THE PRIVATE SECTOR

AND LEARNING REGIONS

Paolo Federighi
Florence University and Earlall
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1. Private basic role
1.1. Buyers of learning opportunities
(enterprises and households)


1.2. Providers
(private organisations)
1.1. Buyers
Facts

5 over 6 are private buyers
2 over 3 are entrepreneurs

Consequences
Employed people (or relatives of) can be trained
Non active and unemployed people much less
1.2. Providers: some basic characteristics
Economical
goals
Profit
Non profit
dependent
Non profit
independent
Organisational
dimension
Local/regional
National
Global
Specialisation
Basic or
advanced
education
Managerial
Technical
2. A new structural model
From just State driven system
Ministry
system
centres centres
system
centres
To some systems and diversified
markets (x target, object and costs)
technical
managerial
basic
3. Functions of Regional Policies
Correction and regulation of individual demand trough different stimulus
Correction and regulation of supply trough different stimulus
Direct provision of public supply (compensation)
Synergies among public and private sector
4. Synergies
Change of
paradigm
of public
policies
Targeted on
impact
Complementarity
among equal
Involving all real
actors
5. Youth policies as exemplar field
Youth are group of population largely involved in public
policies
Important results during the last 100 years
The current political model is unable to avoid the fact that
European youth:
Enter too late into the Labour Market
Spend too much time within the school system
according to the learning outcomes
Are more and more poor
6. The detention strategy
Better trained youth have better chance to have a decent
job even during the crisis
But no better PISA results despite reform of curricula
And NEET are increasing even when Drop-out ratio
decrease
Less Drop-outs
9


ln general, Lhe evoluLlon of Lhls lndlcaLor ln Lhe average european reglons has a decreaslng
Lrend, and Lhus represenLs an lmprovemenL over Lhe recenL pasL. 1he raLe of early dropouLs ln
Lhe 8asque CounLry ln Lhe reference perlod sLood aL 12.6, agalnsL 14.4 of Lu 27 and 31.2
for Lhe resL of Lhe sLaLe
4
. Powever, Lhe basque reglon does noL reach Lhe LargeL seL by Lhe
2020 Luropean SLraLegy, whlch seLs Lhe opLlmum values below 10.

WlLh respecL Lo oLher reglons under sLudy, only Lwo aLLaln Lhe above ob[ecLlve: Lhe souLhern
reglon of AusLrla (SudsLerrelch wlLh 7.1) and 8aden-WurLLemberg wlLh 9.3. 1hey are
followed by Lhe norLhern Sweden wlLh 11.6 and fourLh place ls occupled by Lhe 8asque
CounLry.

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6,20#1) 7889) 788:)
8aden-WurLLemberg 9,3 10,1
8esL of Spaln 31,2 31,9
8sque CounLry 12,6 14,1
CenLre (l1) 13,3 14,3
SudsLerrelch 7,1 8,2
norra Sverlge 11,6 12,3
Wales 17,6 18,4
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors


8egardlng gender, ln all reglons sLudled early school leavlng ls more common among men. 1he
mosL pronounced dlfferences occur ln Lhe 8asque CounLry, where men double Lhe raLe of early
women school leavers, and ln Lhe lLallan reglon, wlLh a gap of almosL flve polnLs beLween Lhe
Lwo groups. Moreover, ln Lhe case of women, Lhe 8asque CounLry and norLhern Sweden [oln
Lhe european reglons exceedlng Lhe LargeLs seL by Lhe Lu.


4
llgure for 2009. ln 2010 Lhe percenLage of Lhe 8asque CounLry decreases Lo 10.8.
More NEET
11

outh ne|ther |n schoo| nor work|ng (18-24).
keg|on 2009 2008
8aden-WurLLemberg 9,4 8,3
norLheasL (Spaln) 16 12,2
8asque Country
S
9,9
CenLre (l1) 16,4 14,9
SudsLerrelch 10,3 7,9
norra Sverlge 13,2 12,3
Wales 19,3 16,6
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors


!"!" !"!" !"!" !"!" #$%&'()*+#&,-)$)* #$%&'()*+#&,-)$)* #$%&'()*+#&,-)$)* #$%&'()*+#&,-)$)*+

Some relevanL lndlcaLors relaLed Lo educaLlon and lnlLlal Lralnlng havlng been analyzed, Lhe
one whlch chlldren and young people regularly follow afLer flnlshlng compulsory educaLlon, ln
Lhls brlef reflecLlon some lndlcaLors relaLed Lo llfelong learnlng are lncluded, as from Lhe age of
16 (ln Lhe 8asque CounLry), young people can leave Lhe educaLlon sysLem. Pere are some facLs
ln relaLlon Lo Lhe access Lo Lhls oLher Lype of Lralnlng.

1he flrsL aspecL Lo be noLed ls Lhe greaL dlfflculLy Lo clearly ldenLlfy Lhe concepLs lncluded ln
Lhls area (formerly called ln Spaln non-lormal LducaLlon), slnce Lhe sLaLlsLlcal sysLems of daLa
collecLlon are much less comprehenslve.

1he Luropean Commlsslon seL a LargeL for 2010 Lo reach aL leasL 12.3 of Lhe populaLlon
beLween 23 and 64 years parLlclpaLlng ln llfelong learnlng acLlvlLles, no remalnlng Lhls raLe
below 10 ln any counLry ln Lhe Lu.



