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! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! ! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 1/23!
Binary Diffusion!
!!
Time = 0!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 2/23!
Binary Diffusion!
Mixture of A and B!
Binary Diffusion!
Homogeneous Mixture of A and B!
uF!
uF!
Diffusion ux is a relative ux !!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
6/23!
Fluxes in stationary coordinates! (Kmol /m2,s)! Component A:! '! N! !=! u!AC!A! A ! Component B:! '! N!B!=! u!BC!B! !
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 7/23!
8/23!
!N
k=1
= 0
Component B:!
N!B! =! !! D! BA!
! A Function of Temperature1.5! ! A Function of Pressure-1! ! Independent of Composition! ! Dependent on the sizes of molecules!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 12/23!
! A Function of Temperature! ! A Function of (Solvent viscosity)-1! ! Independent of Pressure! ! Dependent of Composition! (Non-dilute solutions)!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 14/23!
16/23!
CA2!
#!A!M!A! =! #!B!M!B!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 18/23!
'!
'!
CB2!
N!B! = 0!
'!
Solid!(S)!
B+S!
Gas Phase!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 19/23!
'!
'!
! Drying of a wet solid into an inert gas B! '! (inert: non-condensable, insoluble)! N!B! = 0!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 22/23!
Gas A+ B! CB2!
! Absorption into a non-volatile liquid C! from a binary gas mixture containing! an insoluble gas B, ! N!'!B!= 0,! N!'!c! = 0!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 24/23!
Diffusion!
dC A dy
dC A >0 dy
CA!
dC A <0 dy
y! '! N!A! =! bulk! +! diffusion!
'! N!A! =! bulk! !! diffusion! Direction depends on! magnitudes of uF, D! and gradients!
26/23!
! Mass Transfer through a Stationary ! '! Component:!N!B! = 0! D! C! '! t! N!A! =! (! ! 1! !! C! 2!)! C A! A! y! !!y!)!C! (! 2! 1! Bm!
! Low concentration of the diffusing component:! xA = CA/CT " 0! (The same solution as above)! ! General case of counterdiffusion:fN!'! =! !! N!'! ! A! B!
NA =
'
Mass Transfer!
! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! !! CAo1!
CAi2!
N A! CAo2!
! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
CA1!
(CAe2 - CAo2)! CAo1! CAi1! CAe1! CAo2! CAi2! Real driving! forces! C! A1! =! HC! A! 2! !
NA = K2(CAe2 - CAo2)
31/23!
=!
(10.154)!
=!
(10.155)!
35/23!
36/23!
Mass Transfer!
! Mass transfer in a single phase! ! Ficks law of diffusion! ! Interphase Mass Transfer ! Two lm theory! ! Empirical relationships! !!
(9.64)!
St =
! Analogies between Momentum - ! Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Simultaneous Heat and Mass ! Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 37/23!
38/23!
j d = St d Sc 0.67 = h D C Bm 0.67 ( ) uC T !D
(10.226)!
h! T! C! Pr! h! ! = ! D C! $! C! m! Sc! p! B
(! )!
0.67!
(10.227)!
39/23!
40/23!
jd!
jd!
h D d' Sh = D
'
! Frssling: ' = 2, & = 0.552! ! Rowe et al.: For Air and Water & varied ! from 0.68 to 0.79!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 43/23!
Sh!=!
h!D!d! D!
(10.234)!
2!/!3!
-1" 10" -2" 10" -3" 10" -4" 10" -5" 10" -6" 10" -7" 10" -8" 10"
! d! $u!x!)! (! ! R!y! =! !! (! +! E! ! ) $! dy! d! $C!p!(!)! (! ! k! q!y! =! !!(! +! E!H!)! $!C!p! dy! dC! N!A! =! !!(! !+! E!D!)! A! D dy!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 46/23!
Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! Fluxes associated to the movement of mass M! us! (s! CAs!CBs! MC!p!(!s! At! Mass M! n molar units! Mu! s! =! !!R!0! At! =! !!q!0! (12.96)! (12.97)!
y! x!
CAw! CBw!
48/23!
C! !$!u!! p s
s!
= ! R! ( 12.102 )! 2! $!u!! s
( 12.103 )! ( 12.105 )!
h! ! = ! h! D C! $! p!
( Lewis analogy )Valid even when Sc or Pr # 1, if Sc " Pr! OBS! b) and c) without bulk ow !
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 49/23! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 50/23!
( 12.117 )!
c) Mass - Heat!
h! ! D
(! )!
C! w! B = ! h! C!! C! !$! t p
( 12.112 )!
( 12.118 )!
Mass Transfer!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer! Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with ! Chemical Reaction! ! Interphase Mass Transfer !! ! Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! ! Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer! ! Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor Multicomponent diffusion! Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer! !!
{!
[!
(!
)! }! ]!
{!
[!
(!
)! }! ]!
( 12.131 )!
53/23!
54/23!
Mass Transfer!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer! Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with ! Chemical Reaction! Interphase Mass Transfer!! Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer! Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer! Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor !! Multicomponent diffusion! Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 55/23!
CAe!
CA!
