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CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 2.1 What is Zigbee? 3. Study on relative model 3.1 Preambles of Conductor Capacity Ratings 3.2 Dynamic Thermal Line Ratings (DTLR) 3.3 Traditional Methods for DTLR 4. The structure of monitoring unit 5. Structure and design of monitoring unit 6. Design of softwares 6.1 Functions of Expert Software 6.2 Figure below shows the flow chart of monitoring and Communication unit 7. Temperature sensor LM 35 7.1 Features Of LM 35 7.2 Typical application of LM 35 7.3 Block Diagram of LM 35 8.Integrated Silicon Pressure Sensor On-Chip Signal
1. ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the design, construction, instrumentation and testing of a GSM and ZIGBEE based monitoring system for the measurement of Overhead High Voltage (HV) Conductor Temperature and Sag. The main advantage of this concept is the real time direct measurement of the parameters (i.e., conductor sag and temperature) needed for the operation of the transmission system without intermediate measurement of conductor tension and ambient weather conditions, by which the temperature controlling of transmission lines conductors is realized the stoppage caused by raised temperature can be avoided and some accidents caused by the increased temperature can be avoided. The principle and the feature of GSM SMS and ZIGBEE communication are analyzed. The construction of this system is outlined, and the force modal of calculating the variety of the sag due to the increased temperature of conductors is built. Finally, the software and hardware design of the online temperature monitoring unit of conductors and fittings are outlined. In this paper, a self-designed industrial GSM module is selected to finish the transmission and the decoding of the monitoring data through AT command and coding of short message PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
2. INTRODUCTION
With fast development of economy in India, the demand of electricity is higher and higher, and the problem between lag of construction of network and inadequacy of transmission capacity becomes increasingly prominent, which exacerbates the unharmonious contradictions of development between power grids and power generation structure. Some provinces and cities have begun to take power limited policies to alleviate contradiction of the current electricity supply-demand, how to resolve this problem has become imperative responsibility for many power workers. Recently, in order to prevent overloading of transmission lines [1,9,10], domestic power system usually adopts the static, conservative transmission capacity value in design, which is a conservative static value based on the severest weather conditions. However, such severe weather conditions rarely occurred, and it has resulted in the inefficient use of potential transmission capacities in most time. Now, according to the traditional technology, the transmission capacity [3,10] can be increased only by adding transmission lines. However, it is becoming more and more difficult to build new transmission lines with the transmission lines increased. From the perspective of sustainable development and environmental protection, we should pay more attention from power grids expansion to increase the potential transmission capacity of available transmission lines, and enhance the transmission capacity of power grids, so as to resolve the problems between high requirement of electricity and difficulty of new transmission line. At present, some areas adopt the allowable temperature value of 70 to 80or even 90. Properly increasing the allowable temperature of existing conductors can increase stable carrying capacity of transmission lines; thereby the normal transmission capacity is improved. The method is a breakthrough of current technical regulations, the impact caused by improving conductor temperature on conductors, the mechanical strength and the lifespan of matched fittings, the increase in sag and so on should be studied. In addition, if the conductor temperature and the sag can be real-timely monitored, the dynamic regulation of the transmission capacity, such as day and night, cloudy and sunny, summer and winter under the different environmental conditions can be realized to improve the transmission capacity.
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In order to meet these demands, the monitoring system of temperature of conductors and fittings conductor sag [2,3] based on GSM SMS and ZIGBEE [11,12] is studied and developed in this paper. In any interconnected HV transmission system, there is the need to define in quantitative terms the maximum amount of power that may be transferred without violating the system safety, reliability and security criteria that are in place. Hence, real time ratings of circuits are critical to system capacity utilization. The current carrying capability of many transmission circuits is limited by the conductor temperature (thermal limits) and sag. For this reason, real time conductor temperature and sag measurements and real time current rating hold promise for the improvement of system transfer capability. Traditionally, overhead conductor sag has been considered for line rating by using indirect measurements. Recent commercialized techniques include the physical measurement of conductor surface temperature using an instrument mounted directly on the line, and the measurement of conductor tension at the insulator supports. These measured parameters can be used to estimate conductor sag. The pertinence of conductor sag to circuit operation relates to the calculation of Dynamic Thermal Line Rating (DTLR). A new direct method for the measurement of overhead conductor temperature and sag factors based on GSM SMS and ZIGBEE has been proposed in this dissertation work for the purpose of DTLR. This temperature and sag monitoring device responds to the weather conditions. The main advantages of the method include the accurate measurement of conductor sag and temperature values without recourse to simplified assumptions that could otherwise affect its accuracy. With this method, errors caused by insulator swings could be eliminated. To be able to directly monitor and display the conductor temperature and sag values in real time will enable prospective engineers to physically capture the conductor behavior, and to take judicious steps towards a reliable system loading. 2.1 WHAT IS ZIGBEE ? ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless home area networks (WHANs), such as wireless light switches with lamps, electrical meters with in-home-displays, consumer electronics equipment via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth.
