Bernoullis Theorem

AIM
The aim of the experiment is to verify Bernoullis equation experimentally

APPARATUS
Overhead tank

Scale to measure pressure head at various cross sections

Stopwatch to measure Q.
Control valves to control the flow rate.
Convergent divergent pipe with cross-section as given below
Cross- Sectional Area a (m2)
6.1575 x 10-4
4.9088 x 10-4
3.4636 x 10-4
2.4053 x 10-4
1.5394 x 10-4
2.4053 x 10-4
3.4636 x 10-4
4.9088 x 10-4
6.1575 x 10-4

Distance from Reference point S (m)

0.030
0.059
0.088
0.117
0.146
0.175
0.204
0.233
0.262

Theory
Bernoullis equation is an energy conservation equation. It states that sum of potential and kinetic
energy in a study state streamline flow is constant. Bernoullis equation can be verified by venturimeter.
Theoretical expression for Bernoullis equation can be written as

+ + =

Where,
=
=
g=acceleration due to gravity
z=height of point on streamline from reference point
=density of the fluid

ME-313, IIT Gandhinagar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Page 1

Let us now consider two points 1 and 2 which lie in venturimeter. Let the cross sectional areas, velocities
and pressures at the two points be a1, a2, v1, v2, p1 and p2 respectively. We can now write two equations
i.e. continuity equation and Bernoullis equation.
Bernoullis equation --Continuity equation---

= =

Procedure
Starting Procedure

Clean the apparatus and make them dust-free and close the drain valves provided
Switch on the main power supply and then switch on the pump.
Adjust flow rate of water through the pipe with the help of given flow control valve.
Ensure that all the tubes are bubble free.
Measure flow rate at each cross section using measuring tank and stop watch and calculate
velocity at each section using continuity equation.
Repeat the experiment with different flow rates.

Shut Down Procedure

When the experiment is over, switch off the pump.

Switch off power supply to panel.
Drain water from all 3 tanks with the help of given drain valves.

Calculate () at various cross sections using Continuity equation. Now

substitute the velocities in Bernoullis equation.
Measure pressures at those cross section and substitute in Bernoullis equation as well.
Now plot the graph between total energy Vs distance (m) for venturimeter.

ME-313, IIT Gandhinagar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Page 2

Observations
1. =
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

, A(area of measuring tank)=0.1 m2

Height (cm)
18.5
18.3
18.1
18
18.4
17.9
17.4
16.9
17
16.6
16.4

Time (s)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45

Q experimental (m3/s)
0.000411111
0.000406667
0.000402222
0.0004
0.000408889
0.000397778
0.000386667
0.000375556
0.000377778
0.000368889
0.000364444

h/t (cm/s)
0.411111
0.406667
0.402222
0.4
0.408889
0.397778
0.386667
0.375556
0.377778
0.368889
0.364444

2. = /
Sr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Q experimental (m3/s)

0.000411111
0.000406667
0.000402222
0.000400000
0.000408889
0.000397778
0.000386667
0.000375556
0.000377778
0.000368889
0.000364444

0.667659
0.660441
0.653223
0.649614
0.66405
0.646005
0.62796
0.609916
0.613525
0.599089
0.591871

0.837498
0.828444
0.81939
0.814863
0.832971
0.810336
0.787701
0.765066
0.769593
0.751485
0.742431

1.186947
1.174116
1.161284
1.154868
1.180531
1.148452
1.116372
1.084293
1.090708
1.065045
1.052213

1.709189
1.690711
1.672233
1.662994
1.69995
1.653755
1.607561
1.561367
1.570606
1.53365
1.515173

2.670593
2.641722
2.612851
2.598415
2.656158
2.583979
2.511801
2.439623
2.454059
2.396316
2.367445

1.709189
1.690711
1.672233
1.662994
1.69995
1.653755
1.607561
1.561367
1.570606
1.53365
1.515173

1.186947
1.174116
1.161284
1.154868
1.180531
1.148452
1.116372
1.084293
1.090708
1.065045
1.052213

0.837498
0.828444
0.81939
0.814863
0.832971
0.810336
0.787701
0.765066
0.769593
0.751485
0.742431

0.667659
0.660441
0.653223
0.649614
0.66405
0.646005
0.62796
0.609916
0.613525
0.599089
0.591871

h1
34
34.4
34.7
34.9
34.8
34.9
35.3
35.6
35.9
36.4
36.6

H2
32
32.3
32.7
33
33.2
33.5
33.6
33.8
34.1
34.9
35

h3
27.6
28.6
28.7
29
29.4
29.8
30
30.6
31.1
31.8
32.2

H4
19.8
21.2
21.4
21.9
22.5
22.6
23.4
24.2
25.4
26.2
26.6

H5
4.6
6.9
7.6
8
9.4
10.4
10.7
12.3
14.1
15.4
16

3. h=height
Sr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

ME-313, IIT Gandhinagar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

H6
16.5
17.8
18.2
18.6
19.3
19.9
20.4
21.4
22.3
23.1
23.8

H7
23.5
25
25
25
25.7
26.5
26.6
27.5
28.5
29.1
29.6

H8
26.3
27.5
27.8
27.8
28.4
28.8
29.5
29.8
30.8
31.7
31.4

H9
34
34.4
34.7
34.9
34.8
34.9
35.3
35.6
35.9
36.4
36.6

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4.

Total energy, = +
Sr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

TE1
3554.884
3589.291
3613.95
3631.199
3630.881
3628.861
3656.567
3674.799
3706.406
3746.654
3761.956

TE2
3486.702
3508.56
3540.3
3566.001
3600.52
3611.322
3603.036
3605.063
3637.937
3702.565
3705.602

also,

TE3
3409.222
3492.074
3486.89
3508.86
3578.027
3579.871
3563.143
3586.645
3642.622
3683.56
3709.176

=
TE4
3401.063
3506.851
3495.382
3528.975
3649.914
3582.253
3585.326
3590.533
3722.601
3743.642
3754.674

TE4
4016.834
4165.547
4158.294
4159.88
4448.786
4357.675
4203.172
4181.28
4393.002
4380.365
4370.397

TE4
3077.663
3173.651
3181.782
3205.575
3336.314
3317.653
3291.326
3316.133
3418.801
3439.842
3480.274

TE5
3007.422
3139.274
3124.29
3116.86
3215.427
3256.471
3229.943
3282.845
3387.822
3418.96
3454.376

TE5
2928.102
3038.16
3060.1
3056.401
3130.12
3150.722
3201.236
3213.063
3314.537
3388.965
3352.802

TE6
2966.884
3079.691
3084.75
3101.999
3121.281
3187.861
3195.967
3223.999
3294.806
3364.454
3409.156

Graph
5000
4500
4000
T
o
t
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y

trial 1

3500

trial 2
3000

trial 3
trial 4

2500

trial 5
trial 6

2000

trial 7

trial 8

1500

trial 9
trial 10

1000

trial 11
500
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Distance from the reference point(m)

ME-313, IIT Gandhinagar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Page 4

Sources of Error

Frictional forces are not considered so total energy does not remain constant
Bubbles can alter the readings

Conclusion
Bernoullis equation was verified.

-Vrushiket Patil(09003044)
Mechanical Btech 2009

ME-313, IIT Gandhinagar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Page 5