Chapter 7

Page 1 of 31
Chapter 7. Nested Classes And Interfaces

Exam Objectives
Supplementary Objectives
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7.1 Overview of Nested Classes and Interfaces

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file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

Page 2 of 31
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class TLC { // (1) Top level class
static class SMC {/*...*/} // (2) Static member class

Page 3 of 31
interface SMI {/*...*/} // (3) Static member interface
class NSMC {/*...*/} // (4) Non-static member (inner) class
void nsm() {
class NSLC {/*...*/} // (5) Local (inner) class in non-static context
}
static void sm() {

class SLC {/*...*/} // (6) Local (inner) class in static context
}
SMC nsf = new SMC()

{/*...*/}; // (7) Annonymous (inner) class in non-static context
static SMI sf = new SMI()

{/*...*/}; // (8) Annonymous (inner) class in static context
}
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Page 4 of 31
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7.2 Static Member Classes and Interfaces

Declaring and Using Static Member Classes and Interfaces
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// Filename: TopLevelClass.java
package express;
public class TopLevelClass { // (1)

// ...
public static class StaticMemberClass_1 { // (2)
// ...
private interface StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { // (3)
// ...
}
public static class StaticMemberClass_1_1
implements StaticMemberInterface_1 { // (4)
// ...
}
}
interface StaticMemberInterface_1

Page 5 of 31
extends StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { // (5)

// ...
}
}
class AnotherTopLevelClass
implements TopLevelClass.StaticMemberInterface_1 { // (6)
TopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberClass_1_1 objRef1 =
new TopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberClass_1_1(); // (7)
//TopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberInterface_1_1 ref; // (8)

// ...
}
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TopLevelClass$StaticMemberClass_1$StaticMemberClass_1_1.class
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TopLevelClass$StaticMemberClass_1.class
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TopLevelClass.class
AnotherTopLevelClass.class
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Page 6 of 31
!#
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// Filename: Client1.java
package express;
import express.TopLevelClass.*; // (1)
public class Client1 {

StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberClass_1_1 objRef1 =
new StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberClass_1_1(); // (2)
}
________________________________________________________________________
package express;
import express.TopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.*; // (3)
public class Client2 {

StaticMemberClass_1_1 objRef2 = new StaticMemberClass_1_1(); // (4)
}
class SomeClass implements
express.TopLevelClass.StaticMemberInterface_1 { // (5)
/* ... */
}
! Client1.java import *.+ #

StaticMemberClass_1_1 StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberClass_1_1
*7+ # Client2.java import *8+# #
*
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implements
Accessing Members in Enclosing Context

this
static # static
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// Filename: AccessInTopLevelClass.java
public class AccessInTopLevelClass { // (1)
public void nonStaticMethod_1() { // (2)

Page 7 of 31
System.out.println("nonstaticMethod_1 in AccessInTopLevelClass");
}
private static class StaticMemberClass_1 { // (3)

private static int i; // (4)
private int j; // (5)
public static void staticMethod_1_1() { // (6)

System.out.println("staticMethod_1_1 in StaticMemberClass_1");
}
interface StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { int Y2K = 2000; } // (7)
protected static class StaticMemberClass_1_1

implements StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { // (8)
private int k = Y2K; // (9)

public void nonStaticMethod_1_1_1() { // (10)
// int jj = j; // (11) Not OK.
int ii = i; // (12)
int kk = k; // (13)
// nonStaticMethod_1(); // (14) Not OK.

staticMethod_1_1(); // (15)
}
public static void main (String[] args) {

int ii = i; // (16)
// int kk = k; // (17) Not OK.
staticMethod_1_1(); // (18)
}
}
}
}
5 &
staticMethod_1_1 in StaticMemberClass_1
'!( $

Page 8 of 31
," -9 "
StaticMemberClass_1_1 *?+ < k *B+
Y2K StaticMemberInterface_1_1 *-+
# *
..+ *.9+ nonStaticMethod_1_1_1()
!# *
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# *
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static "
int ii = AccessInTopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.i;
AccessInTopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.staticMethod_1_1();
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@# static "
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public protected / private+
StaticMemberClass_1 *
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StaticMemberClass_1_1 *
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main() # "
>java AccessInTopLevelClass$StaticMemberClass_1$StaticMemberClass_1_1
' StaticMemberClass_1_1
"
7.3 Non-static Member Classes

