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14. Functional Analysis& Allocation

14.1 Functional Hierarchy

To Figure 14.2

1.1 Provide Illumination

1.2 Provide Power Generation

1.3 Provide Power Storage

1.1.1 Light Up Streets at Night

1.1.2 Provide Dispersed Illumination

1.2.1 Provide Power Source

1.2.2 Maximize Power Generation

1.3.1 Store Generated Power

Figure 14.1 Functional Hierarchy Part 1

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From Figure 14.1

1 Provide Efficient Streetlight

To Figure 14.3

1.4 Provide Automation

1.4.1 Provide Control

1.4.2 Provide Communicatio n Means

Figure 14.2 Functional Hierarchy Part 2

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From Figure 14.2

1.5 Withstand Environmental Conditions

1.6 Provide Safety

1.5.1 Prevent Corrosion

1.5.2 Prevent Overheating

1.5.3 Withstand Impact

1.6.1 Provide Lighting Protection

1.6.2 Prevent Injury

1.6.3 Provide Electrical Surge Protection

1.6.4 Provide Earthing

Figure 14.3 Functional Hierarchy Part 3

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1.1 Provide Illumination. 1.1.1 Lighting Up of Area: Traceability: R1.1, R1.2, R1.3, R1.4, R1.5, R1.7, R1.8 Allocated to component 1.1.1 1.1.2 Provide Dispersed Illumination: Traceability: R1.6 Allocated to component 1.1.2 1.2 Provide Power Generation. 1.2.1 Provide Independent Power Source: Traceability: R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, R2.6 Allocated to component 1.2.1 1.2.2 Maximise Power Generation Capabilities: Traceability: R2.4, R2.5 Allocated to component 1.2.2 1.3 Provide Power Storage. 1.3.1 Store Generated Power: Traceability: R3.1, R3.2, R3.3, R3.4, R3.5 Allocated to component 1.3.1 1.4 Provide Automation. 1.4.1 Provide Control: Traceability: R4.1, R4.3, R4.4, R4.5 Allocated to component 1.4.1 1.4.2 Provide Communication Means: Traceability: R4.2, R4.6 Allocated to component 1.4.2
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1.5 Withstand Environmental Conditions. 1.5.1 Prevent Corrosion: Traceability: R5.1, R5.2, R5.3 Allocated to component 1.5.1 1.5.2 Prevent Overheating: Traceability: R5.4 Allocated to component 1.5.2 1.5.3 Withstand Impact: Traceability: R5.5 Allocated to component 1.5.3 1.6 Provide Safety. 1.6.1 Provide Lightning Protection: Traceability: R6.1 Allocated to component 1.6.1 1.6.2 Provide Protection Against Electrical Surges & Over-current: Traceability: R6.2, R6.3 Allocated to component 1.6.2 1.6.3 Prevent Injury: Traceability: R6.4 Allocated to component 1.6.3 1.6.4 Provide Earthing: Traceability: R6.5 Allocated to component 1.6.4

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15. Functional Analysis& Allocation

15.1 Functional Hierarchy

To Figure 15.2

2.1 LED Module

2.2 Solar Panel

2.3 Power Storage Device

2.1.1 LED Tubes

2.1.2 Reflector

2.2.1 Solar Array

2.2. Optical Lenses

2.3.1 Battery

Figure 15.1 Functional Hierarchy Part 1

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2 LED Streetlight

From Figure 15.1

To Figure 15.3

2.4 Automation System

2.4.1 Control Circuit

2.4.2 Comm Ports

Figure 15.2 Functional Hierarchy Part 2

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From Figure 15.2

2.5 Environment Proof Product

2.6 Safety System

2.5.1 Corrosion Proof Material

2.5.2 Ventilation System

2.5.3 Impact Control

2.6.Lightning Protection

2.6.Breakers

2.6.3 Locking Mechanism

2.6.4 Earthing System

Figure 15.3 Functional Hierarchy Part 3

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2.1 LED Module. 2.1.1 LED Tubes: Traceability: R1.1, R1.2, R1.3, R1.4, R1.5, R1.7, R1.8 Allocated to component 2.1.1 2.1.2 Solar Panel: Traceability: R1.6 Allocated to component 2.1.2 2.2 Solar Panel. 2.2.1 Solar Array: Traceability: R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, R2.6 Allocated to component 2.2.1 2.2.2 Optical Lenses: Traceability: R2.4, R2.5 Allocated to component 2.2.2 2.3 Provide Power Storage. 2.3.1 Battery: Traceability: R3.1, R3.2, R3.3, R3.4, R3.5 Allocated to component 2.3.1 2.4 Automation System. 2.4.1 Control Circuit: Traceability: R4.1, R4.3, R4.4, R4.5 Allocated to component 2.4.1 2.4.2 Communication Ports: Traceability: R4.2, R4.6 Allocated to component 2.4.2 2.5 Environment Proof Products. 2.5.1 Corrosion Proof Material: Traceability: R5.1, R5.2, R5.3 Allocated to component 2.5.1 2.5.2 Ventilation System: Traceability: R5.4 Allocated to component 2.5.2 2.5.3 Impact Control: Traceability: R5.5 Allocated to component 2.5.3
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2.6 Safety System. 2.6.1 Lightning Protection: Traceability: R6.1 Allocated to component 2.6.1 2.6.2 Breakers: Traceability: R6.2, R6.3 Allocated to component 2.6.2 2.6.3 Locking Mechanism: Traceability: R6.4 Allocated to component 2.6.3 2.6.4 Earthing System: Traceability: R6.5 Allocated to component 2.6.4

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3.3.2 Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD) The FFBD below shows how the functions obtained above are related to one another and how they complement each other to enable the Submersible Aircraft to operate successfully.

