GENDER- chpt 7

Language Linguistic Sexism: tendency to communicate sexist messages Lang. is key to gender control, value, attention

Lecture

Sex Codes - control/ regulate sexual behaviour Abstinence standard: forbidding pre-marital sex Double standard: male pre-marital sex Love Standard: physical expression of love women go by this today Fun standard: acceptable if both are willing

Sex & Gender sex: biological (ascribed) physiological differenced ISNA (Intersex Society of North America) gender: social (learned in primary socialization) maculine/feminine & social expectations Gender Norms: rules specifying gender appropriate behavior aka gender scripts

Becoming Our Gender Gender Identity (Micro): perception of self as male/ female not masc./fem Achieved status Master Status Gender Order (Macro): set of structural relations through which people are treated differently b/c of their gender Gender norms Gender roles How males/ females should act Gender Intensification: process by which individ. are in influenced to hyper-differentiate themselves from the other gender in terms of appearance/behav Most often during adolescence period tough guise impossible standards lead to low self-esteem

Beliefs about Gender Differences - for most characteristics, there is more similarities than diff. in genders most human characteristics fall into normal distribution

most people fall somewhere in middle Bell curve Even when gender diff exist, the portion of the 2 bell curves that overlap is greater than the portion that is distinct to either gender 1) gender schemas shape the way we remember gender expectations 2) social roles enhance/suppress different capabilities 3) differential gender socialization leads males/fem to develop diff skills/ attitudes which lead to diff behav which confirms the diff roles

Why Gender Differences?

Gendered Division of Labour Gender Stratification: social status & social roles that men/women occupy in society place is largely based on D.O.L Wage Gap 2009- 1st time women outnumbered men in labour force % single women earn .93/$1.00 to men % women full time earn .85/$1.00 to men women are over represented in high-tier jobs (nursing 87.7%, teaching 63%) underrepresented in senior management 24.2%, Engineering 22%, Trades 6.6% Reasons for Gendered Wage Gap: 44% of gap Usual factors o 24% worker characteristics: experience & skills o 20% sex segregation: distribution of m/f in workforce 18% of gap Workplace characteristics o 11% part-time (women look for flexible hrs) o 7% other 38% of gap Inexplicable o cant explain, discrimination

Feminization of poverty: gap experiences over lifetime leave women more poor & at a disadvantage for retirement 1/3 women will be poor, women make 13,000 less than men a yr

Housework second shift: the burden working women face come home & do majority of unpaid labour women do 40% more housework overall

housework hrs decrease for both m/f if employed

Theories Structural Functionalism (we have things b/c they benefit society) - Biological differences btwn sexes are suited for different types of work Parsons: gender practices (D.O.L) benefit social stability women- private sphere- expressive tasks (un-paid, nurturing, emotional support) men- public sphere- instrumental tasks partners complement each other, making social order possible families should have mother & father, and be heterosexual

Symbolic Interactionist (socially constructed & changeable) - micro level- everyday behaviours - gender roles, gender norms, are socially constructed - gender = product of social/cultural - kids learn gendered behavior through imitating others, or receiving rewards/punishment for gender appropriate behav. - gender is a continuum rather than masculine or feminine Marxist/ Conflict (economic forces) - Social class is dominant cause of oppression - Engels: womens position in family related to oppressed working class seen as property aka live capital Modern sociologists: industrialization resulted in gender equality b/c capitalism= factories need workers= someone needs to stay at home Victorian age: worsened division cult of domesticity Double jeopardy: discriminate women based on gender, race/ethnicity Multiple jeopardy: double jeopardy + religion, disability & class Gendered D.O.L results from patriarchy Primitive communism: everyones working & everyones equal

Feminism (patriarchy is main force behind womens oppression) - Advocacy of social equality for m/f, in opposition to patriarchy & sexism Maternal Fem Early 19thC Moral crusaders improve society