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ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
lack of actual knowledge of the conductor operating conditions. The utilization of the extra capacity of the system by operating conductors at higher load levels in real time could serve as an option for an improvement in power wheeling. This is a potential source of reduction in capital and operating costs. At present, in accordance with different natural environment, different countries adopt different boundary conditions to calculate the transmission capacity of conductors such as wind speed, sunlight, temperature and conductor temperature, which has a large impact on the calculation results. Different countries have different allowable temperature [9] value about the ACSR, Japan and the United States 90C, France 85C, Germany, 80C, India 75 C, the Soviet Union 70C, Britain 50C. When the allowable temperature of conductor increases from 70 to 80C in short time, its cumulative loss of mechanical strength for 30 years fall in the permitted scope of 7% to 10%. If the allowable temperature of conductor exceeds current operating temperature of +70C It will bring the following questions: (1) It does not comply with current design standards (in the current standards the maximum temperature of conductor is +70C), but increasing the maximum allowable temperature to +80C or +90C, it does not affect its safety operation of conductor itself; (2) It brings some impacts on conductors, mechanical strength and lifespan of fittings. When the temperature of linear linking tube of conductor and the combination fittings of tension resistible clinch is below the temperature of the conductor, the grasp strength after the thermal cycling tests is also in compliance with the international standard;
mandated clearance is to be applied for an acceptable period of time. There appears to be no firm industry standard for DTLR methods.
sensors can only be installed when conductors is unloading, that is to say, they can only be installed in maintenance period. In addition, the reliability of pulling sensor also should be higher. In the present industry DTLR methods, the sag information is a calculated output, whereas in this new proposed approach (i.e., GSM and ZIGBE based instrument); the sag information is a measured input.
available technical regulations. Of course, the operating temperature of conductors can also be monitored by this system when the transmission capacity is increased.
Barometric pressure sensors and so on, as shown in Figure.7. Here, LM35 is selected as the temperature sensor which is a single-bus digital sensor and MPXAZ6115A selected as pressures sensor which is Integrated Silicon Pressure Sensor Altimeter/Barometer Pressure Sensor On-Chip Signal Conditioned, Temperature Compensated and Calibrated. Using single-bus (1- wire) technology, LM35 and MPXAZ6115A are blends with address bus, data bus and control bus for a bidirectional serial signal wire, which provides a simple structure, the convenient bus expansion and maintenance. Zigbee modules are developed independently by authors to achieve the short-distance communication. The specific structure is shown as Figure.2.
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The block diagram of monitoring system consists of power supply unit, microcontroller, temperature and pressure sensors, ZIGBEE module, and GSM module.
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6. DESIGN OF SOFTWARES
The main function of the monitoring unit is to monitor temperature of conductors and the pressure station value. On one hand, monitoring unit works in interrupted mode, which starts to convert the temperature and pressure values when the sampling time is coming, then sends data to the communication unit after conversion by Zigbee module.The interrupted program flowchart is shown as Figure.8. On the other hand, monitoring unit works in a cyclic mode for an alarm (the upper limit temperature of LM35 can be set to 70C or other values), which will ignore the limitation of sampling interval time and send signals to communication unit by ZIGBEE module when the temperature beyond the limit, and the communication unit sends the messages to workers to take measures timely.
distance exceeds the allowable value, an alarm message can be send by GSM SMS to some managers. The operating parameters of the communication unit, such as time interval, system time of unit and requests of real-time data etc., can be remotely modified by GSM communication.
6.2 Figure below shows the flow chart of monitoring and communication unit.
Initialize RS 232 and LCD & ports. Check whether there is any LM35 and MPXHZ 6115A.if it is present initialize it. The processor sends order to monitor temperature and pressure. Send analogue values to microcontroller for ADC conversion after that it send digital values to EEPROM using protocol .the microcontroller read values from memory send the values to LCD to display and also send information to communication unit by ZIGBEE module
. Figure
Figure 7: Flow Chart for Communication Unit The ZIGBEE transceiver is used for the communication between the monitoring and communication units, in the present work. The AVR Microcontroller takes data and decides where it should be sent. This involves looking at the data type and the destination to determine whether the data should be sent over the serial port. The ZIGBEE module is responsible for encapsulating the data in the required packet format for sending it to another ZIGBEE, or to the serial port. ZIGBEEs SPI protocol performs tasks, such as timing and parity checking, that are needed for data communications. The data enters the DO buffer and is sent out the serial port to a host device. It has been seen that the data transmitted over the communication link is uncorrupted.
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7. Temperature sensor LM 35
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.
