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You may need the following formulas: Mechanics 1D-motion; Linear motion Mekanik Linjebunden rrelse displacement x ; instantaneous velocity v ; average velocity v ; initial velocity v0 ; average acceleration a ; mass m ; force F ; pressure P ; area A displacement x ; Constant acceleration a Gller vid konstant acceleration dr s r strcka v0 r utgngshastighet a r acceleration och t r tid.

1 x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 2 x = vt at 2 s = v0 t + 2 x v= t s v= t v = v0 + at
v = v + 2ax
2 2 0 2 v 2 = v0 + 2as

For constant velocity. Gller vid konstant hastighet dr v r hastighet s r strcka t r tid instantaneous velocity v ; constant acceleration a Gller vid konstant acceleration dr s r strcka, v r hastighet, v0 r utgngshastighet, a r acceleration, och t r tid. average velocity v average acceleration a =
v v2 v1 = t t 2 t1
dv d 2 x = dt dt 2

v=

v + v0 [m / s] 2 v v2 v1 [m / s 2 ] a= = t t 2 t1

a=

dv d 2 x = 2 [m / s 2 ] dt dt

instantaneous acceleration a =

F = mg

[N]

Tyngdkraften som ett freml med massan m knner av vid jordytan. The weight of an object of mass m [kg ] where the gravitational acceleration is g [m / s 2 ] .

sin =

b a cos = c c b tan = c 2 = a 2 + b 2 a

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CHAPTER TEST: Ch 2 Motion in 1D Physics course A Spring 2009: FyA2NVC09 Warning: There are more than one versions of the test.

Instructions Test Time Tools The test

8:05-10:00 Formula sheet, ruler and graphic calculator. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. After every item is given the maximum mark your solution can receive. [2/3] means that the item can give 2 g-points (Pass level) and 3 vg-points (Pass with distinction level). Items marked with give you a possibility to show MVG-quality (Pass with special distinction quality). This means that you use generalised methods, models and reasoning, that you analyse your results and account for a clear line of thought in a correct mathematical language.

Mark limits

The test gives totally at the most 38 points, out of which 22 vg-points and 3 MVG-quality () points. To pass the test you must have at least 12 points and to get the test character Pass with distinction (VG) you must have at least 25 points out of which at least 7 points on Pass with distinction level. Excellence (MVG) requires 28 points out of which at least 14 VG points and excellent quality presentation of the solutions .

Name: P G 1 2 3 4 5 6i 6ii 6iii 6iv 7i 7ii 7iii 8 9 10 Sum Grade 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 16 22 12 25 7 G VG

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

VG 0 1 G VG

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In the multiple answer questions below circle clearly the correct answer(s) and write clearly the corresponding alphabet on the space provided for the answer. 1. A 10.00 g metal ball is dropped from top of a cliff. The sea level is 100.0 m below the point the ball is dropped. How long after it is dropped the displacement of the boll is 44.2 m ? Ignore air friction. [1/0] a) At t = 4.50 s . b) At t = 3.00 s . c) At t = 9.00 s . d) At t = 3.31 s . e) None of alternatives above. At t = s.

Answer: Alternative b: Why? Explain. Show your calculations in details of your calculations in the space available below. [1/0] Suggested solution: x = 44.2 m

a = 9.82 m / s 2 v0 = 0

1 1 44.2 2ax = x0 + v0 t + at 2 44.2 = (9.82) t 2 = 4.91 t 2 t 2 = = 9 t = 9 s = 3.00 s 2 2 4.91 Answer: At t = 3.00 s after it is dropped the displacement of the ball is x = 44.2 m .
2. What is the velocity of the ball in the problem above just before hitting the water surface below? [1/0]

v 44.3 m / s . a. b. v 1964 m / s . c. v 10.2 m / s v 20.4 m / s d. e. None of alternatives above. v = m/ s . Answer: Alternative a. Why? Explain. Show your calculations in details of your calculations in the space available below. [0/1] Suggested solution: x = 100.0 m

a = 9.82 m / s 2 v0 = 0
2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax v 2 = 0 + 2 9.82 100.0 v 2 = 1964 v = 1964 m / s v 44.3 m / s

Answer: The velocity of the ball just before hitting the water surface x = 100.0 m below is v 44.3 m / s .