Temperance movement & Womens suffrage Use maternal roles beyond family life Liberal Fem Early 60s equality through access of jobs/education Socialist Fem Capitalism is real issue Gender inequality viewed in historical/economic context Get rid of class inequalities Radical Fem Abolition of male supremacy women must organize separate from men to protect their interests control over body is key to ending womens oppression Nature VS. Nurture: Biological Determinist view Biological determinism suggests individual potential is patterned before birth

Status of Women Worldwide - feminization of poverty has become a global phenomenon - fewer girls than boys attend school on developing world women work in jobs w/ lower pay & status then men unbalanced # of women infected by HIV/AIDS

Abortion & Sex Selection Reprogenetics new eugenics tries to promote reproduction of those with particular traits while limiting reproduction of those w/ less desirable traits ( S. America, Africa, S. Asia)

FAMILY- chpt 10
Basic Concepts Family: social institution that unites people in cooperative groups to oversea the bearing & raising of children Kinship: bond based on blood, marriage or adoption Family Unit: 2+ people related by blood, marriage, adoption who reside together Consanguine Bonds: emphasis on biological relatedness rather than spousal Nuclear Family: 1 or 2 parents and their unmarried children- spousal bond SNAF (standard north American family) Extended Family: nuclear family + other kin

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28% extended most Aboriginals/immigrants Cohabitation: the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple Endogamy: marriage btwn people of the same social category (prescriptive norm) Exogamy: marriage btwn different social categories Propinquity: spatial proximity Homogamy: marry those similar to themselves (characteristics) Heterogamy: marriage btwn people who arent similar in regards to religion, ethnicity, class, ect

Decent set up so kinship can be determined/inheritance rights can be established Descent: the way people trace kinship over generations Can be traced in 3 ways: Bilateral: descent traced through mother and fathers side greater gender equality Patrilineal: decent traced only to fathers side most common o Oldest son inherits property/status of father Matrilineal: decent only traced to mothers side o Mothers older brother own property/status & gives to nephew

Residential Patterns Patrilocality: married couple live w/ or near husbands family Matrilocality: live w/ wifes family Neolocality: live alone (industrialized newlyweds)

Marriage & Arrangements - 60% of Canadians 15+ are married Marriage: a legally sanctioned relationship that people expect to be enduring

1) commitment contract right & obligations 2) Ongoing exchange- interdependence of partners 3) Expressive exchanges- emotions & intimacy 4) Instrumental exchanges- financial & economical tasks

Marriage Patterns Polygamy: marriages that unites 3+ Polygyny: 2+ women (Islamic society) Polyandry: 2+ men (Tibet) Serial Monogamy: marry, divorce, marry, divorce Institutional Convergence: monogamy is the norm b/c its too $$ to be polygamous Winston Blackmore = 26 wives & 80 kids

Marriage in Canada - decline since 1921 - Average age to marry Men= 34 - Family Types in Canada (2006) Married couples 68.6% Common law couples 15.5% Lone Parent family 15.9% Female Lone Parent 12.7% Same-Sex Couples 0.6% Mixed Unions 3.2%

Women= 31

Transitions & Problems in Family Life Leaving Home 44% of 20 - 29yrs old Boomerang generation: 24% in late 20s

Cluster nesting Divorce Rates higher probability of divorce w/ early marriage divorce occurs b/c exhanges are unrewarding Infidelity Cheaters doomed to fail Remarriage 80% of divorced re-marry

men remarry 1st

Childbearing & Children 90% of young people plan to have kids Rossi: Inexperienced Parents 4 factors 1) little anticipatory socialization 2) lmtd. training during pregnancy 3) transition to parenthood is abrupt 4) society lacks guideline

