using Merge sort method and determine the time taken to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken versus n.

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<time.h> #define max 20 void mergesort(int a[],int low,int high); void merge(int a[],int low,int mid,int high); void main() { int n,i,a[max],ch=1; clock_t start,end; clrscr(); while(ch) {
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printf("\n\t enter the number of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n\t enter the elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); start= clock(); mergesort(a,0,n-1); end=clock(); printf("\nthe sorted array is\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%d\n",a[i]); printf("\n\ntime taken=%lf", (end-start)/CLK_TCK); printf("\n\ndo u wish to continue(0/1) \n"); scanf("%d",&ch); } getch(); } void mergesort(int a[],int low,int high) { int mid; delay(100); if(low<high) { mid=(low+high)/2; mergesort(a,low,mid); mergesort(a,mid+1,high);
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Algorithms Lab Manual

merge(a,low,mid,high); } } void merge(int a[],int low,int mid,int high) { int i,j,k,t[max]; i=low; j=mid+1; k=low; while((i<=mid) && (j<=high)) if(a[i]<=a[j]) t[k++]=a[i++]; else t[k++]=a[j++]; while(i<=mid) t[k++]=a[i++]; while(j<=high) t[k++]=a[j++]; for(i=low;i<=high;i++) a[i]=t[i]; }

OUTPUT Enter the number of elements 5

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Enter the elements 6 3 4 1 9 The sorted array is 1 3 4 6 9 time taken=0.824176

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4. Sort a given set of elements using Selection sort and hence find the time required to sort elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken versus n. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<time.h> void main() { int i,n,j,min,k,a[20],ch=1; clock_t begin,end; clrscr(); while(ch) { printf("\n enter the number of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the elements to be sorted\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); begin=clock(); for(i=0;i<=n-2;i++) { min=i; delay(200); for(j=i+1;j<=n-1;j++) {
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Algorithms Lab Manual

if(a[j]<a[min]) min=j; } k=a[i]; a[i]=a[min]; a[min]=k; } end=clock(); printf("\n\t the sorted list of elements are:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("\n%d",a[i]); printf("\n\n\t time taken:%lf", (end-begin)/CLK_TCK); printf("\n\n do u wish to continue (0/1)\n"); scanf("%d",&ch); } getch(); }

OUTPUT enter the number of elements 5 enter the elements to be sorted 8 3 5

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Algorithms Lab Manual

1 9 the sorted list of elements are: 1 3 5 8 9 time taken:0.824176

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Algorithms Lab Manual

5. a. Obtain the Topological ordering of vertices in a given digraph. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define max 20 int a[max][max],n; void topological_sort(); void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of vertices\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); topological_sort(); getch(); } void topological_sort() { int v[max],ver[max],i,j,p=1,flag=0; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) v[i]=0;
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Algorithms Lab Manual

while(p<=n) { j=1; while(j<=n) { flag=0; if(v[j]==0) { for(i=1;i<=n;i++) if((a[i][j]!=0) && (v[i]==0)) { flag=1; break; } if(flag==0) { v[j]=1; ver[p++]=j; break; } } j++; if(j>n) { printf("\n topological order is not possible\n"); getch(); exit(0); }
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} } printf("\n topological order obtained is...\n"); for(i=1;i<p;i++) printf("\t%d",ver[i]); getch(); }

OUTPUT enter the number of vertices 4 enter the adjacency matrix 0111 0001 0000 0010 topological order obtained is... 1 2 4 3

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5 b. Implement All Pair Shortest paths problem using Floyd's algorithm. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<stdlib.h> int cost[10][10],a[10][10]; void all_paths(int [10][10],int [10] [10],int); int min1(int,int); void main() { int i,j,n; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of vertices\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]); all_paths(cost,a,n); printf("\n\t the shortest path obtained is\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=n;j++) printf("\t %d",a[i][j]); printf("\n");
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} getch(); } void all_paths(int cost[10][10],int a[10][10],int n) { int i,j,k; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) a[i][j]=cost[i][j]; for(k=1;k<=n;k++) for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) a[i][j]=min1(a[i][j],a[i][k]+a[k] [j]); } int min1(int a,int b) { return(a<b)?a:b; }

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OUTPUT enter the number of vertices 4 enter the adjacency matrix 999 999 3 999 2 999 999 999 999 7 999 1 6 999 999 999 the shortest path obtained is 10 10 3 4 2 12 5 6 7 7 10 1 6 16 9 10

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6. Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using dynamic programming. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int v[20][20]; int max1(int a,int b) { return(a>b)?a:b; } void main() { int i,j,p[20],w[20],n,max; clrscr();