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The same metal ball in the problems above instead is thrown at an initial velocity 16.00 m / s upward from the top of the same cliff 100.0 m above the sea-level. What is the velocity of the ball 5.0 s later? [1/0] a) 33.1 m / s going downwards. b) 65.1 m / s going upwards. c) 49.1 m / s going downwards. d) 49.1 m / s going upwards. e) None of alternatives above. v = m/ s . Answer: Alternative: a Why? Explain. Show your calculations in details of your calculations in the space available below. [0/1] Suggested solutions: v0 = 16.00 m / s a = 9.82 m / s t = 5 .0 s v = v0 + at v = 16.0 9.82 5 = 33.1 m / s Answer: The velocity of the ball t = 5.0 s after its thrown upwards is 33.1 m / s going downwards. What is the velocity of the ball in the problem 3 just before it hits the water surface 100.0 m below its initial position? [1/0] a) 33.1 m / s going downwards. b) 65.1 m / s going upwards. c) 47.1 m / s going downwards. d) 47.1 m / s going upwards. e) None of alternatives above. v = m/ s . Answer: Alternative: c Why? Explain. Show your calculations in details of your calculations in the space available below. [0/1] Suggested solutions: v0 = 16.00 m / s a = 9.82 m / s x = 100.0 m 4.
2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax v 2 = 16 2 + 2 ( 9.82) ( 100.0) v 2 = 2220 v = 2220 v 47.1 m / s

3.

Answer: The velocity of the ball just before it hits the water surface 100.0 m below is v 47.1 m / s .

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How long after its thrown upwards will the ball in the problem above, will hit the water [1/0] surface 100.0 m below its initial position? a) At t 10.0 s . b) At t 11.8 s . c) At t 6.25 s . d) At t 6.43 s . e) None of alternatives above. t s. Answer: Alternative: d Why? Explain. Show your calculations in details of your calculations in the space available below. [0/1] Suggested solutions: v0 = 16.00 m / s a = 9.82 m / s x = 100.0 m 1 1 x = v0 t + at 2 100 = 16 t (9.82) t 2 4.91 t 2 16 t 100 = 0 2 2

5.

16 16 16 100 16 100 t t =0t = t = 4.80 t 6.43 m / s + 9.82 9.82 4.91 4.91 9.82 4.91
2

Answer: t 6.43 s after it was thrown up from the top of the cliff 100 meter above sealevel, it will hit the water surface 100.0 m below.

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6. The velocity over time for a certain particle moving along the x-axis is shown in the figure below. Find the acceleration of the particle at t = 2.00 s . [1/0] i. ii. Find the total displacement of the particle. [2/2] Determine the maximum acceleration of the particle. [1/1] iii. Describe the motion of the object during its entire motion. [0/2/] iv.
Velocity vs time 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s) 6 7 8 9 10

Suggested solutions: i. The acceleration of the particle at t = 2.00 s is the slope of the straight line that passes through the point in the figure above: 10 6 16 a23 = = = 8.00 m / s 2 [1/0] 3 1 2 Answer: The acceleration of the particle at t = 2.00 s is ii.

v(m/s)

a2 = 8.00 m / s 2 . The total displacement of the particle is the total area bounded under the graph of the velocity vs. time and t-axis in the figure above, providing that the area under the curve for negative velocities are negative: 15 15 6 1 10 3 2+6 8 8 10 + 6 x tot = (1 0) + (4 3) 6 (5 4 ) + 2 2 2 2 [1/2] 57 57 6 5 14 9 9 9 14 57 (5 4) + 5 + (10 9) 8.67 m 2 2 2 9 2 To find the exact intersection point of the graph of the function and that of the t-axis, we may first write the equation of the tangent, the solve it for t : v = 8 t + m 6 = 8 1 + m m = 6 + 8 m = 15 v = 8 t + 15 15 v = 8 t + 15 8 t + 15 = 0 8 t = 15 t = s [1/0] 8 12 ( 6) 12 + 6 a= = = 4.5 m / s 95 4

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v = 4.5 t + m 6 = 4.5 5 + m 6 = 22.5 + m m = 6 22.5 m = 28.5

v = 4.5 t 28.5 4.5 t 28.5 = 0 4.5 t = 28.5 t =

28.5 57 t = 6.33 s 4.5 9

Note that you may measure the times calculated above, i.e. 15 57 t= s 1.9 s , and t = 6.3 s using a ruler. 8 9 Answer: The total displacement of the particle is x tot 8.67 m . iii. The magnitude of the acceleration of the particle is highest in the time interval 9 10 s . The maximum deceleration (negative 0 14 = 14 m / s 2 . acceleration) of the particle is therefore, a9 _ 10 = 10 9 14 (6) 20 = = 5 m / s 2 in the time The particles acceleration is a59 = 95 4 interval 5 9 s . This may be interpreted as the maximum acceleration of the particle. [1/1] Description of the motion of the object during its entire motion: The particle accelerate from v0 = 2 m / s to 6 m / s in the time interval 0 t 1 s . Its acceleration during this period is 62 4 2+6 a01 = = = 4 m / s 2 . Its displacement is x 01 = (1 0) = 4 m . 1 0 1 2 15 s . The The particle decelerates 6 m / s until it stops at t = 8 particle then changes its direction of motion and moves in the opposite direction until its velocity is 10 m / s at t = 3 s . Its 10 6 16 = = 8 m / s 2 . acceleration in the interval 1 t 3 s is a12 = 3 1 2 At t = 3 s the total displacement of the particle is 15 15 6 1 10 3 2+6 8 8 (1 0) + x 03 = = 1.0 m . 2 2 2 The particle accelerates from 10 m / s to 6 m / s in the time 6 ( 10) 4 = = 4 m / s 2 in interval 3 t 4 s . Its acceleration is a34 = 43 1 this interval. At t = 4 s the total displacement of the particle is 10 + 6 x 04 = x 03 (4 3) = 1 8 = 7.0 m . 2

iv.

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The particle continues moving in the negative direction at the constant velocity of 6 m / s in the time interval 4 t 5 s . Its acceleration is zero in this interval. At t = 4 s the total displacement of the particle is x 05 = x 04 6 (5 4) = 7 6 = 13 m . 57 s . The The particle decelerates 6 m / s until it stops at t = 9 particle then changes its direction of motion and moves in the opposite direction (positive direction)until its velocity is 14 m / s at t = 9 s . Its acceleration in the interval 5 t 9 s is 14 ( 6) 20 a59 = = = 5 m / s 2 . At t = 9 s the total displacement of the 95 4 57 57 6 5 14 9 9 9 + 1.7 m . particle is x 09 = x 05 2 2 The particle then decelerates from 14 m / s until it stops at t = 10 s . Its acceleration in the interval 9 t 10 s is 0 14 a9 _ 10 = = 14 m / s 2 . At t = 10 s the total displacement of the 10 9 14 particle is x 0 _ 10 = x 09 + (10 9) 1.7 + 7 = 8.67 m . [0/2/] 2

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7. The figure below is a position versus time graph for the motion of an object along the x[4/2] axis. As the object moves from A to B a. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? b. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? c. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Next, for the time interval from D to E : d. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? e. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? f. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Finally, answer these same three questions for the time interval from C to D .
Suggested solution: Position vs time From A to B : 30 a. The object is moving in the negative 25 20 direction. Its position is changed from 15 25 m to 23 m . 10 5 b. The object is speeding up. The slope 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 of the graph is (negatively) rising. At t [s] A it started from rest, gradually accelerating all the way. Its instantaneous velocity at B is the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point: 14 26 m v= = 12 m / s 2 1 s The negative sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the negative direction at B . c. The acceleration of the object is positive from A to B . The object is speeding up: its speed increases.
x [m]
E D

Next, for the time interval from D to E : d. The object is moving in the positive direction. Its position is changed from 5 m at D to 15 m at E . e. The object is speeding up (its speed is gradually increasing). The slope of the graph is increasing. At D , it is stationary. It started from rest again, gradually accelerating all the way up to the point E. The positive sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the positive direction at E . f. The acceleration of the object is positive from D to E . The object is speeding up: its speed increases. Finally from C to D : g. The object is stationary. During the time interval C to D . h. The object is stationary, i.e. its velocity is constant and zero. Note that the slope of the function between i. During the time interval C to D . Both the acceleration and speed of the object are zero. During this time the object is stationary.

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8. A kangaroo jumps to a vertical height of 2.9 m . How long was it in the air before returning back to Earth?
Suggested solution: Data and questions: Maximum height: x = 2.9 m / s , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , ttot = ?

[0/3]

First method: Plan: Because of the symmetry of the problem, that it takes the same amount of time for the kangaroo to jump up and to fall down to the ground, we may calculate first the time necessary for it to reach to its maximum height, and then double it to obtain the total time on the air. 2 We may use v 2 = v0 + 2ax and the fact that its velocity at the top is zero,
v = 0 , to calculate its initial velocity v0 . Then we may uses v = v0 + at to

calculate the half-time, t . 2 2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax 0 = v0 2 9.82 2.9 v0 = 2 9.82 2.9 = 7.5469 m / s 7.55 m / s v 7.5469 v = v0 + at v0 9.82t = 0 tup = 0 = = 0.7685 s 9.82 9.82 tOnAir = 2tup = 2 0.7685 = 1.5371 s 1.5 s Answer: The kangaroo was on the air for the total time of t = 1.5 s

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When asserting your work with this problem your teacher will take into consideration: How well you plan to solve the problem. How well you carry out your calculations. How well you justify your calculations. How well you present your work. How well you use the mathematical and physical languages.

9. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall. From what height above the top of the window did the stone fall? [0/4/] Suggested solution: a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 x x0 = 2.2 m t = 0.30 s v0 = 0
If we assume that the falling stone was released x1 meter from the top of the window, and its instantaneous velocity at the top of the window is v1 , then we may use the equation of motion to find v1 1 x = v0 t + at 2 2 1.7581 2.2 = v1 0.3 + 4.91 0.32 0.3v1 = 2.2 0.4419 = 1.7581 v1 = = 5.86 m / s 0.3 Because the stone was released (i.e. v0 = 0 ) from a height x1 meter above the window, and its instantaneous velocity is 5.86 m / s at this point, we may use the equation of motion to find this distance. 5.86 2 2 v 2 v0 = 2ax 5.86 2 = 2 9.82 x1 = 19.64 x1 x1 = = 1.7487 1.8 m 19.64 The stone fell from 1.8 m above the top of the window. Answer: The stone fell from 1.8 m above the top of the window.

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10. Bond is standing on a bridge, 10 m above the road below, and his pursuers are getting too close for comfort. He spots a flatbed truck loaded with mattresses approaching at 30.0 m / s , which he measures by knowing that the telephone poles the truck is passing are 20 m apart in this country. The bed of the truck is 1.5 m above the road, and Bond quickly calculates how many poles away the truck should be when he jumps down from the bridge onto the truck, making his getaway. How many poles is it? [2/4/]
Suggested solutions: Answer: When the truck is 2 poles away Bond must jump! Data: h = 10 m , vTruck = 30.0 m / s , d = 20 m , hb = 1.5 m , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 x =? Problem: 20 If we assume the truck is x m away when Bond jumps down, during the time t s that he is falling h 1.5 m = 10 1.5 m = 8.5 m the truck has travelled x m . Therefore, it is the time t s that the truck and falling Bond share. 1 8.5 = (9.82) t 2 2 2 8.5 t2 = 9.82 2 8.5 t= s = 1.316 s 9.82 During this time, t = 1.316 s , the truck has moved x 39.5 m x = vTruck t = 30.0 (1.316) = 39.472 m . x 39.472 n= = 2 20 20 Answer: When the truck is 2 poles away Bond must jump!

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