0.8" 0.7" 0.6" 0.5" 0.4" 0.3" 0.2" 0.1" 0" 0" 0.1"
0.2"
0.3"
0.4"
0.5"
y!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 57/23! F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 58/23!
(10.113)!
Average!
'! (N! )!v! = 2! A! a
L!
L!
(10.115)!
CA0!
y!
CA0!
y!
59/23!
60/23!
D = 10-9 m2/s!
CAi!
C! ! = ! Ao! A C!
! Boundary conditions!
CA!
0.07" 0.06" 0.05" 0.04" 0.03" 0.02" 0.01" 0" 0" 1" 2" 3" 4"
-3" 5" x 10"
C! ! = ! Ai! A C! C! ! = ! Ai! A C!
or!
*!CA! ! = 0! *!y!
y (m)!
62/23!
k = 10-5! k = 10-4!
CA!
+!B! e! 2!
!! (!k!/!D!)y! !
k = 10-3!
2"
(10.173)!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 63/23!
y (m)!
3"
4"
64/23!
Penetration Theory! One-dimensional diffusion! penetration phase! second ! = D! 2! *!t! *!y! phase! Initial condition! (t = 0):! time > 0! '!'! ! C! ! = CAo! 0 $ y $ ,! A ! ! C!Ai! t! CAo! CAi!.! Boundary conditions! (t > 0):!
*!CA! !
*!2!C! ! A
CAo!
CAi!
.!
C!Ai!
'!'!
C! ! = CAi! A ! ! C! ! = CAo! A ! !
Solution:!
y = 0! y = ,! !
(10.113)!
66/23!
Penetration Theory!
6" x 10"
-4"
D! +!t!
hD! [m/s]!
5" 4" 3" 2" 1" 0" 0" 0.01" 0.02" 0.03" 0.04" 0.05"
D = 10-9 m2/s!
(10.114)!
2! D! +!t! e!
h! = 2! D!
D! +!t! e!
u! t!e! =! d!/!u!
Random Surface Renewal! h!D! =! Ds! s = rate of production of fresh surface per unit ! total area of surface!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 68/23!
Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition! time > 0! penetration phase (2)! D! Df! Phase (1)! C!
'!'! Ao!
penetration phase (2)! *!C! !! D!(! A! )! 0! *!y! y!=! C!Ai! =! 1! '!'! C! Ai! H! CAo! D! Df! C!Ai!
'!'!
Time!
CAi!
C!
'!'! Ai!
N!A! =! !!
Lf!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 69/23!
Lf!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 70/23!
Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition! One-dimensional diffusion:! Initial condition:!
Penetration Theory with Laminar Film at the Interphase! penetration phase (2)! D! CAi! Phase (1)! '!'! C!Ao!
! C! ! = !CAo! A
Boundary conditions:!
"! ! C! D L! *!CA! ! C! ! = ! Ao! + ! f! A H! D!H! *!y! f! C! ! = !CAo! ! A
(! )!
t!
y = 0!
y = 0! y = ,! !
t > 0! t > 0!
CAo! L! Previous solution with D = Df, L = L f , H = 1!
'! D! 2! N! ! = (! Ai! - ! Ao!)!D! e! t/!L! erfc! Dt! C! C! A L! L!
Solution:!
2! D! [(! 2! 2! '! N! ! = (! "! o! - ! C! o!)! f! e! Df!!H!)/(D!L!f!)]t! erfc! CA H A ! A L! f!
{!
[! ]! }!
(10.132)!
71/23!
(!
)!
(10.133)!
72/23!
Film-Penetration Theory!
!! ! ! (CAi! - C!Ao!)!
(!
n=! ! ,
)!
penetration ! phase!
C! ! = CAo! A ! !
Boundary conditions!
0 $ y $ L! !
t = 0!
CAo!
'!'!
C! ! = CAi! A ! ! C! ! = CAo! A ! !
y = 0! y = L! !
t > 0! t > 0!
73/23!
74/23!
)! CA0! NA!
y! x!
)! .! = ! D! )!
good! small errors!
-!
(! )!
y=0!
(10.223)!
St! r! = j! != 0.023 Re!-0.2! " " P 0.67! ! H ! ! h! C! j! ! = St! Sc! = ! D! Bm! ! D! 0.67! D u CT! $!D! !!
Chilton and Colburn: jD = jH = " !
(10.224)! (10.226)!
n!
(! )!
0.67!
1/2 $ n $ 1!
(! )!
0.67!
(10.227)!
77/23!
h!D! 0!D!
2!/!3!
78/23!
79/23!
80/23!
N'A
N'A
y! q!
N'A
y! Condensation!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
c! ( ! us! C! (!
qc! (! q!
'! N! ! w
mC! ! P Steady-State:!
d! i =0 dt
83/23!
H=
Pw M w ( ) P ! Pw M A
H = Humidity (kg liq/kg dry air)! (!H! !!H!w!)! =!!! (! ! !! !w!)! ( ( h!D! $! !#! A Wet-bulb! Temperature!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar! 85/23!
h!
Production!