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Algorithms Lab Manual

printf("\n enter the number of items\n"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf("\n enter the weight and profit of the item %d:",i); scanf("%d %d",&w[i],&p[i]); } printf("\n enter the capacity of the knapsack"); scanf("%d",&max); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) v[i][0]=0; for(j=0;j<=max;j++) v[0][j]=0; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=max;j++) { if(w[i]>j) v[i][j]=v[i-1][j]; else v[i][j]=max1(v[i-1][j],v[i-1][jw[i]]+p[i]); } printf("\n\nThe table is\n"); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { for(j=0;j<=max;j++) printf("%d\t",v[i][j]); printf("\n");
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} printf("\nThe maximum profit is %d",v[n][max]); printf("\nThe most valuable subset is:{"); j=max;

for(i=n;i>=1;i--) if(v[i][j]!=v[i-1][j]) { printf("\t item %d:",i); j=j-w[i]; } printf("}"); getch(); } OUTPUT enter the number of items 4 enter the weight and profit of the item 1:2 12 enter the weight and profit of the item 2:1 10 enter the weight and profit of the item 3:3 20
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Algorithms Lab Manual

enter the weight and profit of the item 4:2 15 enter the capacity of the knapsack5 The table is 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 10 12 0 10 12 0 10 15

0 0 0 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 30 32 25 30 37 item 4: item 2:

The maximum profit is 37 The most valuable subset is:{ item 1:}

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7. From a given vertex in a weighted connected graph, find shortest paths to other vertices using Dijkstra's algorithm. #include<stdio.h> main () { int n, cost[15][15], i, j, s[15], v, u, w, dist[15], num, min; clrscr(); printf ("Enter the vertices please\n"); scanf ("%d", &n); printf ("Enter the cost of the edges please\n"); printf ("Enter 999 if the edgeis not present or for the self loop\n"); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) scanf ("%d", &cost[i][j]); printf ("Enter the Source vertex please\n"); scanf ("%d", &v); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { s[i] = 0; dist[i] = cost[v][i];
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} s[v] = 1; dist[v] = 0; for (num = 2; num <= n - 1; num++) { min = 999; for (w = 1; w <= n; w++) if (s[w] == 0 && dist[w] < min) { min = dist[w]; u = w; } s[u] = 1; for (w = 1; w <= n; w++) { if (s[w] == 0) { if (dist[w] > (dist[u] + cost[u][w])) dist[w] = (dist[u] + cost[u][w]); } } } printf ("VERTEX\tDESTINATION\tCOST\n"); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
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printf (" v, i, dist[i]); getch(); } OUTPUT

%d\t

%d\t\t %d\n",

Enter the vertices please n = 5 Enter the cost of the edges please Enter 999 if the edge is not present or for the self loop The cost of the edges are : 999 1 2 999 999 1 999 3 4 999 2 3 999 5 6 999 4 5 999 6 999 999 6 6 999 Enter the Source vertex please : 1 VERTEX DESTINATION 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 COST 0 1 2 5 8

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8. Sort a given set of elements using Quick sort method and determine the time taken to sort the elements. Repeat the experiment for different values of n, the number of elements in the list to be sorted and plot a graph of the time taken versus n. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void quicksort(int[],int,int); int partition(int[],int,int); void main() { int i,n,a[20],ch=1; clrscr(); while(ch) { printf("\n enter the number of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); quicksort(a,0,n-1); printf("\n\nthe sorted array elements are\n\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("\n%d",a[i]); printf("\n\n do u wish to continue (0/1)\n"); scanf("%d",&ch);
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} getch(); } void quicksort(int a[],int low,int high) { int mid; if(low<high) { mid=partition(a,low,high); quicksort(a,low,mid-1); quicksort(a,mid+1,high); } } int partition(int a[],int low,int high) { int key,i,j,temp,k; key=a[low]; i=low+1; j=high; while(i<=j) { while(i<=high && key>=a[i]) i=i+1; while(key<a[j]) j=j-1; if(i<j) { temp=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=temp; }
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else { k=a[j]; a[j]=a[low]; a[low]=k; } } return j; }

OUTPUT enter the number of elements 5 enter the elements to be sorted 8 5 2 4 1 the sorted list of elements are: 1 2 4 5 8 time taken:0.824176