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# Node LinkedList

Page 9 of 31
Node private
LinkedList ' " # "
class LinkedList { // (1)

private class Node { // (2)
private Object data; // Data
private Node next; // Next node
// ...
}
protected Node head;

protected Node tail;
// ...
}
Instantiating Non-static Member Classes

! ," -: ToplevelClass *.+ *
:+
$ *=+ NonStaticMemberClass
final *
-+ #
) ! *
class ToplevelClass { // (1)

private String headlines = "Shine the inner light"; // (2)
public NonStaticMemberClass makeInstance() { // (3)
return new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (4)
}
public class NonStaticMemberClass { // (5) NSMC
// static int sf = 2003; // (6) Not OK.
final static int fsf = 2003; // (7) OK.
private String banner; // (8)
public NonStaticMemberClass() { banner = headlines; } // (9)
public void print(String prefix) {
System.out.println(prefix + banner + " in " + fsf);}// (10)
}
}
public class Client { // (11)

public static void main(String[] args) { // (12)
ToplevelClass topRef = new ToplevelClass(); // (13)
ToplevelClass.NonStaticMemberClass innerRef1 =
topRef.makeInstance(); // (14)
innerRef1.print("innerRef1: "); // (15)
// ToplevelClass.NonStaticMemberClass innerRef2 =
// new ToplevelClass.NonStaticMemberClass(); // (16) Not OK.
topRef.new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (17)
innerRef3.print("innerRef3: "); // (18)
}
}
5 &
innerRef1: Shine the inner light in 2003

innerRef3: Shine the inner light in 2003

Page 10 of 31
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makeInstance() *
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NonStaticMemberClass new # *9+&
return new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (4)
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return this.new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (4')
makeInstance() *
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NonStaticMemberClass # ) topRef )
NonStaticMemberClass innerRef1 innerRef1
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topRef.new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (17)
topRef ) ToplevelClass % "

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Page 11 of 31
Accessing Members in Enclosing Context

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public NonStaticMemberClass() { this.banner = this.headlines; }
this.banner banner
) * this+ NonStaticMemberClass this.headlines #
) * this+ NonStaticMember Class headlines
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public NonStaticMemberClass() { this.banner = ToplevelClass.this.headlines; }
"
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Accessing Hidden Members
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this "
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class TLClass { // (1) TLC

Page 12 of 31
private String id = "TLClass object "; // (2)

public TLClass(String objId) { id = id + objId; } // (3)
public void printId() { // (4)
System.out.println(id);
}
class InnerB { // (5) NSMC

private String id = "InnerB object "; // (6)
public InnerB(String objId) { id = id + objId; } // (7)
System.out.print(TLClass.this.id + " : "); // (9)
System.out.println(id); // (10)
}
class InnerC { // (11) NSMC

private String id = "InnerC object "; // (12)
public InnerC(String objId) { id = id + objId; } // (13)
System.out.print(TLClass.this.id + " : "); // (15)
System.out.print(InnerB.this.id + " : "); // (16)
}
public void printIndividualIds() { // (18)
TLClass.this.printId(); // (19)
InnerB.this.printId(); // (20)
printId(); // (21)
}
}
}
}
public class OuterInstances { // (22)
TLClass a = new TLClass("a"); // (24)
TLClass.InnerB b = a.new InnerB("b"); // (25)
b.printId(); // (26)
TLClass.InnerB.InnerC c = b.new InnerC("c"); // (27)
c.printId(); // (28)
TLClass.InnerB.InnerC d = b.new InnerC("d"); // (29)
d.printId(); // (30)
TLClass.InnerB bb = new TLClass("aa").new InnerB("bb"); // (31)
bb.printId(); // (32)
TLClass.InnerB.InnerC cc = bb.new InnerC("cc"); // (33)
cc.printId(); // (34)
TLClass.InnerB.InnerC ccc =
new TLClass("aaa").new InnerB("bbb").new InnerC("ccc"); // (35)
ccc.printId(); // (36)
System.out.println("------------");
ccc.printIndividualIds(); // (37)
}
}
5 &
TLClass object a : InnerB object b

TLClass object a : InnerB object b : InnerC object c
TLClass object a : InnerB object b : InnerC object d
TLClass object aa : InnerB object bb
TLClass object aa : InnerB object bb : InnerC object cc
TLClass object aaa : InnerB object bbb : InnerC object ccc