Parenting Styles Parental responsiveness: extent to which they respond to needs in caring manor (love, nurturance) Parental Demandingness: extent to which they expect of age appropriate behav ( dicipline, control) Types of parenting: Indulgent: o high responsive & low demanding o permissive o dislike confrontation Authoritative: o High responsive & high demanding o Supportive o Affection & guidelines Authoritarian o High demanding & low responsive o Structured homes o Obedience expected Indiffernt (Neglectful) o Low responsive & low demanding o Uninvolved

American Parenting Styles - value independence - authoritarian discourages independence - other 3 reflect that its good for kids to learn autonomy

Parenting in Other Cultures authoritative is rare in non-Western culture obey w/out questioning

Lone-Parent Families now: 58% due to separation/divorce 20% due to never married parent lifetime probability Theories Structural Functionalist - society depends of families - mechanical solidarity, sense of belonging, D.O.L - family performs several tasks: 1) socialization 2) regulation of sexual activity 3) social placement 4) material & emotional security women 34% men 23%

Conflict Theory - family plays a role in social stratification - family enables social inequality: 1) property & inherence 2) patriarchy 3) racial/ethnic inequality

Symbolic Interactionist - family living offers opportunity for intimacy family members share activities/builds emotional bonds courtship & marriage may be seen as forms of negotiation

Feminism - family is the executor of gender roles Future Change & Continuity - biggest change liberation of gender roles & an unlinking of gender & caring

with a decade, 2 -3% of birthds result of NRTs changes in fertility & changes in family structure families smaller b/c economic costs of kids family structure began at end of baby boom less marry at younger age growth in common law divorce rates higher leveling off divorce rate: increase reached plateau in fertility

EDUCATION- chpt 13
Text Education - the social institution through which society provides its members w/ important knowledge form follows function Marxist term - Set up to maintain economic system

Functions of Schooling - integration (culturally diverse people) - promotion of social solidarity - socialization - means of social control Engagement & Achievement - standardized tests group people into categories Engagement: being psychologically committed to learning More students are physically present but psychologically absent Cote: looks at o Disengaged students o Professor gatekeepers o BMD (bank of mom/dad) o All uni students should take a year off for mcjob Steinburg o Peers, parents, ethnic background work together to impact academic success Positive school climate Parents high expectations for achievements Parents involvement in childs education Parenting style: authoritative

Positive Impacts on Engagement

Beyond the Classroom - believe success in labor force depends on # of years in school Ethnic Differences in Attitudes towards School - Asian-Americans perform better b/c they believe not doing well will have neg impact on life Influence of Peers & American Student Cultures - American society pulls teens away from school to social/recreational pursuits Peer pressure effects kids academically:

1/5 students say friends make fun of them when they do well 50% dont discuss schoolwork w/ friends Asians have more friends that believe school is important & less social life (41% have uni degree) Black & Latino student is U.S. almost no peer group that encourages success

Parents have Checked Out - key factor in academic success= parental involvement only 20% of high school parents attend school programs 1/6 students believe that their parents dont care if they get bad grades high school teachers convey msg that students should be responsible- not parents job

After-School Employment - students who work more than 20hrs a week earn lower grades spend less time on hmwk cut class more often cheat more frequently those with 1-10hrs of work have better GPA

Problems in Schools Dropping Out - 2/3 males drop out - 50% of highschool dropouts go back before theyre 20 - Push vs. Pull factors cause dropouts - Most dropouts have a job Higher dropouts: aboriginals, involuntary minorities, those who change schools, lower socioeconomic status Reasons: 1) Family relationships (non-authoritative parents) 2) Personality traits (immature, alienation, anxiety) 3) Peers (being bullied, friends drop out) 4) Need for $$ 5) Being held back a grade functional illiteracy: a lack of reading/ writing skills needed for everyday living

Schooling & Social Inequality hidden curriculum: subtle presentations of political or cultural ideas in classroom Latent functions: (unstated/unintended) 1) Custody o Primary babysitting o Secondary getting kids off street (Bishop Strong) o Post-Secondary gate keeping process (not enough jobs) 2) Stratification o Tracking o Correspondence Principle learning according to social class 3) Cooling-out o Teacher expectancy impact that teachers expectations have on success Formal curriculum goal of reading & writing