7.1 Features Of LM 35
* Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) * Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor * 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) *Rated for full 55 to +150C range * Suitable for remote applications * Low cost due to wafer-level trimming * Operates from 4 to 30 volts * Less than 60 A current drain * Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air * Nonlinearity only 14C typical * Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
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FIGURE 9. LM35 with R-C Damper CAPACITIVE LOADS Like most micro power circuits, the LM35 has a limited ability to drive heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able to drive 50 pf without special precautions. If heavier loads are anticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the load with a resistor; see Figure 3. Or you can improve the tolerance of capacitance with a series R-C damper from output to ground; see Figure 4.When the LM35 is applied with a 200W load resistor as shown in Figure 5, Figure 6 or Figure 8 it is relatively immune to wiring capacitance because the capacitance forms a bypass from ground to input, not on the output. However, as with any linear circuit connected to wires in a hostile environment, its performance can be affected adversely by intense electromagnetic sources such as relays, radio transmitters, motors with arcing brushes, SCR transients, etc, as its wiring can act as a receiving antenna and its internal junctions can act as rectifiers. For best results in such cases, a bypass capacitor from VIN to ground and a series R-C damper such as 75W in series with 0.2 or 1 F from output to ground are often useful. These are shown in Figure 10,
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FIGURE 10. Temperature To Digital Converter (Serial Output) (+128C Full Scale)
FIGURE 11. Temperature To Digital Converter (Parallel TRI-STATE Outputs for Standard Data Bus to P Interface) (128C Full Scale)
FIGURE 12
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8.Integrated Silicon Pressure Sensor On-Chip Signal Conditioned, Temperature Compensated and Calibrated MPX5700SERIES
The MPX5700 series piezoresistive transducer is a state-of-the-art monolithic silicon pressure sensor designed for a wide range of applications, but particularly those employing a microcontroller or microprocessor with A/D inputs. This patented, single element transducer combines advanced micromachining techniques, thin-film metallization, and bipolar processing to provide an accurate, high level analog output signal that is proportional to the applied pressure.
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FIGURE 14
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Figure 15. Recommended Power Supply Decoupling and Output Filtering (For additional output filtering, please refer to Application Note AN1646) This Figure.2 shows the sensor output signal relative to pressure input. Typical minimum and maximum outputcurves are shown for operation over 0 to 85C temperature range. The output will saturate outside of the ratedpressure range. A gel die coat isolates the die surface and wire bonds from the environment, while allowing thepressure signal to be transmitted to the sensor diaphragm. The gel die coat and durable polymer package provide amedia resistant barrier that allows the sensor to operate reliably in high humidity conditions as well as environments containing common automotive media. Transfer Function: Volt = VS x (0.009 x P - 0.095) (Pressure Error x Temp. Factor x 0.009 x VS) VS = 5.0 0.25 Vdc Temp.Factor =1 Pressure Error = 1.5 kPa
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9. Laboratory Bench-Testing
A selected number of experiments were performed on the GSM and ZIGBEE based overhead conductor temperature and sag measuring instrument at different environmental conditions. The main objectives of the bench-testing experiments were to evaluate the proper functioning of the radio communication links. In this case the experiments GSM and ZIGBEE based conductor sag instrument was not directly mounted on an energized overhead HV conductor due to lack of logistics and high cost in terms of the availability of necessary facility. To be able to perform such an experiment in a real life application is beyond the capability of the university research resource at this time.
Figure 16: Received Monitoring System Values from GSM Module as SMS
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12.References
[1]Development of a Low-Cost ZIGBEE and GSM SMS-Based Conductor Temperature and Sag Monitoring System, M.V. Vijaya Saradhi et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(4), 2010, 372-381 [2] IEEE std 738-1993, IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors, New York,s1993. [3] T. O. Seppa, Factors Influencing the Accuracy of High Temperature Sag Calculations, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1994, [4] T. O. Seppa, Accurate Ampacity Determination: Temperature-Sag Model for Operational Real Time Ratings, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1995. [5] R. F. Chu, On Selecting Transmission Lines for Dynamic Thermal Line Rating System Implementation, Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1992. [6] U. K. Fernndez, C. Mensah-Bonsu, J. S. Wells, G. T. Heydt, Calculation of the Maximum Steady State Transmission Capacity of a System, Proceedings of the 30th North American Power Symposium, Cleveland, Ohio, October 19-20, 2007, pp. 300-305. [7] D. A. Douglass, A A. Edris, Real-Time monitoring and Dynamic Thermal Rating of Power Transmission Circuits, Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 3, July 1996, pp. 1407-1415. [8] D. A. Douglass, D. C. Lawry, A. A. Edris, E. C. Bascom, III, "Dynamic Thermal Ratings Realize Circuit Load Limits," IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2006. [9] Ye Hongsheng, Gong Renwei, Huang Weizhong. Feasibility Study on Increasing Conductor Allowable Temperature and Engineering Practice[J]. Power construction, 2004. [9] Zhang Xuezhe,Li Xiaoqing,Liu Changqing,and so on.Discussing on Measurement of Improving Conductor Transmission Capacity Improving Conductor Allowable Temperature[J]. For electricity, 2005. [10] Zhao Chen,HE Bo, Wang Rui. A Design for ZigBee Wireless Communication Based on CC2420 RF transceiver. Micro-Computer Information, 2007. [11] Zhou Yuexia, Sun Chuanyou. DS18B20 Hardware Interface and Software Program. Sensor World, 2001
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