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9. Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Kruskal's algorithm#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int root[10], flag = 0, count=0, temp, min; int a[20], cost[20][20], n, i, j, k, totalcost = 0, x, y; void find_min (), check_cycle (), update (); main () { clrscr(); printf ("Enter the number of vertices please\n"); scanf ("%d", &n); printf ("Enter the cost of the matrix please\n"); for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) scanf ("%d", &cost[i][j]); find_min (); while (min != 999 && count != n - 1) { check_cycle (); if (flag) {
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Algorithms Lab Manual

printf ("%d x, y,

--->

%d

%d\n",

cost[x][y]); totalcost += cost[x][y]; update (); count++; } cost[x][y] = cost[y][x] = 999; find_min (); } if (count < n - 2) printf ("The graph is not connected\n"); else printf ("The graph is connected & the min cost is %d\n", totalcost); getch(); } void check_cycle () { if ((root[x] == root[y]) && (root[x] != 0)) flag = 0; else flag = 1; } void find_min () {
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min = 999; for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) if (min > cost[i][j]) { min = cost[i][j]; x = i; y = j; } } void update () { if (root[x] == 0 && root[y] == 0) root[x] = root[y] = x; else if (root[x] == 0) root[x] = root[y]; else if (root[y] == 0) root[y] = root[x]; else { temp = root[y]; for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) if (root[i] == temp) root[i] = root[x]; } }
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OUTPUT Enter the number of vertices please 4 Enter the cost of the matrix please 999 1 5 2 1 999 999 999 5 999 999 3 2 999 3 999 1 ---> 2 = 1 1 ---> 4 = 2 3 ---> 4 = 3 The graph is connected & the min cost is 6

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10. a. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph using Breadth First Search method.

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#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void distance(int,int); int a[10][10]; void main() { int i,j,n; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter the number of vertices in the diagraph:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n Enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf("\n\t the starting vertex is %d\n",i); distance(i,n); printf("\n \t press enter for other source vertex\n"); getch(); } } void distance(int v,int n) { int queue[40],visited[20],dis[20],front,rear,i,j; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) visited[i]=dis[i]=0; front=rear=0; queue[rear++]=v;
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visited[v]=1; do { i=queue[front++]; for(j=1;j<=n;j++) if(a[i][j] && !visited[j]) { dis[j]=dis[i]+1; queue[rear++]=j; visited[j]=1; printf("\n\t the vertex %d to %d is of distance=%d\n",v,j,dis[j]); } } while(front<rear); }

OUTPUT Enter the number of vertices in the diagraph:4 Enter the adjacency matrix 0111 0001 0000 0010 the starting vertex is 1

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the vertex 1 to 2 is of distance=1 the vertex 1 to 3 is of distance=1 the vertex 1 to 4 is of distance=1 press enter for other source vertex the starting vertex is 2 the vertex 2 to 4 is of distance=1 the vertex 2 to 3 is of distance=2 press enter for other source vertex the starting vertex is 3 press enter for other source vertex the starting vertex is 4 the vertex 4 to 3 is of distance=1 press enter for other source vertex

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10 b. Check whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void dfs(int n,int cost[10][10],int u,int s[]) { int v; s[u]=1; for(v=0;v<n;v++) { if(cost[u][v]==1 && s[v]==0) { dfs(n,cost,v,s); } } } void main() { int n,i,j,cost[10] [10],s[10],connected,flag; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of nodes\n"); scanf("%d",&n);
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printf("\n enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]); } } connected=0; for(j=0;j<n;j++) { for(i=0;i<n;i++) s[i]=0; dfs(n,cost,j,s); flag=0; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(s[i]==0) flag=1; } if(flag==0) connected=1; }

if(connected==1) printf("graph is connected\n"); else printf("graph is not connected\n"); getch();

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OUTPUT Case 1: enter the number of nodes 4 enter the adjacency matrix 0001 0000 0010 0001 graph is not connected Case 2: enter the number of nodes 4 enter the adjacency matrix 1111 1111 1111
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1111 graph is connected

11. Find a subset of a given set S == {sl,s2,......sn} of n positive integers whose sum is equal to a given positive integer d. For example, if S== (1, 2, 5, 6, 8} and d = 9 there are two solutions {1,2,6} and {1,8}. A suitable message is to be displayed if the given problem instance doesn't have a solution. #include<stdio.h> int s[10],d,n,set[10],count=0; void display(int); int flag = 0; void main() { int subset(int,int); int i; clrscr();

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printf("Enter the Number of elements in the set\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("enter the set values\n"); for(i=0;i<n;++i) scanf("%d",&s[i]); printf("\nEnter the sum\n"); scanf("%d",&d); printf(" The Program Output is:\n"); subset(0,0); if(flag == 0) printf(" There is no solution \n"); getch(); } int subset(int sum,int i) { if(sum == d) { flag = 1; display(count); return; } if(sum>d || i>=n) return; else { set[count]=s[i]; count++; subset(sum+s[i],i+1); count--; subset(sum,i+1); } }
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void display(int count) { int i; printf("{ "); for(i=0;i<count;i++) printf("%d ",set[i]); printf("}\n"); }