Manifest Functions

Access to Higher Education - higher education= main path to occupational achievement - 28% of Aboriginals attend - 49% of Low income attend 76% of high income attend $$$ prevents most from attending 32% of uni students leave w/ debt of $25,000

Credential Inflation: credential achievements fr job entry have increased even though job demands have not 57% of employees are in jobs that dont require set credentials 4% w/ Uni degree will be unemployed during recession underemployment: jobs that dont allow you to use the full extent of skills/knowledge acquired through formal education

Ethnicity - Aboriginals have lowest level of education, Jews have highest autonomous minorities: minorities in a numerical sense Ogbu saw them as integrated into society no difference in educational system Critical pedagogy: looks at ways in which education can become more empowering & be a catalyst for social change

Get teachers & students involved in educational process

Social Class - parents level of education relates to kids occupational goals, expectations & achievements Resistance Theory: Paul Willis Idea that working-class youth actively reject the middle-class norms/values of school in favor of working-class ideals of manual labor

Criticized for describing all working-class youths based on a small group studied Rational Choice Theory: Idea that ppl make choices based on cost-benefit considerations Maximize benefits while minimizing costs Explains while less lower-class ppl are in university Correspondence Theory: Samuel Bowles & Herbert Gintis View that educational forms (bureaucratic schools) and process (streaming) corresponds to conditions & needs in capitalist economy Cultural Capitalism: indivs access to & understanding of the dominant culture o Experiences that are aligned w/ middle-class values & norms o Impact of 1 grade point average with increase of cultural capital Habitus: indivs sense of self w/in their social structure o We are products of our social environment o Makes you comfortable/uncomfortable w/ education Symbolic Violence: schools neglect everyday experiences of students outside the mainstream & instead force middleclass values/norms on everybody

Habitus & Cultural Reproduction: Pierre Bourdieu

Labeling Tracking & Streaming labeled based on characteristics: attractiveness = upper/middle, studious, disciplined after 8days teachers assign seating arrang. which reflect socioeconomic traits Streaming: placing students in separate programs based on tests, previous achievements, teachers assumptions, ect. (functionalist perspective) Oakes: no evidence that students learn better in homogeneous groups Tracking: based on standardized test culturally biased tests

Theories Functionalism (socialization) - education fulfills specific needs w/in society

education should redirect student from the emotional towards more achievement-oriented demands of life elementary school teacher should be female school creates conditions by which role differentiation is accepted on fair and meritocratic principles ( principle that ppl are selected for social positions based on merit/achievement)

Conflict (employment) - school prepares for employment / developing skills for labor force - we see inequalities based on ascribed characteristics such as gender, social class, race, ect - dominant groups stay in power economic success is determined by education lifelong learning: its necessary to engage in constant learning b/c skills in demand in a knowledge economy keep evolving human capital: direct relationship btwn educational attainment & labor market outcomes more education = access to better jobs = higher income

Feminists - boys dominate classroom interactions women have closed the gap in educational achievement and actually surpassed men (2005: 61.4% of undergraduate degrees went to women) Glass ceiling: women can see the top, but not reach it (they have education needed, but still face barriers)

MEDIA - chpt 12
Intro - media= medium= in the middle -

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mass media: communication address to a large, anonymous audience Annihilation of Space by Time (MARX): media has allowed for physial distance to be less of a barrier to communication Mediated: more reliant on a technologically sophisticated communication that conveys our experiences

Review
Table 1.1 - Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Functionalism: Durkheim & parsons - macro - equilibrium - everything serves a function Symbolic Interactionism: Mead & Weber Individuals define each other and society Interactions is based on onterpretation Conflict: Marx Macro Social-inequality Power oppression of weaker class Conflict Revolution how society changes

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Gender Gender order:macro Gender Identity: