Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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Section 1: Compete each sentence with one of the words in square barckets. Answer on Scantron. 1. [A. Primary/B. Secondary] pathologies occur if the last endocrine gland in a reflex pathway is affected. 2. [A. Na+ /B. K+ ] ions have the highest concentration inside the cell. 3. Ependymal cells are part of the [A. central/B. peripheral] nervous system. 4. An adequate stimulus will produce a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor cell leading to a(n) [A. action/B. receptor] potential. 5. When a large number of presynaptic neurons innervate one post-synaptic neuron this is known as [A. convergence/B. divergence]. 6. The meninges layer closest to the bone is called the [A. dura mater/B. pia mater]. 7. Neurotransmitter is released from the [A. axon terminals/B. dendritic terminals]. 8. [A. True/B. False] The receptive field of one type of sensory receptor may overlap with that of a sensory neuron detecting a different stimulus. 9. A graded postsynaptic potential that moves the membrane potential closer to zero [A. depolarizes/B. hyperpolarizes] the neuron. 10. A change in pH would be detected by a [A. chemoreceptor/B. thermoreceptor]. 11. Two hormones that have additive effects are said to be [A. antagonistic/B. synergistic]. 12. A major "sensory association" area of the brain resides in the [A. frontal/B. parietal] lobe. 13. A portal system is characterized by [A. one/B. two] capillary beds. 14. The type of action of a neurotransmitter [A. depends on the type of receptor it activates/B. is always the same]. 15. Both temperature and pressure receptors are located in the skin. They send their information to the brain via [A. different/B. the same] neurons. 16. The Nernst equation predicts the membrane potential resulting from [A. all permeable ions/B. a single permeable ion]. 17. The dorsal and ventral horn of a spinal cord are composed of [A. gray/B. white] matter. 18. The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in [A. ventral/B. dorsal] root ganglion. 19. The rate limiting step for [A. steroid/B. peptide] hormone secretion is activation of its synthetic enzyme. 20. [A. Sensitization/B. Habituation] is when an animal exhibits a decreased response to a nonnoxious (or irrelevant) stimulus. Page 1, v1

Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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Section 2: Multiple Choice. Choose single best response and answer on Scantron. 21. The somatosensory cortex A. lies immediately behind the central sulcus B. sends axons down into the spinal cord to talk to motor neurons C. clusters all of the somatosensory information from a particular body part into one area of the cortex. D. A and C E. A, B and C 22. If a cell responds to a hormone by increasing G-protein activity, the hormone is probably A. B. C. D. E. a peptide a steroid estrogen testosterone aldosterone

23. If a stimulating electrode is placed in an axon mid way between the cell body and its axon terminal and a depolarizing current above threshold is applied, action potentials A. B. C. D. will begin at the normal trigger zone will begin at the point of stimulation and go towards the axon terminal as usual. will not occur at all as this is not the trigger zone. will begin at the point of stimulation and go towards both the axon terminal and cell body. E. will begin at the point of stimulation and go towards the cell body. the cingulate gyrus the corpus collosum the amygdala A and C A, B and C the chemical synapse the dendrites the trigger zone the cell body the axon terminal

24. The limbic system consists of A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E.

25. The site where an individual neuron most often integrates information is

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Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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26. Identify the one phrase that does NOT complete the following sentence correctly: "Peptide hormones ... A. B. C. D. all begin with a pre-pro form. may be cleaved into a variety of different peptide hormones. are processed through the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi. are often secreted into the blood along with the "left-over" peptide fragments created by cleavage events. E. none of the above - all statements are correct.

27. The neural code that signals stimulus strength is A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. the frequency of action potentials. the duration of action potentials. the amplitude of action potentials. A and B A, B and C decreasing membrane leakiness increasing membrane leakiness increasing the diameter of the axon. A and C A, B and C thalamus cerebrum cingulate gyrus hippocampus hypothalamus is the minimum amount of a stimulus required to activate the receptor describes the range of stimuli a receptor can not respond to is the type of stimulus that hyperpolarizes a receptor is the particular physical/chemical property a receptor can detect none of the above are slowly adapting receptors fire rapidly when first activated and then stop. can be converted to phasic receptors by higher order innervations A and B A, B and C

28. The conduction speed of an action potential is increased by

29. An important structure for long-term learning and memory is the

30. An "adequate" stimulus

31. Tonic receptors

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Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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32. In order from most negative to positive, the correct sequence of potentials is A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. threshold potential, 0 mV, hyperpolarization, resting, equilibrium potential of Na+ ions threshold potential, 0 mV, equilibrium potential of Na+ ions, hyperpolarization, resting, hyperpolarization, resting, threshold potential, 0 mV, equilibrium potential of Na+ ions hyperpolarization, threshold potential, 0 mV, resting, equilibrium potential of Na+ ions resting, hyperpolarization, equilibrium potential of Na+ ion, threshold potential, 0 mV, pons, cerebellum, midbrain medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain thalamus, midbrain and hypothalamus medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum medulla oblongata, pons, and thalamus thymus thyroid gland pancreas hypothalamus adrenal glands

33. The brain stem consists of

34. While most endocrine signals are complex, the most complex endocrine responses involve the

35. What best distinguishes an amio acid derived neurotransmitter from a small peptide neurotransmitter? A. A small peptide, but not an amino acid, would be transported down the axon. B. The amino acid, but not the peptide, would be transported down the axon. C. The small peptide would have to travel through the Golgi, but not the amino acid derivative. D. A and C E. B and C 36. If a Schwann cell fails to perform its function correctly, the area most affected would be A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. the corpus collosum the hippocampus the dorsal horn of the spinal cord the ventral horn of the spinal cord the peripheral nervous system it has a large diameter axon it is myelinated it has a long refractory period its trigger zone is highly depolarized it is undergoing presynaptic inhibition

37. If an axon is conducting action potentials at high frequency, it is likely that

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Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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38. In the CNS, when more action potentials arrive at a presynaptic terminal releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter, A. neurotransmitter release decreases, thereby lowering the magnitude of the postsynaptic graded potential. B. neurotransmitter release increases thereby increasing the magnitude of the postsynaptic graded potential. C. the terminal becomes more depolarized but only the first batch of neurotransmitter can be released due to the refractory period. D. the terminal begins to initate action potentials. E. neurotransmitter release increases thereby hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic neuron. 39. The effect of a hormone (including neurocrines) at its target site may be diminished by A. B. C. D. E. by an enzyme degrading reaction absorption by the target cell diffusion away from the target site A and B A, B and C

40. Identify the one phrase that does NOT complete this sentence correctly: "The reticular formation ..." A. B. C. D. E. is a diffuse set of neuronal nuclei has a major neuromodulatory role includes the basal ganglion resides in the brain stem between various axon tracts. projects axons to almost every region of the brain.

41. How would the absolute refractory period be affected if the voltage-gated Na+ channels remain inactivated? A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. it would become longer it would merge with the relative refractory period it would remain the same it would become shorter none of the above. Merkel disc Meissner's corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini corpuscle Hair root plexus thyroid hormone epinephrine prolactin ADH ACTH Page 5, v1

42. A tactile receptor that is surrounded by an 'onion' ring of connective tissue is known as a

43. The hormone that is released to enhance the "fight-or-flight" response is

Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1 44. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential A. B. C. D. E.

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is a small depolarization in a postsynaptic cell. can be summed with other IPSPs to trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. is a small hyperpolarization that triggers an action potential. is produced by an increased permeability to Cl - and/or K+ . is produced by an increased permeability to both Na+ and K+ .

