11th November 1918 Germany called for armistice January 1919 Paris Peace Conference 1919 John Maynard

Keynes (British economist) criticised idea of reparations 1919 1939 Inter-war years 1920 LoN did nothing about the Polish occupation of Vilna 1921 Poland and France agree to defend each other if attacked by Germany 1921 LoN resolved dispute between Sweden and Finland over Aaland Islands 1921 LoN partitioned area between Germany and Poland 1922 1923 LoN provided international help to prevent collapse of Austrian and Hungarian Economies 1922 Washington Naval agreement 1923 LoN did nothing to prevent Italian aggression against Greece in dispute over Corfu 1925 LoN halted Greek invasion of Bulgaria 1930 The Great Depression September 1931 1933 LoN failure over Manchuria 1933 Japan left LoN 1933 Germany left LoN October 1935 May 1936 LoN failure over Abyssinia 1937 Italy left LoN 1939 Spain left LoN 1939 None of Germany's old colonies governed under mandates were self-governing February 1917 Collapse of Tsarist government 24 October 1917 Bolsheviks, Leon Trotsky overthrew Provisional Government and seized power July 1918 Imperial family arrested 1921 Lenin strengthened his control, White armies and allies had been defeated 1924 USSR formed 1925 Stalin held party meeting with supporters, voted to remove Trotsky from his posts 1925 Trotsky was ousted 1928 1932 Five-Year Plan focused on heavy industries 1928 1933 Actual purchasing power of workers' salaries fell by 50% 1929 Labour unrest Mid 1930s Workers' conditions improved 1930s Russian workers able to obtain well-paid, high-skilled jobs 1 December 1934 Murder of Kirov 1936 Rationing ended 1936 Old Bolshevik leaders, Kamenev and Zinovev put on show trials 1933 1937, 1937 1942 Five-Year Plans gave more attention to consumer goods 1940 USSR overtook Britain in iron steel production, became a major industrial power 1941 Germany attacked Soviet Union 1919 1933 16 Chancellors, longest government lasted only 2 years and 2 months 1923 Hyperinflation 1932 Nazis won 37.3% of votes, became the party with the most number of seats in the Reichstag 30 January 1933 Hitler is appointed chancellor 1933 Hitler ended Weimar Germany, started the Third Reich

23 March 1933 Enabling Act April 1933 New laws passed to remove all members of other political parties from all government departments May 1933 All trade unions banned and reorganised into German Labour Front July 1933 All other political parties banned November 1933 Nazis won all the seats in election 1933 Nazis signed an agreement with Catholic Church 1933 1938 Laws discriminating Jews passed29 30 June 1934 Night of Long Knives 1936 Four-Year Economic Plan 1939 Nazi Germany still importing more than one-third of raw materials 1941 'Final Solution' proposed 1930s Britain and France follow a policy of appeasement 1935 Re-arming of Germany 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War, Hitler intervention 1937 Chamberlain encouraged repeated Czech surrenders to Germany during Sudetenland crisis 1938 Germans had 81 divisions assigned for European warfare August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact 1 September 1939 Hitler invaded Poland 1930s USA followed policy of isolationism 1930s Stalin tried to form an anti-Hitler alliance with Britain and France 1938 Munich Pact July 1941 Stalin asked UK to invade northern France 6 June 1944 D-Day (the second front) 1945 1991 Cold War 1950 1953 Korean War 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1964 1975 Vietnam War 1939 1940 Soviet Union took control of Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1944 Soviet Red Army moved westwards towards Berlin 1944 Soviet government went about establishing communist governments in each country in Eastern Europe 12 March 1947 Truman Doctrine 1948 Most of Eastern Europe had communist governments 1949 Greece and Turkey defeated Communists 1945 1947 $9 billion spent as continued lend-lease agreements 1946 1947 Average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1080 in Germany 1947 Little progress in rebuilding Europe July 1947 Marshall Plan Winter 1947 All electricity turned off for a period each day in Britain 1948 1952 Fast period of growth in Europe 1949 NATO established Mid 1951 $13 billion allotted 1911 Revolution

1948 Prices rose 85000 times in 6 months 1947 US stopped sending aid to China 1937 1945 Sino-Japanese War Late 1940s CCP had won support of many peasants, workers, students and intellectuals Late 1940s early 1950s Communist alliance between China and Soviet Union August 1949 Soviet Union tested its own nuclear weapon 1945 1972 One China Policy 1956 Japan's entry into the UN 1950 USA sent troops to support South Korea July 1945 Potsdam Conference 1946 Berlin public overwhelmingly elected democratic members to city council with 86% majority February 1947 Bizonia formed, began receiving aid under the Marshall Plan February 1948 US and British proposed the Deutschmark to replace Reichsmark June 1948 May 1949 Berlin Blockade 12 June 1948 Soviet Union declared Autobahn was closed for repairs 21 June 1948 Deutschmark introduced 21 June 1948 All barge traffic into Berlin stopped 24 June 1948 Due to technical difficulties no more rail traffic would travel to and from Berlin 25 June 1948 Announced that Soviet sector would not supply food to West Berlin June 1948 Allies decided to air-lift supplies 25 June 1948 Operation Vittles May 1949 Stalin re-opened communications, Berlin Blockade over 1949 West Germany formed November 1989 December 1989 Collapse of communism in East Germany Early 1990 Union of two states into Germany 1945 Kim II Sung returned to Korea 1945 1948 A number of opportunities for unification Spring 1948 Unification conference in Pyongyang 1948 Pyongyang employed guerilla action and political warfare to undermine Seoul regime Summer 1949 Border clashes 1949 Early 1950 Diplomatic activity and trade between South Korea and Japan increased 1949 Early 1950 Sino-American reapproachment not out of the question, Moscow's relations with China far from intimate Summer 1949 June 1950 100000 Koreans freed, at least 12000 re-integrated into North Korean Army Winter 1949 1950 Intense fighting, Republic of Korea decimated revolutionary elements December 1949 February 1950 Summit meeting in Moscow with Mao and Stalin January 1950 Defeat of a minor aid bill for Republic of Korea February 1950 Rhee made a 2-day trip to Tokyo March 1950 South Korean Labour Party virtually destroyed March 1950 North Korean hopes of achieving unification dashed March 1950 US granted $10 million in military aid to Seoul June 1950 North Korea suddenly invaded South Korea, war broke out in Korea 1950 1953 Korean War September 1950 Communist forces almost captured the whole country October 1950 UN troops captured Pyongyang, occupied two-thirds of North Korea and

reached the Yalu River 1951 1953 Military stalemate 1953 Armistice signed 1954 1955, 1958 1959, 1995 1996 Military conflicts between Taiwan and China in Taiwan Straits 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion June 1961 Kennedy attended a summit with Premier Khrushchev to discuss cold war confrontations 1962 US military exercise (Ortsac) 14 October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1963 Direct 'hotline' set up between the Kremlin and the White House 1963 US missiles in Turkey and Italy removed October 1964 Khrushchev removed from post as leader 1981 Ronald Reagan increased defence expenditure 1983 Reagan supported the creation of the Strategic Defence Initiative Before 1985 Lack of capable leaders in USSR 1985 Soviet Union did not have enough resources to implement a similar system 1985 Gorbachev took over 1989 Red Army was in disarray Late 1980s People in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine called for independence August 1991Coup against Gorbachev 1991 Collapse of USSR