3
ercenLage of people aged beLween 16 and 22 years (lncluslve) who do noL perform any work or any
Lype of sLudy (regulaLed or noL).
6. The detention strategy



The aims are significant for the
youth population
and for the European strategy too?
Employment rate
19

Lmp|oyment trends |n the popu|at|on aged 2S to 34 years by gender
2000 2001 2003 2004 200S 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Med|a
Men 130 132,9 130 130 134 133,4 131,2 144,9 126,9
lncrease/decrease 1,9 -0,7 0,0 2,7 -0,4 -1,4 -4,2 -12,4 -1,7S
Women 108 113,4 123 124 120 124,9 127,4 129,1 117,4
8
a
s
q
u
e

C
o
u
n
t
r
y

lncrease/decrease 6,9 7,6 -0,8 -3,2 4,1 2,0 1,3 -9,1 1,0
Men 2887 3037 3131 3264 3333 3417 3233 2846 2633,9
lncrease/decrease 3,2 3,1 3,6 2,7 1,9 -4,7 -12,6 -6,7 -0,8
Women 1992 2194 2323 2443 2336 2629 2623 2433 2323,7
S
p
a
|
n

lncrease/decrease 10,1 12,1 11,4 9,2 7,3 3,4 -7,3 -11,3 4,37
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors
unlL: 1housands of people

lf absoluLe values glve us an overvlew of how many young people are ln Lhe labor markeL aL a
glven Llme, Lhe employmenL raLe helps us Lo assess Lhe comparaLlve slLuaLlon of young people
ln relaLlon Lo oLher age groups. 1hls Lable shows LhaL Lhe slLuaLlon of young people beLween
13 and 24
8
ls worsL ln Lhe 8asque CounLry Lhan ln any oLher analyzed reglons, Lhe raLe belng
lower among men Lhan among acLlve women.
Lmp|oyment rate aged 1S and 24, 2009, by sex
CSA 8C!LC1 8LClCnS/LMLC?MLn1 8A1L MLN WCMLN
8aden-Wrttenberg
90,7 92,9
8asque Country 6S,7 71,6
1uscany 83,6 80,4
Ste|ermark
90,0 90,1
Me||ersta Norr|and
s.d. s.d.
Wa|es
78,2 82,7
1C1AL analyzed reglons
87,S 89,8
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors

S.2.1. Lmp|oyment by educat|on Leve|

Any analysls of Lrends ln employmenL usually lnclude Lhe perspecLlve of Lhe educaLlonal level
of people who are aL dlfferenL sLages of acLlvlLy, slnce Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween educaLlonal
level and employmenL has frequenLly been ldenLlfled, and Lhe more educaLed geL Lhe beLLer
raLes of employmenL (and, generally, of acLlvlLy, especlally among women).


8
lL was noL posslble Lo analyze Lhls varlable ln Lhe age brackeL beLween 23 and 34 years for lack of
comparaLlve daLa on populaLlon, buL unemploymenL raLes llsLed below provlde Lhe "negaLlve" slLuaLlon.

Unemployment rate
21

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E06F%+)G#%(&5.) 304,8 324,9 333,8 338 377,4 426,3 444 432,3 432,8 433,2
) lncrease/decrease) 6,6 3,4 6,6 3,4 13,0 4,2 1,9 0,1 0,1 473H)
D+() 179,7 187,6 192,6 200,2 203,3 236 243,7 230,6 243,8 236 ))
lncrease/decrease 4,4 2,7 3,9 2,6 14,8 3,3 2,8 -1,9 -4,0 @71H)
I#,+() 123,1 137,3 143,2 137,7 172 190,3 200,4 201,7 207 217,2 ))
lncrease/decrease 9,8 4,3 10,1 9,1 10,6 3,3 0,6 2,6 4,9 374H)
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors

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When analyzlng Lhe evoluLlon of youLh unemploymenL (ages 13 and 24) lL shows LhaL 2009
was a parLlcularly negaLlve year for Lhe 8asque CounLry, as well as for !anLlands Land, feaLurlng
unemploymenL raLes compleLely away from 8aden WurLLemberg, buL also, ln general away
from Lhe oLher analyzed reglons.
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CSA 8C!LC1
8LClCnS
1>>C) 1>>B) 1>>A) 1>>3) 1>>2) 1>>4) 1>>@) 1>>1) 1>>?) 1>>>) ?CCC)
E0:+(JIK5&&+(8+59) 8,3 6,6 6,8 8,8 11,0 9,6 7,4 3,4 3,7 3,7 3,1
E06F%+)G#%(&5.) 31,3 19,2 17,1 20,8 19,1 24,3 23,4 22,2 21,3 23,6 29,0
L%6;0(.) 17,8 14,4 13,7 13,4 16,7 16,0 13,0 16,2 16,9 16,9 20,9
M&+'+5,05N) 10,0 6,8 8,2 7,3 8,3 7,3 3,9 3,8 6,3 6,3 3,3
OP,&$0(:6)$P(:) 33,6 26,0 21,1 17,2 19,7 17,6 12,8 14,2 13,7 9,7 16,0
I0$+6) 19,9 13,9 14,3 13,7 13,7 11,8 13,1 14,0 14,3 13,7 16,8
Source: CSA ro[ecL lndlcaLors

ln Lhe area of unemploymenL, Lhe slLuaLlon of women appears beLween llghL and clearly more
favorable compared Lo LhaL of men, excepL ln Lhe case of 1uscany, where Lhey have a hlgher
unemploymenL raLe Lhan Lhe male. ln Lhe 8asque CounLry, Lhe dlfference ls nearly slx polnLs ln
favor of female employmenL ln Lhls age group.
7. Differentiation of pathways: work
7.1. blended model (duale)

7.2. embedded learning and workplace learning


Giving youth the chance to have a job experience, a task
for entrepreneurs and for the public sector
8. Power and proximity
Regional governments can do that in a frame of multilevel
governance- because:
Legislative and financial power
Proximity to local labour market and relation with market
of education