45. The cerebellum receives input from A. B. C. D. E. the brain stem the thalamus the somatosensory cortex the motor cortex all of the above

46. Saltatory conduction refers to A. B. C. D. E. the impulse jumping from a nerve to its connected muscle the jumping of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next the active transport of ions across the nerve membrane nonmyelinated axons only the changes in membrane permeability that occurs with depolarization

47. Graded potentials A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. A. B. C. D. E. will decay as they are conducted through the cell. include receptor potentials and postsynaptic potentials. can be summated. include depolarizing and hyperpolarizing potentials. all of the above. intensity location duration nature or type all of the above melatonin thyroid hormone epinephrine thyroid stimulating hormone norepinephrine

48. The CNS must distinguish the following properties of a stimulus

49. Each of the following are considered an amino acid derived hormone EXCEPT

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Bio4120: Principles of Physiology Exam 1

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50. Arrange the following into the correct order: 1. efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential 2. afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential 3. effector organ initiates an output response. 4. integration center reaches a decision about a response 5. sensory organ detects change in environment. A. B. C. D. E. 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 2, 4, 3, 5, 1 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

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 NAME: SectionIII:Variousquestions.FOLLOWTHEDIRECTIONSVERYCAREFULLY. 51.Thehypothalamuspituitaryaxisplaysamajor roleinhomeostasis.Thefigureattheright reproducestwopartsofafigureinthetext describingingeneraltermsendocrineandneural reflexes.Aistheseriesofreactionsshownonthe left,Bisontheright.YandZlabelthesecond neuron(surroundedbyadiamond)ineachseries. a)Ofthetwoshown,whichonebestdescribesthe mechanismassociatedwiththe(3pts) Posteriorpituitary: (answerAorB) Thispartofthepituitaryisknowntosecretethis hormone: , . whichactsonthetargetcell:

b)IneachcolumnAandB,circlethepartthat representsneuronswithinthehypothalamus (labeleachhypo).2pts c)Circle(andlabelP)thepartthatrepresentsthePortalSystem.Thissystemisimportant because.(finishsentenceusingonlyspaceprovide):3pts d)Putasquare(labeld)aroundacellthatactsthemostlikeasimpleendocrinecell.Ifthiscell isreleasingACTH,itstargetwouldbe .(fullname)2pts e)Takinghintsfromthediagramabove,drawthemostsimpleformofanendocrinereflexas illustratedinyourtextbookfortheparathyroidhormone. Whichpartsfunctionassensor,integratorandeffector? (5ptstotal)

 NAME: 52.Thediagrambelowoutlinesthehypothalamusandpituitaryglandwiththeanterior directionasindicatedbythearrow. a)Onthisdiagram,drawinastick figureneuronthatissecreting oxytocin.Besuretoplaceitscellbody anditsaxonterminalsinthecorrect locations.LabelitA.(2pts) b)CAREFULLYdrawinareasonable representationoftheportalsystem.Do thiswithgreatcare.LabelPortal.4pts c)Keepinginmindyourdrawingofthe portalsystem,addacellthatreleases TRH,thehormonethatregulatesTSH secretion.LabelTRH.(2pts) d)Drawinthelocationoftheendocrine cellthatsecretesTSHinresponsetothe secretedTRH.LabelTSH.(2pts)

53. In the diagram the dendritic tree and large cell body (grey) of a neuron is indicated with the arrow representing the initial segment of the neurons axon. The circles, labeled X, Y and Z, represent synaptic terminals of incoming axons (whose cell bodies etc are not shown). When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron undergoes a membrane potential change and an action potential ensues. However, when X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, there is NO change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron (and of course no action potential). What can you say about the graded potentials elicited by neurons X and Y and Z? Why? (6 pts)

 NAME: 54.Usingthediagrambelowofanactionpotential: a.Attheleftofeachdottedline,inthesmallbox,providethevalueforthemembranepotential ifthisisthetypicalneuronshowninyourtextbook.(4pts) Whatistheunit? b)Onthistracing,indicatewitha TRIANGLEmarkedb,wherethe sodiumchannelINACTIVATES.(1 pt) c)IndicatewithaCIRCLEmarked c,twouniquelydifferentplaces wherethesodiumchannelis CLOSED.(Tworightnexttoeach otherisNOTacceptable)(2pts) d)Indicateonthisdiagramwhatthe sodiumconductancecurveshould looklikeWARNING:drawitnicely andtothescaleofthisdiagram. (3pts) e)Indicateonthisdiagramwhatthe potassiumconductancecurve shouldlooklikeWARNING:draw itnicelyandtothescaleofthis diagram.(3pts) f)Whatistheareamarkedwithan Xcalled?Whydoesitoccur?(2pts) 55.Gradedpotentialscanbesummatedinbothtimeandspace.Here,youaremonitoringthe membranepotentialofa neuroninculture.AttimeA, youaddaneurotransmitter andthemembranepotential ofyourneuronchangesas indicated.Drawonthis graphpaperthechangesin membranepotentialthatyou observeifyouaddthesame amountofthissame neurotransmitteratB,Cand D. Usethegreylinesofthe graphpapertodrawyour answerasclosetoscaleas possible.(6pointstotal) 10