To Figure 3.6

Figure 3.5 FFBD Part 1

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EIE Project Progress Report 2009SP7O

From Figure 3.5

To Figure

Figure 3.6 FFBD Part 2

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EIE Project Progress Report 2009SP7O

From Figure 3.6

Return to Figure

Figure 3.7 FFBD for Safety Procedure

Figure 3.8 FFBD for Collision Detection

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3.4 Physical Design

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3.4.1 Physical Overview

To Figure

Figure 3.9 Physical Architecture Part 1

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From Figure

To Figure

Figure 3.10 Physical Architecture Part 2

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From Figure

To Figure

Figure 3.11 Physical Architecture Part 3

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From Figure

Figure 3.12 Physical Architecture Part 4

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O

3.4.2 Component Details

1 LED Streetlight 1.1 LED Module 1.1.1 LED Tubes This component shall allow the aircraft to takeoff and fly. 4800 BHP Turbine Engine Engine Weight - 1.5 tons Engine Dimensions - 1.8 m by 0.56m by 1.0m 1.1.2 Reflector This component consists of several sub-systems: 1. Global Navigation System This component shall allow the aircraft to navigate while flying tracking its exact location. 2. Digital Display and Monitor System This component shall allow the pilot to monitor the navigation and control of the aircraft via a digital system. Softwares that adhere to the necessary standards are pre-installed in the system. 3. Braking System This component shall slow down the aircraft considerably for landing. a. Parachute shall be deploy to slow the aircraft 1.2 Solar Panel 1.2.1 Solar Array

This component shall provide buoyancy for the aircraft to loiter in conditions up to sea state 5. 1.2.2 Optical Lenses

This component shall allow the aircraft to move on water. This component consists of several sub-systems: Navigation System

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O

This component shall allow the aircraft to navigate while moving on water. Navigation instruments include magnetic compasses and azimuth reading device. Sea Control System

This component shall allow the pilot to control the aircraft. It will control the steering using a gear-linked system to maneuver the aircraft. Suspension System

This component shall allow the aircraft to travel on the water without bumps. It minimises vibration standards required for smooth travel. 1.3 Power Storage Device 1.3.1 Battery This component shall allow the submersible aircraft to take in water to allow it to submerge. It has automatic and emergency pumps to pump water in and out of the ballast tanks. 1.4 Automation System 1.4.1 Control Circuit This component consists of the following Radar Tracking System

This component shall allow the aircraft to track any friend or enemy units up to 50 kilometres away. Infra-Red Tracking System

This component shall allow the aircraft to track any stealthy enemy units up to 10 kilometres away. 1.4.2 Communication Ports Radar Absorbing Paint

This component shall allow the aircraft in absorb enemy radar and avoid detection.

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O 1.5 Safety System 1.5.1 Lightning Protection This component shall be responsible for utilising 6000 litres of fuel to sustain 72 hours operation ability. 1.5.2 Breakers This component consists of several sub-systems: Ventilation System This component shall provide interior ventilation for the crew. Sanitation System This component shall allow the crew to relieve themselves during operation. Relaxation Equipments These components shall allow the crew to rest and relax themselves Seats Beds

1.5.3 Locking Mechanism This component shall allow the aircraft to communicate via various channels to friends, neutrals or enemies units. 1.5.4 Earthing System This component shall be attached at the 4 corners of the aircraft. It enables the ease of recovery if the aircraft breaks down. 1.6 Environmental-proof Product 1.6.1 Corrosion Proof Material Consists of the following: Fire Safety System This component shall monitor aircraft engine and fuel temperature and activate the fixed fire extinguishers to extinguish the fire when detected.

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O

60 metres of Thermo-wire across engine compartment and fuel tank Fire Safety Equipment These components shall be used to extinguish isolated fire breakouts in the aircraft. 4 Portable Fire Extinguishers 1.6.2 Impact Control Consists of the following: Air Safety System This component shall monitor cabin pressure and activate auxiliary oxygen mask to crew when cabin is de-pressurized. Barometer Air Safety Equipment These components shall be used when the aircraft is damaged in flight and the crew needs to evacuate. 10 Parachutes 1.6.3 Ventilation System Consists of the following: Sea Safety System This component shall monitor and detect water seepage and activate pumps to pump out the water. Water level sensor 4 Emergency Bilge Pumps Sea Safety Equipments These components shall be used when the aircraft is damaged in sea and the crew needs to evacuate. 10 Life Jackets Project Plan - 25

EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O

Design Specification
As stated in the previous sections, our project consists of 4 different components, mainly: 1) 2) 3) 4) Solar Panel Module LED Module Control System Module Storage Bank Module

In this section, we shall look at the research done for the various subsystems and the corresponding evaluations to enable us to determine our initial conceptual design. Component 1 Solar Panel Module Our client deals with 2 forms of natural energy sources; wind power and solar power. However, we decided to remove to the wind generation method as it did not seem feasible in Singapore, which is widely known for its all-year sunny climate. In the next few portions, we shall provide some insights into solar panels and how we plan to improve on its efficiency. The solar panel is the most critical component in our product, compared to the other 3 subsystems, because it generates power for the LED streetlight. In recent years, research studies poured in the area of solar panel technology has been on the rise. Advantages of a solar panel system: Solar power is a renewable energy, since the Sun will always be there. Solar panels have a low installation cost. Solar systems can be easily incorporated to existing streetlights. Solar panels require little or no maintenance. Solar power is pollution-free. However, solar power does have its drawbacks such as its much lower efficiency rate compared to tapping power from the utility grid, inability to function in bad weather (especially prolong periods without sunlight) and its high manufacturing costs. Even so, advances in technology has allowed for drastic drop in the manufacturing costs, more so with the breakthrough in thin-film solar cells. From our research, we have found that the mono-crystalline silicon has a relatively low production cost and a rather high efficiency rate of between 18-20%. It goes as high as 24.4% for the wafer-fabricated types. Furthermore, with the adoption of thin-film concept, the production costs reach an economical level, but at the expense of compromising on the efficiency rate.

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O Figure 1 shows a 200W mono-crystalline solar panel. The size is quite large and takes up a lot of space, due to the number of cells being used. Up to half the cost for solar panels is attributed to the production costs. Thus, reduction in size will greatly reduce the cost. Our aim is to reduce the size of the panels but either maintain or increase the power output. Some of the factors affecting the output power include the intensity of the sunlight and the operating temperature of the solar module.

Figure 1 200W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Picture taken from: http://esunnyworld.en.made-inchina.com/product/oezJNUEdXlVI/China200w-Monocrystalline-Solar-PanelXHH200-.html

A cross-section of the mono-crystalline thin-film silicon can be seen in Figure 2, demonstrating the reason for decrease in efficiency. Due to the impure characteristic of most thin-films, voids exist within the film. The very nature of the voids allow for direct absorption, trapping of the light within the film or diffusing the light away. Minimising the loss light by means of an anti-reflection coating addresses the issue Figure 2 Cross-section of a Monopartially. crystalline Silicone Thin film (Brett, 1999) We come to realise the importance of efficient light trapping. Efficiency of light trapping boils down to the type of material being used. Silicon, for example, has a high index of refraction. Therefore, increasing the intensity of these weak absorbed light and increases the quality of the optical path, resulting in higher currents. Further probe into the matter reveals the usage of optical lenses or mirrors as concentrators. This method has been adopted in satellites to harness solar power by means of Fresnel lenses. In our proposal, we have decided to adopt these methods as a means of improving the power efficiency of the solar module. Below

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O are 2 designs that we have produced and these will be tested and verified in the testing phase. Design 1

Design 2

www.solar-wind.co.uk/solar_panels.html

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O

Component 2 LED Module Normally, conventional streetlights use HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps as the main lighting device. It requires an AC voltage source and at times, can be fairly unstable in operation. Thus, a ballast or control gear is required to maintain the stability. To achieve illuminance level of about 8000 lux for streetlights, HPS lamps usually have a minimum wattage of 150W, with light outputs of about 60-70lm/W. Figure 4 shows a typical HPS lamp. Figure 4 A High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp Picture taken from: http://www.diytrade.com/china/4/products/2390286/high_pressure_sodium_lamp.ht ml Lately, in the search for green resources, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have literally infiltrated the lighting industry, replacing lamps ranging from incandescent to fluorescent ones. More companies are adopting LED technology in their products, including our client. We shall continue to implement LED lights in our lighting module for various reasons. LEDs are eco-friendly and energy efficient, consuming up to 90% less power than incandescent, thus reducing the operating costs. LEDs have long lifespans of more than to 50,000 hours, in contrast to HPS lamps, which has burning hours of up to a maximum of 24,000 hours. More importantly, LEDs require only DC input power, suitable for solar panels which have a low voltage DC output power. This eliminates the need for control gears or ballasts.

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EIE Project Project Plan 2009SP7O Figure 5 shows an 80W LED module. It is able to produce a light output of 100lm/W, which equates to an illuminance level of about 8000 lux, with negligible losses. The illuminance level is almost equal to that of the HPS lamp but the wattage consumption is reduce to almost half with LEDs. Figure 2 An 80W LED Module Picture taken from: http://clearsystem.com.sg/ In designing the LED module, we will incorporate a method of controlling the LED power output to 100% for the first 6 hours, and 50% output power for the next 6 hours, since in the later part of the night, there are not many cars on the streets. This will help to further reduce the power consumption of the LED module. The control method will be described in a later section on Control Systems.

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