Page 13 of 31
------------
TLClass object aaa
TLClass object aaa : InnerB object bbb
TLClass object aaa : InnerB object bbb : InnerC object ccc
," -= this
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TLClass *
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id printId
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# id ( &
System.out.println(this.id); // (17a)
System.out.println(InnerC.this.id); // (17b)
main() *
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# # *7:+ " TLClassA * a+ #
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Inheritance Hierarchy and Enclosing Context
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class Superclass {
protected double x = 3.0e+8;
}

Page 14 of 31
class TopLevelClass { // (1) Top-level Class

private double x = 3.14;
class Inner extends Superclass { // (2) Non-static member Class

public void printHidden() { // (3)
// (4) x from superclass:

System.out.println("this.x: " + this.x);
// (5) x from enclosing context:

System.out.println("TopLevelClass.this.x: "+TopLevelClass.this.x);
}
}
}
public class HiddenAndInheritedAccess {

public static void main(String[] args) {
TopLevelClass.Inner ref = new TopLevelClass().new Inner();
ref.printHidden();
}
}
5 &
this.x: 3.0E8
TopLevelClass.this.x: 3.14
" # "
," -?
InnerA *7+ OuterA "

SomeUnrelatedClass *8+ ' SomeUnrelatedClass OuterA
# % SomeUnrelatedClass *
?+ %
OuterA " SomeUnrelatedClass
*9+ SomeUnrelatedClass super() *:+
InnerA ) *
outerRef+ 0 super()
(
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# )
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# "
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OuterA InnerA OuterB OuterA
) OuterB ) InnerA
) " *B+
new OuterB().new InnerB();
OuterB )
InnerB InnerB
InnerA super() OuterB ) #

Page 15 of 31
/ !
class OuterA { // (1)

class InnerA { } // (2)
}
class SomeUnrelatedClass extends OuterA.InnerA { // (3) Extends NSMC at (2)
// (4) Mandatory non-default constructor

SomeUnrelatedClass(OuterA outerRef) {
outerRef.super(); // (5) Explicit super() call
}
}
class OuterB extends OuterA { // (6) Extends class at (1)

class InnerB extends OuterB.InnerA { } // (7) Extends NSMC at (2)
}
public class Extending {

// (8) Outer instance passed explicitly in constructor call:

new SomeUnrelatedClass(new OuterA());
// (9) No outer instance passed explicitly in constructor call to InnerB:

new OuterB().new InnerB();
}
}
Review Questions
# # D
public class MyClass {

Outer objRef = new Outer();
System.out.println(objRef.createInner().getSecret());
}
}
class Outer {
private int secret;
Outer() { secret = 123; }
class Inner {
int getSecret() { return secret; }
}

Page 16 of 31
Inner createInner() { return new Inner(); }

}
# Inner #
Outer
# createInner()
# ) Inner Outer
# secret
getSecret()
# getSecret()
main() MyClass
# # # 123 #
# D
# #
; "
% # # D
public class MyClass {

State st = new State();
System.out.println(st.getValue());
State.Memento mem = st.memento();
st.alterValue();
mem.restore();
}
public static class State {

protected int val = 11;
int getValue() { return val; }

void alterValue() { val = (val + 7) % 31; }

Page 17 of 31
Memento memento() { return new Memento(); }
class Memento {
int val;
Memento() { this.val = State.this.val; }

void restore() { ((State) this).val = this.val; }
}
}
}
# main() #
State
# State.Memento
main()
# Memento
# State
# State.this.val " Memento
# ((State) this).val "

restore() Memento
# 11 18 11 #
& # # D
public class Nesting {

B.C obj = new B().new C();
}
}
class A {
int val;
A(int v) { val = v; }
}
class B extends A {
int val = 1;
B() { super(2); }
class C extends A {
int val = 3;
C() {
super(4);
System.out.println(B.this.val);
System.out.println(C.this.val);
System.out.println(super.val);

Page 18 of 31
}
}
}
# # 2 3 4, #
# # 1 4 2 #
# # 1 3 4 #
# # 3 2 1 #
) # D
public class Outer {

public void doIt() {
}
public class Inner {
public void doIt() {
}
}
new Outer().new Inner().doIt();
}
}
# #
doIt() Inner doIt() Outer
Inner Outer.Inner