OUTPUT Enter the Number of elements in the set 5 enter the set values 1 2 5 6 8 Enter the sum 9
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The Program Output is: {126} {18}

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12. a. Implement Horspool algorithm for String Matching, #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> void main() { int table[126]; char t[100],p[25]; int n,i,k,j,m,flag=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter the Text\n"); gets(t); n=strlen(t); printf("Enter the Pattern\n"); gets(p); m=strlen(p); for(i=0;i<126;i++) table[i]=m; for(j=0;j<=m-2;j++) table[p[j]]=m-1-j; i=m-1; while(i<=n-1) { k=0; while(k<=m-1 && p[m-1-k] == t[ik]) k++; if(k == m) {
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printf("The position of the pattern is %d\n",i-m+2); flag=1; break; } else i=i+table[t[i]]; } if(!flag) printf("Pattern is not found in the given text\n"); getch(); }

OUTPUT Case 1: Enter the Text acharya_computer_science_engineering Enter the Pattern science The position of the pattern is 18
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Case 2: Enter the Text acharya_computer_sceince_engineering Enter the Pattern cj Pattern is not found in the given text

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12. b. Find the Binomial Co-efficient using Dynamic Programming. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,n,c[50][50]; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the value of n & k\n"); scanf("%d%d",&n,&k); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) for(j=0;j<=k;j++) c[i][j]=0; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { c[i][0]=1; c[i][i]=1; } for(i=2;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=i-1;j++) c[i][j]=c[i-1][j-1]+c[i-1][j]; printf("\n the table for valuation is\n"); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { for(j=0;j<=k;j++) if(c[i][j]!=0) printf("\t%d",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); }
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printf("\n\t the binomial coefficient of C(%d,%d) is %d\n",n,k,c[n][k]); getch(); }

OUTPUT enter the value of n & k 63 the table for valuation is 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1

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1 1 1

4 5 6

6 10 15

4 10 20

the binomial coefficient of C(6,3) is 20

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13. Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using Prims algorithm. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int cost[20][20],t[20] [20],near1[20],a[20]; int i,j,n,min,minimum,k,l,mincost,c,b; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of nodes\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]); minimum=cost[1][1]; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { if(minimum>=cost[i][j]) { minimum=cost[i][j]; k=i; l=j; }
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} mincost=minimum; t[1][1]=k; t[1][2]=l; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { if(cost[i][l]<cost[i][k]) near1[i]=l; else near1[i]=k; } near1[k]=near1[l]=0; for(i=2;i<=n-1;i++) { min=999; for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { if(near1[j]!=0) {

a[j]=cost[j][near1[j]]; { min=a[j]; c=near1[j]; b=j; printf("\n"); } }

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} mincost=mincost+cost[b][c]; near1[b]=0; for(k=1;k<=n;k++) if((near1[k]!=0) && (cost[k] [near1[k]]>cost[k][b])) near1[k]=b; } printf("\n\ the cost of minimum spanning tree is=%d",mincost); getch(); } OUTPUT enter the number of nodes 4 enter the adjacency matrix 999 1 5 2 1 999 999 999 5 999 999 3 2 999 3 999

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the cost of minimum spanning tree is=6

14. Compute the transitive closure of a given directed graph using Warshall's algorithm. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int a[10][10]; void main() { int i,j,k,n; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of vertices\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n enter the adjacency matrix\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) for(j=1;j<=n;j++) scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); for(k=1;k<=n;k++) for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
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for(j=1;j<=n;j++) a[i][j]=a[i][j] || a[i][k] && a[k] [j]; printf("\n\t the tranitive closure is\n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=n;j++) printf("\t %d",a[i][j]); printf("\n"); } getch(); }

OUTPUT
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enter the number of vertices 4 enter the adjacency matrix 0100 0001 1010 0000 the tranitive closure is 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

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15. Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> int x[20],count=1; void queens(int,int); int place(int,int); void main() { int n,k=1; clrscr(); printf("\n enter the number of queens to be placed\n"); scanf("%d",&n); queens(k,n); } void queens(int k,int n) { int i,j; for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { if(place(k,j)) { x[k]=j; if(k==n) { printf("\n %d solution",count); count++; for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
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printf("\n \t %d row <---> %d column",i,x[i]); getch(); } else queens(k+1,n); } } } int place(int k,int j) { int i; for(i=1;i<k;i++) if((x[i]==j) || (abs(x[i]j))==abs(i-k)) return 0; return 1; }

OUTPUT enter the number of queens to be placed 4 1 solution 1 row <---> 2 column 2 row <---> 4 column 3 row <---> 1 column 4 row <---> 3 column 2 solution
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1 row <---> 3 column 2 row <---> 1 column 3 row <---> 4 column 4 row <---> 2 column

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