 NAME: 56.Lateralinhibitionisaveryimportantmechanismtohelpthenervoussystemlocateexactly whereastimulushitstheskin.Inthefigurebelow,lateralinhibitionwilloccurbetweenthe secondary(2o)andtertiary(3o)neurons.Fouradjacenttouchreceptorsareindicatedwitha barindicatingthelocationwherethehitoccurred.Thefrequencyofactionpotentials(APs) elicitedfromtheseprimaryneuronsisindicatedontherightsideoftheaxonassmalllines. a)First,inthedashedboxestotherightofeachsecondary(2o)neuron,usesmalllinesto indicatetheresponsepatternforALLfouroftheneurons.(4pts) b)Forallfourofthetertiary(3o)neurons,youneedtodrawintheresponsepatternBEFORE theskinwashit(topdashedboxes),followedbythepatternthatoccursafterlateralinhibition isundertaken.AssumethateachAPhasequalweightandwillaffectthenextneuron proportionaltoitsfrequency.(8pts)

C)Focusingonthesecondcolumnofneurons(theonelocateddirectlybelowthemajorpartof thehit),indicateonthediagramthekindofconnection(s)requiredbetweenthesecondaryand tertiaryneuronstoallowlateralinhibitiontooccur.(3pts)

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 NAME: 57.Atapresynapticterminaltheincomingactionpotentialinitiatesaseriesofeventsleading tosecretionofneurotransmitter.Yourtextbookusesaflowcharttodepicttheflowof information,oralinearprocess(sometimescalledconceptmapping.). Herestartingwithmyonebox(below)youwillcompeteaFLOWCHARTofthediscrete butdifferentstepsrequiredtoconvertanactionpotentialarrivingatapresynapticterminal intoneurotransmittersecretion:i.e.illustrateexcitationsecretioncouplingasaflowchart. NOTE:flowchartonlyusesasmallnumberofwordsinboxestomakeapicture.IwillNOTread wholeparagraphs,orlongsentencesaspartofananswer. (8ptstotal) [Hint:Iaminterestedintheflowofions,theeffectoftheflow,andthesequenceofevents leadingtosecretion.Youdonothavetoworryaboutstoppingthesecretion.Donotgivemeall thedetailsaboutchannelproperties.]Useonlythissideofthispage.
Actionpotentialarrives atpresynapticterminal

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No. in No. on Q-Bank Test 7 29 1 8 7 2 8 9 3 10 2 4 8 91 5 9 14 6 8 4 7 10 7 8 8 24 9 10 17 10 7 22 11 9 9 12 7 21 13 10 1 14 10 3 15 8 6 16 9 1 17 9 43 18 7 2 19 9 10 20 10 26 21 7 26 22 8 76 23 9 16 24 8 54 25 7 35 26 8 52 27 8 78 28 9 38 29 10 27 30 10 11 31 8 35 32 9 34 33 7 10 34 8 31 35 9 5 36 8 30 37 8 75 38 7 24 39 9 20 40 8 18 41 10 12 42 7 32 43 8 48 44 9 18 45 8 45 46 10 5 47 10 24 48 7 9 49 8 80 50

Answer Key for Test Ex1 sec 1 & 2, 6/2/09 Correct Answer A B A B A A A A A A B B B A A B A B A B D A D D C E A D D D A C B D D E D B E C A C B D E B E E D E Page 1, v1