Page 19 of 31
7.4 Local Classes

%
< <
" this #
% #
#
@# "*
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@# # # static
@# final #
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7+ NonStaticLocal StaticLocal
*..+ *
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class Base {
protected int nsf1;
}
class TLCWithLocalClasses { // Top level Class
private double nsf1; // Non-static field
private int nsf2; // Non-static field
private static int sf; // Static field
void nonStaticMethod(final int fp) { // Non-static Method

final int flv = 10; // final local variable
final int hlv = 30; // final (hidden) local variable
int nflv = 20; // non-final local variable
class NonStaticLocal extends Base { // Non-static local class

// static int f1; // (1) Not OK. Static members not allowed.
final static int f2 = 10; // (2) final static members allowed.
int f3 = fp; // (3) final param from enclosing method.
int f4 = flv; // (4) final local var from enclosing method.
// double f5 = nflv; // (5) Not OK. Only finals from enclosing method.
double f6 = nsf1; // (6) Inherited from superclass.
double f6a = this.nsf1; // (6a) Inherited from superclass.
double f6b = super.nsf1; // (6b) Inherited from superclass.
double f7 = TLCWithLocalClasses.this.nsf1;// (7) In enclosing object.
int f8 = nsf2; // (8) In enclosing object.
int f9 = sf; // (9) static from enclosing class.

Page 20 of 31
int hlv; // (10) Hides local variable.

}
}
static void staticMethod(final int fp) { // Static Method

class StaticLocal extends Base { // Static local class

double f6b = super.nsf1; // (16a) Inherited from superclass.
// double f7 = TLCWithLocalClasses.this.nsf1;//(17) No enclosing object.
// int f8 = nsf2; // (18) No enclosing object.
}
}
}
Accessing Declarations in Enclosing Context

," -B # " $
#
"
Accessing Local Declarations in the Enclosing Block
% final final final catch

" final
# *8+ *
9+ # final fp final
flv nonStaticMethod() NonStaticLocal
# *.8+ *.9+ StaticLocal
% final # *
:+ *
.:+
$
% *
.C+ *7C+ hlv
#
Accessing Members in the Enclosing Class
% # nsf1
Base NonStaticLocal
NonStaticLocal # *
=+ *=+ *
=+ >
this super #
# *.=+ *
.= + *.= +

Page 21 of 31
nsf1
TLCWithLocalClasses this
#
double f7 = TLCWithLocalClasses.this.nsf1; // (7)
@# this #
*
.-+ )
%
nsf2 sf
TLCWithLocalClasses NonStaticLocal *
?+ *
B+
this
@#
static sf TLCWithLocalClasses StaticLocal
*
.B+ nsf1 # *
.?+
Instantiating Local Classes

1
% #
%
)
," -.C # Circle

*:+ createCircle() *
9+ # Shape
Map *
?+ createMap() *
-+ #
IDrawable Shape
IDrawable ; =: 7-8 main()
drawables IDrawable[] *
.C+ # < *
.C+ *
.8+#
1 !2
interface IDrawable { // (1)

void draw();
}
class Shape implements IDrawable { // (2)
public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a Shape."); }
}
class Painter { // (3) Top-level Class

public Shape createCircle(final double radius) { // (4) Non-static Method

Page 22 of 31
class Circle extends Shape { // (5) Non-static local class

public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a Circle of radius: " + radius);
}
}
return new Circle(); // (6) Object of non-static local class
}
public static IDrawable createMap() { // (7) Static Method
class Map implements IDrawable { // (8) Static local class
public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a Map."); }
}
return new Map(); // (9) Object of static local class
}
}
public class LocalClassClient {

IDrawable[] drawables = { // (10)
new Painter().createCircle(5),// (11) Object of non-static local class
Painter.createMap(), // (12) Object of static local class
new Painter().createMap() // (13) Object of static local class
};
for (int i = 0; i < drawables.length; i++) // (14)
drawables[i].draw();
System.out.println("Local Class Names:");

System.out.println(drawables[0].getClass()); // (15)
}
}
5 &
Drawing a Circle of radius: 5.0

