Chapter1:SetsandFunctions

Section1:IntroductiontoSets

Definition1.1.1:Aset,X,isacollectionofwhatever(withoutany
repeatedelements)writtenasalistbetweena{anda}.

Definition1.1.2:Asourcesetisasetthatcontainsallelements
containedinthesetsofwhichitisthesource(theunsaidsets).

Axiom1:Thereexistssourceset,U,whichisacollectionofwhatever.
Example1.1.1:

U
xiwloe
5

notanapple

love
7 2
4

Definition1.1.3:AisasubsetofB(AB)ifandonlyifallelementsinA
arecontainedinB(foranyaA,aB).

Axiom2:Thereexistsasubset,A,ofaset,U,whichisdefinedin
generalas:
1

Example1.1.2:UsingthesameU,letAUandBUsuchthat:

5
B

1The:meanswhere,andtheaUisassumed

love

xiwloe

notanapple


Theorem1.1.1:Foranygivensourceset,U,thereexistsanemptyset,
,anditisasubsetofU.

Proof:LetUbeanygivenset.Thenthereexistsasubset,A,ofU
definedas:
.Supposethereisanelement,aA.
WecansaythataUsinceAU.However,aUbyhowweve
definedA,acontradiction,whichmeansthatAhasnoelements,or
A={}=,thesymbolfortheemptyset.

Wecoulddefinetheintersectionandtheunionoftwosetsrightnow,
butletsmovetothenextsectionsothatwecandefinethemusing
operations.

Section2:IntroductiontoFunctions

ForthefollowingfunctionschoosesomeUtobeasourceset.

Definition1.2.1:LetUbeasourcesetandletM,NU.Afunction,y,is
definedasamappingfromasetMtoasetN,andisdenoted
,
where
.

Axiom3:Thereexistsafunction.

Definition1.2.2:AnelementmMisasingleelementifandonlyifitis
notasetofmorethanoneelement,meaningatitsbaseisasingle
elementthatisnotaset.

Theorem1.2.1:Ifmisasetofasettothenthdegreeofm1,asingle
elementthatisnotaset,thenm={{{m1}}}isasingleelement.

Proof:Letmn+1={mn}andletm1beasingleelement.n=1:Ifm2=
{m1},thenm2isasetofoneelementandisthusaregularelement.
n=2:{{m1}}={m2}=m3whichisalsoasetofasetofasingle
element.n=k:Supposetherearekmanysetsof{}aroundm1,
denotedmk+1={{{m1}}},andthiswasalsodeterminedtobe
onething,asetatwhosebaseisasingleelement;thenfor
n=(k+1):mk={mk1)={{{{m1}}}}weareleftwithasingle
element,asetatwhosebaseisasingleelement.

Definition1.2.3:LetUbethesourcesetandletM,NU.Afunction,
isaregularfunctionifandonlyifforallelementsmM,
wheremisasingleelement,
,wherenisasingleelement.

Definition1.2.4:LetUbethesourcesetandletM,NU.Afunction,
,isaontoifandonlyifforallnN,thereexistssome
mMsuchthaty(m)=n.

Definition1.2.5:LetUbethesourcesetandletM,NU.Afunction,
,isaonetooneifandonlyifforallnN,thereexistsa
unique(meaningonlyone)mMsuchthaty(m)=n.

Definition1.2.6:LetUbethesourcesetandletM,NU.Thenwe
defineanewset,
,andthissetis
readMcrossN.

Theorem1.2.2:LetUbeasourcesetandletM,NU.Thentheset,
MNU.

Proof:Uisthesourceset,thusitcontainsallelementsofunsaid
sets,orsetsyettobedefined.Thismeansthatallelementsinset
MNareinU,makingMNU.

Definition1.2.7,1.2.8:LetUbeasourcesetandletM,NU.Afunction,
,where
,isdefinedasan
operationwhereforallmMandnN,
,andPisthegeneratedsetfromtheoperation.

Axiom4:Thereexistsageneratedset,

Definition1.2.9:GivensetsM,N,theunionofMandNisdefinedas

Definition1.2.9:Agroup,M,underoperations
isdefinedas
.

Chapter2:BuildingArithmeticfrombottomup

Definition2.1:Apointistotalexistencewithinthesmallestpossible
distance/area/volume.

Axiom4:Thereexistpoints.

Definition2.2:Lettherebetwopoints,xandy.Thedistancebetween
thesepointsissomevalue,n,wheren=|xy|.

Lettherebeapoint,O,theorigin,andapoint,1

O
1

Letthedistancebetweenthembethevaluecalled1.

Plotapointextendedinthesamedirection,theexactsamedistance
from1andcallthispoint2.

Definition2.1:LetObetheoriginandletn,mbesomevalues

Chapter3:Howtocount

Didyouknowthatmathwascreated?ThatsrightMathdidnt
just fall from the sky. For every mathematical concept, there was a
beingwhocreatedit(ordiscoveredit,dependingonhowyoulookatit).
Lets look at the most basic mathematical skill counting. There are
differentwaystocount.Eachwayofcountingusesacountingsystem:
atotallyorderedset2thatcanbelistedinorderstartingwithasmallest
element.
ThemostcommonlyusedcountingsystemsinMatharecomposed
oftheArabicnumerals:{0,1,2,3,,9}.Thesetwosetsarecalledthe
wholenumbers:W={0,1,2,3,,8,9,10,}andthenaturalnumbers:
N={1,2,3,4,,9,10,}.Butthereareothercountingsystemsthat
usedifferenttypesofnumerals.TakeforexampletheRomannumeral
countingsystem:{I,II,III,IV,V,,X,,L,,C,}orthetallymark
countingsystem3.ThesearecountingsystemsthatdontusetheArabic
numerals.Whataboutthenaturalbinarysystem4orthenaturalbase65
system?youmayask.Wellbygolly,thesearenumberingsystemstoo.

Question 1: There is a big nonreligious book that bases its

contentonacountingsystem.Whatisthisbookcalled?Whatis
thisspecificcountingsystemcalled?

Question2:Canyoucreateanewcountingsystem?Ifyes,then
do it. Remember to define a set of numerals first. Define any
possiblerulestofollowaswell.

2Totallyorderedset:Asetinwhichforallelements,xandy,either(1)x>y,(2)
x<y,or(3)y=x,but(3)canbetrueifandonlyifxandyareexactlythesamething
3Tallymarkcountingsystem:aspacedstring(alistingofsymbolswithnospace
ormarktoseparatethem)of(1)tally5grouping(s)(eachbeingastringof4|swith
a\crossingthroughthe4lines)followedbyapossible(2)tallyremainder(astring
upto4|s),orjust(2)ifthetotalnumberoflinesislessthan5whereeachlineis
countedasanaturalnumber.
4ThenumberingsystemthatusesonlytheArabicnumerals{0,1}={1,10,11,100,
101,110,111,1000,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111,}
5Thenumberingsystemcomposedofthedigits{0,1,2,3,4,5}={1,2,3,4,5,10,11,
12,13,14,15,20,,54,55,100,101,}

Challenge 1: Can you define the counting system by which [the

book in Question 2]s system is put into order starting with the
leastpossibleelement,makinguseofthedotdotdot?

Challenge2:Canyouusethedotdotdotedlistingtodefinethe
mostgeneralmethodpossible?