V I R USES, V I R O I DS A N D PR I O NS

C hapter 13

Multiplication of Animal Viruses

A ttachment: Viruses attach to cell membrane Penetration by endocytosis or fusion Uncoating by viral or host enzymes Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid and proteins M aturation: Nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble Release by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating

By fusion

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Budding of an Enveloped Virus

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Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory

Plaque method is used to measure viral number. Mix bacteriophages with host bacteria and nutrient agar. After several viral multiplication cycles, the bacteria in the area surrounding the original virus are destroyed; the area of lysis is called a plaque.

Plaque Method
Each plaque originates with a single viral particle. The concentration of viruses is given as plaque forming units or PFU.

Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs

Figure 13.7

Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

Animal and plant viruses may be grown in cell culture
Continuous cell lines may be maintained indefinitely

Figure 13.8

Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory

Primary cell lines can be used; however, these cell lines remain viable for only short periods of time. Continuous cell lines may be maintained indefinitely. Continuous cell lines are transformed (cancerous) such as HeLa (H enrietta L acks) cells are a commonly used cell line.

Virus Identification
1. Cytopathic effects 2. Serological tests Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient Use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot 3. Nucleic acids RFLPs (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) PCR

Viruses and Cancer

Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell's DNA

Oncogenic Viruses
O ncogenic D N A viruses
Adenoviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae Papovaviridae Hepadnaviridae

O ncogenic R N A viruses
Retroviridae Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA, which can integrate into host DNA HTLV-1 HTLV-2

Latent and Persistent Viral Infections

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Latent Viral Infections

Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
Herpes virus Cold sores VaricellaZoster chicken pox and shingles

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Persistent Viral Infections

Disease process occurs over a long period;
Table 13.5

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Table 13.5

Prions
Proteinaceous Infectious particle Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments
Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, C reutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, mad cow disease

Prions
PrPC: Normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface PrPSc: Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques

Plant Viruses and Viroids

V iroids: Infectious RNA; e.g., potato spindle tuber disease

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Avian Influenza

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