Drawing a Map.
Drawing a Map.
Local Class Names:
class Painter$1$Circle
class Painter$1$Map
1 (
createCircle()
# *
..+ !
"
*
=+
%
% # createMap()
# *
.7+ *
.8+ % " )
% "
draw() )
*
.9+ # ) # !
final radius createCircle() *9+ draw()
Circle *:+ % Circle *
..+
createCircle() draw()
Circle *.9+ final radius

Page 23 of 31
draw() createCircle() #
E final
#
," -.C # !
% # # " # #
# *
:.C 7.?+ # (
# ; " # #
# #
Auditor *
7+
' final #
# check() *
9+
< # # Auditor ) #
*
:+
class Account {
int balance;
/** (1) Method makes a deposit into an account. */

void deposit(final int amount) {
/** (2) Local class to save the necessary data and to check
that the transaction was valid. */
class Auditor {
/** (3) Stores the old balance. */

private int balanceAtStartOfTransaction = balance;
/** (4) Checks the postcondition. */

void check() {
assert balance - balanceAtStartOfTransaction == amount;
}
}
Auditor auditor = new Auditor(); // (5) Save the data.

balance += amount; // (6) Do the transaction.
auditor.check(); // (7) Check the postcondition.
}

Account ac = new Account();
ac.deposit(250);
}
}

Page 24 of 31
7.5 Anonymous Classes

1 new %
%
"# new %
#
% " #
* " ) +%
) " return
< %
F0!
" #
static
Extending an Existing Class

# " "
" " $&
new " $ (" $) { " $}
5 #
' extends
*
+ < 5
final
! (
interface IDrawable { // (1)

void draw();
}
}
public Shape createShape() { // (4) Non-static Method

return new Shape(){ // (5) Extends superclass at (2)
public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a new Shape."); }
};
}
public static IDrawable createIDrawable() { // (7) Static Method
return new IDrawable(){ // (8) Implements interface at (1)
System.out.println("Drawing a new IDrawable.");
}
};
}

Page 25 of 31
public class AnonClassClient {

IDrawable[] drawables = { // (10)
new Painter().createShape(), // (11) non-static anonymous class
Painter.createIDrawable(), // (12) static anonymous class
new Painter().createIDrawable() // (13) static anonymous class
};
for (int i = 0; i < drawables.length; i++) // (14)
drawables[i].draw();
System.out.println("Anonymous Class Names:");

}
}
5 &
Drawing a new Shape.

Drawing a new IDrawable.
Drawing a new IDrawable.
Anonymous Class Names:
class Painter$1
class Painter$2
1 ," -.. ," -.C

# # createShape() *9+
*:+ # " Shape
draw() %
0
% "
// ...
}
public Shape createShape() { // (4) Non-static Method

return new Shape() { // (5) Extends superclass at (2)
public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a new Shape."); }
};
}
// ...
}
// ...
Implementing an Interface
# "
" $&

Page 26 of 31
new " $() { " $}
%
" Object ' implements
" "
% # # $ ,"
-.. createIDrawable() *
-+ *?+ #
IDrawable draw()
)
Object * +
interface IDrawable { // (1) Interface

void draw();
}
// ...
// ...
public static IDrawable createIDrawable() { // (7) Static Method
return new IDrawable(){ // (8) Implements interface at (1)
System.out.println("Drawing a new IDrawable.");
}
};
}
}
// ...
# " F0!
*
.+ ActionListener
actionPerformed() addActionListener() F0!
quitButton )
addActionListener() F0!
actionPerformed() ActionListener )
quitButton.addActionListener(
new ActionListener() { // (1) Anonymous class implements interface.
// Invoked when the user clicks the quit button.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
System.exit(0); // (2) Terminates the program.
}
}
);
Instantiating Anonymous Classes

* ," -.C+
AnonClassClient ," -.. *
..+
*:+ # *
.7+ *
.8+
*
?+ #
)
*
..+ %
) # *
.7+

Page 27 of 31
# ,"
-.. %
Accessing Declarations in Enclosing Context

% * -9 8C9+ ,"
-.7 ," -B
," -B ," -.7
TLCWithAnonClasses # & #
" Base
% final " !
"
" $.this '
" #
# ! !
class Base {
protected int nsf1;
}
class TLCWithAnonClasses { // Top level Class

private double nsf1; // Non-static field
private int nsf2; // Non-static field
private static int sf; // Static field
Base nonStaticMethod(final int fp) { // Non-static Method

return new Base() { // Non-static anonymous class
double f7 = TLCWithAnonClasses.this.nsf1; // (7) In enclosing object.
int f8 = nsf2; // (8) In enclosing object.
};
}
static Base staticMethod(final int fp) { // Static Method

return new Base() { // Static anonymous class


Page 28 of 31

double f6 = nsf1; // (16 ) Inherited from superclass.
// double f7 = TLCWithAnonClasses.this.nsf1; //(17) No enclosing object.
// int f8 = nsf2; // (18) No enclosing object.
};
}
}
Review Questions
- D
' public
3 static
% static
interface IntHolder { int getInt(); }
# # D
//----(1)----
IntHolder makeIntHolder(int i) {
return new IntHolder() {
public int getInt() { return i; }
};
}
//----(2)----
IntHolder makeIntHolder(final int i) {
return new IntHolder {

Page 29 of 31
};
}
//----(3)----
class MyIH implements IntHolder {
}
return new MyIH();
}
//----(4)----
IntHolder makeIntHolder(final int i) {
class MyIH implements IntHolder {
}
return new MyIH();
}
//----(5)----
return new MyIH(i);
}
static class MyIH implements IntHolder {
final int j;
MyIH(int i) { j = i; }
public int getInt() { return j; }
}
# #
*
.+
*
7+
*
8+
*
9+
*
:+
/ D
# #
' " final #
! # Outer
# "Outer.this
Outer
% final

Page 30 of 31
! objRef # Outer
" (objRef instanceof Outer) # true
0 D
static
1 static
static
% static
' static
Chapter Summary
# # &
&
&
" #
# " #
# "
G # H.new "

Page 31 of 31
" G
H.this "
"
" "
Programming Exercise
1 # # PrintFunc " Print

," =7 ! ) PrintFunc
Function ) 1 PrintFunc
Function evaluate()
PrintFunc Function ) evaluate()
evaluate() Print
," =7
PrintFunc Print

Chapter 7

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Chapter 7

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Page 1 of 31

Chapter 7. Nested Classes And Interfaces

7.1 Overview of Nested Classes and Interfaces

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class TLC { // (1) Top level class

static class SMC {/*...*/} // (2) Static member class

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interface SMI {/*...*/} // (3) Static member interface

class NSMC {/*...*/} // (4) Non-static member (inner) class

static void sm() {

SMC nsf = new SMC()

static SMI sf = new SMI()

2 public ' '/

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7.2 Static Member Classes and Interfaces

public class TopLevelClass { // (1)

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extends StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { // (5)

//TopLevelClass.StaticMemberClass_1.StaticMemberInterface_1_1 ref; // (8)

file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

public class Client1 {

public class Client2 {

! Client1.java import *.+ #

Accessing Members in Enclosing Context

public void nonStaticMethod_1() { // (2)

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private static class StaticMemberClass_1 { // (3)

public static void staticMethod_1_1() { // (6)

interface StaticMemberInterface_1_1 { int Y2K = 2000; } // (7)

protected static class StaticMemberClass_1_1

private int k = Y2K; // (9)

// nonStaticMethod_1(); // (14) Not OK.

public static void main (String[] args) {

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7.3 Non-static Member Classes

& public / protected private

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class LinkedList { // (1)

protected Node head;

Instantiating Non-static Member Classes

class ToplevelClass { // (1)

public class Client { // (11)

innerRef1: Shine the inner light in 2003

file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

" # $.new " $

return new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (4)

return this.new NonStaticMemberClass(); // (4')

topRef ) ToplevelClass % "

file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

Accessing Members in Enclosing Context

public NonStaticMemberClass() { this.banner = this.headlines; }

public NonStaticMemberClass() { this.banner = ToplevelClass.this.headlines; }

Accessing Hidden Members

-$ ' this new ( *

file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

private String id = "TLClass object "; // (2)

class InnerB { // (5) NSMC

class InnerC { // (11) NSMC

TLClass object a : InnerB object b

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Inheritance Hierarchy and Enclosing Context

file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhD107.htm 6/16/2006

class TopLevelClass { // (1) Top-level Class

class Inner extends Superclass { // (2) Non-static member Class

static class SMC {/.../} // (2) Static member class

interface SMI {/.../} // (3) Static member interface

class NSMC {/.../} // (4) Non-static member (inner) class